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1.
Thomas M. Hunt 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(6):796-818
The Olympics were a site of Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. The successes of the Soviet Union eventually captured the attention of American policy-makers, who responded with the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. This article argues that the poor performance of the American team at the 1972 Olympic Games provided a ‘focusing event’ out of which the act emerged. It will further argue that the act's focus on elite athletics was a product of a perception in the late 1960s and 1970s that losses at international sport competitions detracted from American prestige abroad. The conservative political ideologies and athletic experiences of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford did much to shape the way in which the problems in American athletics were approached. 相似文献
2.
Fabrice Delsahut 《Sport in Society》2019,22(11):1769-1782
AbstractJames Francis Thorpe became the first Native American to win a gold medal for the United States… and the first person in history to be disqualified for professionalism. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon. He lost his Olympic titles after an investigation by the Amateur Athletic Union showed that he had played semiprofessional baseball in 1909 and 1910, before competing in the Olympics. In 1983, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) restored his Olympic medals. The seven decades that it took for the restoration of Thorpe’s medals were marked by a protean form of protest, drawing on the image of Thorpe as victor, victim, stereotype and symbol. Despite the rehabilitation of Thorpe, he remains in the eyes of Native Americans a powerful symbol of the humiliation of Native American peoples. 相似文献
3.
美国体育软实力的优势、影响及其启示 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
美国体育软实力的优势:美国的社会体育组织具有强大的活力;美国竞技体育实力与水平在世界范围内有广泛影响力;美国职业体育联盟、媒体与商家在世界范围内的联合"造星"运动,具有世界性的影响力;美国体育产业的营销策略具有世界创造力;成功举办奥运会产生世界震憾力。启示:体育软实力的上升与美国国家战略意图谋合,警惕美国文化霸权对中国进行隐性文化控制,做强我国体育事业并进行软实力战略规划。 相似文献
4.
为探讨美国地区健身俱乐部的经营特性,通过检索国际健康球类运动俱乐部协会（ IHRSA , Inter-national Health, Racquet and Sports Club Association）的统计资料,阐述美国地区健身产业的发展现状,梳理美国地区健身俱乐部的会员特性与内部设施、课程特性等,建议中国健身俱乐部产业,除了需要积极面对客户投诉问题之外,还要随时掌握美国健身产业的发展走势,以理解产业走向,跟上时代变化的脚步？ 相似文献
5.
Jenifer Parks 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(13):1554-1567
Analysing internal documents from recently accessible Soviet archives as well as International Olympic Committee (IOC) correspondence, this article explores how Soviet sports administrators sought to gain influence and authority in international sports in order to advance Soviet state goals during the Cold War. To counter the ‘reactionary’, ‘Anglo-American’ bloc they perceived in the IOC and International Federations (IFs), members of the Soviet All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sport sought to ‘democratise’ international sports organisations by transforming them into truly international bodies that included representatives from all regions of the world, especially those sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Because of the governing culture of the IOC and the personalities of many of its members, any stance taken on by Soviet members could not overtly challenge Olympic ideals. Couching their call to expand Olympism in the principles of international cooperation, democracy and the right for everyone to participate in sports, Soviet administrators could present themselves as dedicated promoters of sport and use their clout to further Soviet interests. Through their efforts to increase Soviet influence globally, Soviet administrators challenged the insularity of the IOC and IFs and helped to transform international sports and the Olympic Games into a truly global movement. 相似文献
6.
Wanda Ellen Wakefield 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(6):776-795
For decades American athletes in less-popular – or ‘minor’– sports suffered from a lack of institutional and practical support from their sports' governing bodies. The AAU, in particular, failed to provide the funds necessary for athletes in the sliding sports of luge and bobsled to obtain proper training and opportunities to compete. By the early 1970s, the American Olympic effort was in chaos as athletes from the Eastern Bloc, taking advantage of their nations' determination to field the best possible teams, began to excel at both the summer and winter Olympic Games. In response, Congress authorized a presidential commission to study the situation and make recommendations about how best to improve amateur sports in the United States. The result of the commission's work, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, reorganized governance of amateur sports to the benefit, particularly, of athletes in sports such as luge and bobsled. 相似文献
7.
