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1.
目前国外研究青利用脑电功率谱和事件关联电位分析技术对运动操作过程中心理状态与大脑效率间关系进行了一系列的研究。研究结果表明:(1)与初学者相比,优秀射击运动员在:隹备击发期间全脑α波频段功率明显的增加。(2)优秀射击运动员在准备击发期间呈现出左侧颞区(T3)的激活程度低于右侧颞区域(T4),但在休息期间这种差异却没有出现。而初学者在;住备击发期间,颞区α波频没有表现出这种大脑功能侧化现象。(3)脑波的变化模式与所执行的任务有关,它能表现出任务特点,(4)脑波活动模式可能是运动员长期翻l练的结果,并且具有个人的独特性、(5)有益于运动表现的脑波活动模式可以通过训练加以改善。并提出了“心理运动功效”(Psychomotor Efficiency)理论对以上结果加以解释和概括.该理论认为,运动技能的获得是一个适应性过程,训练的结果表现为减少或精化大脑皮层中的非运动过程,即与任务无关的过程被删减,使神经资源能更经济或有效地分配。  相似文献   

2.
乒乓球运动员动作识别时的脑电相干性分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
目的:通过乒乓球发球动作识别实验过程中不同脑区的相干性分析,探讨乒乓球运动员发球动作识别时大脑皮层与皮层之间同步性变化的特征,了解大脑皮层之间功能耦合性.方法:采用64导脑电测试系统记录18名乒乓球运动员和18名乒乓球初学者观看发球旋转的动作视频时的脑电数据,基于Matlab平台计算低频alpha(8~10 Hz)、高频alpha(10~12 Hz)、低频beta(13~22 Hz)和高频beta(23~35 Hz)频段内发球动作识别时半球内(顶叶与额叶、中央区、枕叶、颞叶)和脑区间(额叶、中央区、顶区、枕区和颞叶)的相干性.结果:研究结果显示,与运动新手相比,乒乓球运动员显示了更低的脑电相干性,半球脑区内低频alpha在双侧顶叶和额叶(P3-F3、P4-F4)、顶叶和颞叶(P3-T7、P4-T8),左侧顶叶与左侧中央区(P3C3),左侧顶叶与左侧枕叶(P3O1)的相干性低,高频alpha和低频beta频段在左侧顶叶与左侧中央区(P3C3)、左侧额叶(P3F3)、左侧枕叶(P3O1)、左侧颞叶(P3T7)均显示了低相干性,高频beta频段左侧顶叶与左侧额叶(P3F3)、左侧颞叶(P3T7)的相干性低;半球间在低频alpha频段内额叶(F3F4)、顶叶(P3P4)和中央运动区(C3C4)相干性低,高频alpha和低频beta频段顶叶和中央运动区的相干性低.结论:与运动新手相比,运动专家发球动作识别时大脑皮层之间的功能耦合精细分化,主要涉及顶叶与额叶、颞叶脑区及中央运动脑区,暗示运动员发球动作识别时脑区间有效的功能耦合.  相似文献   

3.
运用64 导脑电测试系统记录14 名乒乓球运动员和14 名普通大学生在经验相关以及经验无关图形识别时的脑电数据,计算图形识别过程中 的alpha 频段(8~13 Hz)能量变化以及theta(4~7 Hz)频段颞叶与运动前区之间的脑电相干性,以探讨乒乓球运动员大脑功能非对称性以及脑区之 间的功能耦合性。结果发现:在alpha 频段能量上,运动员对圆进行识别时左右颞叶alpha 频段能量差大于十字星,普通大学生则无差异;在对圆进行 识别时,运动员左右颞叶alpha 频段能量差值大于普通大学生;在对十字星进行识别时,alpha 频段能量无组间差异。在脑电相干性上,运动员的右半 球相干性高于左半球,普通大学生左右半球相干性无差异;在右半球相干性上,运动员高于普通大学生,而左半球相干性无组间差异;十字星形识别 过程中的脑电相干性不存在组间及半球差异。乒乓球运动员在经验相关图形识别过程中,右侧颞叶较低的激活以及右侧颞叶- 运动前区之间的高相 干性,可能表明乒乓球运动员具有良好的视觉- 空间注意技巧,在图形识别过程中更多地依赖于视觉空间加工,体现了专家大脑的神经效率加工,而 且上述特性不具有迁移性。  相似文献   