美国业余体育仲裁制度的启示 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在美国，仲裁是解决业余体育争议的比较常用的非诉讼解决方法。美国业余体育运动争议仲裁的依据主要有美国泰德斯泰文斯业余体育法、美国奥委会章程以及美国反兴奋剂机构的规范等。美国仲裁协会仲裁的与业余体育运动有关的争议主要包括运动员参加奥运会或泛美运动会的参赛资格争议、国内单项体育运动协会的承认问题而引起的争议以及因兴奋剂检验问题而引起的争议3种情况。但是仲裁裁决并不总是最终的和有约束力的裁决，当事人可以在国内法院对其提出诉讼。 相似文献
8.
K. Manuel Veth 《Soccer & Society》2017,18(1):132-143
This article focuses on the Soviet sports agency Sovintersport, which was created in the late 1980s and became an import–export company for everything related to sport in the Soviet Union. Sovintersport and its subsidiary companies were responsible for importing and exporting sporting equipment, negotiating sponsorship contracts with foreign companies, as well as the transferring of Soviet athletes and coaches to other countries. This article will, therefore, analyse the operations of Sovintersport and its subsidiary companies in the period between 1987 and 1991, with a special focus on foot-ball related operations. Sovintersport is in many ways is an excellent case study, which illustrates how international trading corporations that were set up during Gorbachev’s reign of the Soviet Union, operated. Sovintersport demonstrates how football in the Soviet Union turned from a spectator sport into a valuable asset that was worth capitalizing on. 相似文献
9.
多年以来,运动史学家都在争论,何以棒球能在曾为大英帝国殖民属地的美国取得凌驾于板球的发展。板球在美国的迅速式微,无论对于棒球或板球研究来说,都堪称最令人困惑的问题之一。及至今日,棒球与板球关系背后仍然存在许多难解的问题。既有文献指出,板球在美国的发展不仅可以上溯至17世纪,直到1860年代,板球也仍为美国非常普及的运动;但吊诡的是,就在内战之后,当美国社会进入"镀金时代"之后,板球却逐渐式微,甚至沦为美国边缘运动。透过检视美国棒球与板球发展的历史,本文企图指出主流理论的问题,尝试针对美国棒球与板球发展消长的关系提供不同的解释。 相似文献
10.
Ellen J. Staurowsky 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(2):190-212
Since the late 1800s, members of mainstream sport media have constructed narratives about American Indian athletes. Consistent with that history, American Indian athletes were featured in stories on sports television and in sports publications between November 1999 and July 2001, a time period that straddled the ending of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries. This paper examines several of those stories, including an ESPN special on Native Americans in sport; the representation of Jim Thorpe in Athlete of the Century polls; the depiction of Ed ‘Wahoo’ McDaniel in Sports Illustrated; and the book A Season on the Reservation: My Sojourn With the White Mountain Apache by former Los Angeles Laker Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. The analysis reveals that racial dynamics and stereotypes about American Indians that exist broadly in US society are replicated and perpetuated in contemporary sport media narratives about American Indian athletes. 相似文献
11.
Roberta J. Park 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(6):792-812
During the second half of the nineteenth century concerns about hysteria and other nervous diseases in males became extensive in some countries. One presumed cause of such afflictions were military conflicts such as the Franco-Prussian War of 1871. The Anglo-Saxon, at least according to many British and American commentators, had more sand, pluck, and courage than did men of other nations. In the United States, concerns about ‘Soldier's Heart’, a condition brought forth by the Civil War (1861–1865), were soon replaced by ‘neurasthenia’, a term used by American physician George Miller Beard in 1869. In an 1872 article entitled ‘Are Americans Less Healthy Than Europeans’, author C. S. Young hoped that the types of ‘games of competition’ that were infused with the values of Muscular Christianity’ would become part of ‘every educational establishment in the land’ so that the youth of America would acquire not only muscular vigor but ‘the manly virtues of truth, honor, and fair play’. Some attention would be given to such values; however, attention turned increasingly to ‘gridiron football’, a game likely to be infused with rampant commercialism that rapidly became the predominating sport in American institutions of higher learning. In 1898, American physician Morton H. Prince asked whether football might cause ‘traumatic neurasthenia and hysteria’ in males in the way that these conditions sometimes occurred among men engaged in a battle, and answered his own question by replying ‘no’! Football players were so well-prepared physically and mentally that there would be ‘no shock or terror’ attendant upon their injuries as might occur in a military conflict. By the time the 1903 edition of Roosevelt’s The Rough Riders: A History of the First United States Volunteer Cavalry was published debates about intercollegiate athletics that continue today were reaching a fever pitch. 相似文献
12.
Toby C. Rider 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):37-52
Due to the decision of the Soviet Union and nearly all of its East European satellites to withdraw from the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games, the communist media provided audiences in the Soviet bloc with few reports on the sporting events in the Olympic city. When Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, broadcasters funded by the US government, attempted to fill this ‘information gap’ by beaming coverage of the Los Angeles Games behind the Iron Curtain, the Soviet Union protested to the International Olympic Committee. They claimed, with a mixture of fact and fiction, that the Radios were tools of the American intelligence establishment and accused them of broadcasting ‘subversive’ propaganda to Eastern Europe and the USSR. Stirred into action by this Soviet manoeuvre, leading spokesmen for the Radios were joined by government officials, private citizens, US Olympic Committee members and the American media in a concerted attempt not only to defend the work of the broadcasters, but also to secure their press accreditation for Los Angeles. 相似文献
13.
AbstractThis study examines the American football press coverage in the Times of London from 1888 to November 1910. The time span covers the paper’s first mention of the game to the first game played in England. This period also coincides with increasing anxiety about the strength of the British Empire and unwanted American influences. During this time, athletic contests between the two nations turned into sites for the construction of national identities. Adapting the sport scholar Emma Poulton’s concept of ‘mediated patriot games’, the author argues that the American football coverage of the Times of London could be considered ‘virtual patriot games’, as the absence of domestic American football teams did not allow for direct competition. Two related narrative elements. The stories in the Times framed gridiron football as the pastime of the ‘other’, including translating rules and comparing the merits of rugby and American football. The reports also focused on the American game’s violence, confirming older traditions in British imaginations of America. Advancements in communication technologies, especially the telegraphic wire, were critical for the immediacy with which British readers consumed American sporting news. Contrary to current scholarship, British interpretations of American culture through gridiron football developed much earlier than the post-1970s information age. 相似文献
14.
张玉红 《体育科技文献通报》2014,(11):39-40
运用数理统计等方法对伦敦奥运会中、美男子项目所获得的奖牌情况进行统计分析。得出：金牌竞争力基本相当,男子项目获得的金牌数并列第一,但我国的奖牌总数不及美国;参赛分项少于美国,获奖分项多于美国;我国奖牌主要集中在跳水、竞技体操、羽毛球、举重、乒乓球等技能主导类的我国传统优势项目上,而美国的奖牌则主要集中在奖牌大项---田径和游泳这两个分项上,我国在田径、游泳上的实力与美国有一定差距。 相似文献
15.
郭叶 《体育科技文献通报》2012,20(8):8-9,31
娱乐因素是体育的基本组成部分,但特殊的历史背景造成了新中国体育娱乐因素的淡化。本文回顾了新中国体育的发展历程,重点分析了新中国体育的前身——“赤色体育”军事化指导思想、“苏联模式”对体育的简单工具化影响、文革对体育摧残和极端异化以及竞技体育树立道德标杆的作用被片面强化等娱乐因素在新中国体育中被淡化的原因。 相似文献
16.
目的:了解100米跑突破10秒运动员时空分布特征,探究世界100米跑发展趋势及实力格局演变。方法:利用国际田联官方网站、维基百科整理突破100米跑10秒运动员的突破时间、人数、所属国家、所属大洲及运动员跑进10秒的次数。基于空间和时间两个维度进行描述性统计和回归分析。结论:(1)截止2018年12月31日,共有分布于5个大洲27个国家的136名运动员完成100米跑突破10秒。(2)100米跑突破10秒运动员空间分布极不均衡,最多的北美洲,突破10秒屏障的运动员有92名,最少的南美洲人突破人数为0,美国、牙买加突破人数分别为55、20、10、8、6,合计占比72.79%。(3)20世纪80年代之前只有个别运动员突破10秒,人数上没有取得大突破,20世纪80年代之后,新增突破人数不断增加,且增加速度逐渐加快。(4)北美洲100米跑的综合实力和未来潜力均领先其他大洲,其霸主地位短期内无法撼动;21世纪10年代之前,非洲综合实力仅次于美国,处于第二集团,欧洲处于第三集团;21世纪10年代,欧洲实力超越非洲,与非洲共同跻身第二集团;同时,亚洲稳步提升,进入第三集团,大洋洲和南美洲实力最弱。(5)2005年之前,美国"一枝独秀",特立尼安达和多巴哥、尼日利亚实力较强;2005-2016年,牙买加和美国"二超争霸",遥遥领先其他国家;2016-2018年,100米最高水平竞争进入"一超(美国)多强(牙买加、英、法、南非)"时代,新时期,各100米强国实力层级越来越分化,层级变多,中间集团竞争异常激烈,格局变化速度越来越快。 相似文献
17.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):329-339
Abstract Researchers are only beginning to understand how contextual variables such as date of birth and birthplace affect the development of elite athletes. This article considers the generality of birthplace and date-of-birth effects in varying sport contexts. The Study 1 examined how environmental factors associated with an athlete's date-of-birth and size of birthplace predict the likelihood of becoming an Olympic athlete in Canada, the United States of America, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Study 2 examined date-of-birth and birthplace effects among athletes playing in the first professional league in Germany. Study 2 also examined the validity of birthplace as a proxy for early developmental environment by comparing birthplace with the place of first sports club in four German sports leagues. Results from both studies showed no consistent findings for date of birth. Findings from Study 2 also suggested incongruence between birthplace and location of first sports club as proxies for early developmental environment. Although there was some consistency suggesting elite athletes are less likely to come from very small or excessively large communities, exceptions occurred both within and across sport contexts. These results suggest that any developmental effects of date and place of birth are buffered by broader socio-cultural factors. 相似文献
18.
AbstractIn August of 1983 at the Pan-American Games in Caracas, Venezuela, a multi-faceted doping crisis occurred that overshadowed all other aspects of the games. This essay marks the first attempt to historicize the events surrounding this watershed moment in the fight against drug use in sport. Doping was revealed in three ways in Caracas: by the large number of positive tests that resulted in the first loss to doping of medals in the history of the Pan-American Games, by the exodus of the 12 American track and field athletes who flew home rather than be subject to testing in the sophisticated lab run by Dr Manfred Donike, and by a rash of ‘injuries’ and unexpectedly poor performances that kept athletes out of the medals and thus out of Donike’s lab. In the aftermath of the games, the United States Olympic Committee implemented new policies to ensure that Americans competing in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games would not run the risk of similar public embarrassment. 相似文献
19.
Toby C. Rider 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(13):1493-1507
When a group of East European exiles named the Union of Free Eastern European Sportsmen (UFEES) attempted to enter stateless athletes into the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, they executed a deliberate anti-communist manoeuvre. Perhaps more significantly, the UFEES was secretly funded by the U.S. government, a fact which serves to demonstrate the remarkable range of ways in which Washington was able to fund and work with private organisations and individuals in a ‘state-private network’ known only to those who were permitted access to it. This clandestine strategy of ‘political warfare’ was used to wage the Cold War at home and abroad, part of a veritable crusade against the perceived enemy of Soviet-style communism. Academics and contemporary onlookers have tended to view Helsinki as a forum for the Soviet Union's relentless campaign of propaganda which disparaged the West and elevated the Marxism of the East. This article endeavours to paint a different picture of the Helsinki Games, and argues that the U.S. government was also directing its covert political warfare apparatus towards the events in Finland. 相似文献
20.
关于美国高校招收学生运动员管理制度的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
全美高校竞枝体育联合会对招收和被招收人员在资格认可、代理权限、学历要求、接触范围以及接待规格方面都做了严格规定。从体育管理学的视角来视审，美国高校招收学生运动员的管理制度有许多有益的经验值得我国高校大学在招收和录取学生运动员时参考和借鉴。 相似文献