4.
以24名气手枪运动员无负荷安静状态与有负荷实弹射击状态之间特定脑区脑电复杂度参数为研究对象,将2种状态下以及优劣成绩环值下 运动员顶、枕区大脑生理状态出现的差异进行对比研究,探讨优秀气手枪运动员负荷状态下作为躯体感觉中枢与视觉中枢的大脑顶、枕区机能变化 特点。研究表明:(1)气手枪运动员特定脑区脑电复杂度在不同状态下并不存在性别差异,而长期的专项训练使得高水平运动员大脑中枢神经已产 生一定的适应性,对视觉的依赖性少于普通运动员;(2)不同运动等级运动员在射击过程中的瞄准击发阶段与两弹间歇阶段顶枕区脑电复杂度变化 趋势是不同的,这有可能与运动员的训练水平以及对外界刺激的抗干扰能力相关;(3)在实弹射击环境下,气手枪运动员高环值与远弹之间特定脑 区脑电复杂度存在显著差异,这种差异的存在一方面是由于视觉信息加工参与产生的负向作用,另一方面也说明,运动员大脑顶区(手指在大脑皮 层的投射区)的脑电复杂度在击发阶段显著降低与射击成绩的好坏具有一定程度的关联。  相似文献   

5.
射击运动是属于智能重于体能的项目,人脑潜能的开发在射击训练方面有着重要的作用。要在比赛中创造出好的成绩,必须开展智能竞技能力的训练。鉴此,利用脑状态调控仪对优秀射击运动员进行了脑波调控研究。测试结果表明:使用脑状态调控仪对提高优秀射击运动员心智能力(注意力和手眼协调能力)有更好的促进作用,当运动员使用仪器时,其大脑α波能有规律地与仪器同步,从而使射手提高"入静"与专注能力水平。  相似文献   

6.
前言随着射击运动水平的提高,对运动员各方面的素质也提出了更高的要求,在高精度的射击过程中,击发瞬间任何枪的微小晃动,都会成为决定比赛最后胜负的因素。运动员身体素质、技术动作和心理状态各方面最终都体现在击发一瞬间。手枪射击时,既要求握枪的手保持高度稳定性,同时食指还要扣动扳机,这需要几个手指有高度的分化能力,动静配合协调,各部位神经中枢兴奋与抑制互不干扰,内在感觉清晰,整个动作有良好的一致性。运动员这种动力定型的形成,是长期专项训练的结果。比赛中由于过度紧张可能会破坏这一极为精确的神经支配定型,造成  相似文献   

7.
王晓军  李捷 《体育科研》2009,30(1):89-91
了解不同水平射击运动员的脑电α波特点,为射击运动员的科学选材和训练控制提供一定的参考依据。方法:采用高级运动训练状态监控仪采集、分析了19名国家射击队运动员和19名广东省射击运动员不同训练阶段的152个样本的脑电α波信号。结果:不同水平射击运动员的脑α波类型无显著性差异,但高水平运动员表现出了较高的协同趋势和稳定度;不同水平运动员的熵值及脑α波各类型主频熵值均无显著性差异,但奥运冠军与国家队、广东省队协同稳定度高的被试的熵值存在显著性差异。 国家队认知型和优化型运动员的脑电α波主频与熵值呈显著性负相关。结论:不同水平射击队员的脑电α类型仿向认知型,认识型可作为射击运动员选材的参考指标;高水平射击运动员的训练适应状态和竞技水平的稳定程度均优于低水平运动员;熵值可作为监控优秀射击运动员训练适应状态的参考指标。  相似文献   

8.
分析优秀气步枪运动员不同状态下大脑顶枕区脑电变化特征,以期为备战2020年东京奥运会气步枪项目运动员机能状态监测与训练效果评估提供数据支持以及理论参考依据。采用脑电信号采集设备对24名优秀气步枪运动员在不同状态下大脑的左右顶区、枕区4个位置(P3、P4、O1、O2)脑电信号进行数据采集与复杂度分析。研究结论:(1)优秀步枪射击运动员脑电波α、β频段参数的变化与以往其他项目运动员不同状态下脑电变化规律一致,因而这2个频段的脑电参数可作为对不同训练状态进行评估的手段之一;(2)不同运动等级组别气步枪运动员实射状态下的大脑唤醒水平具有一定差异,表明其长期的专业射击训练有可能对运动员大脑唤醒水平产生一定的影响;(3)在实弹射击状态下,高环值与低环值成绩之间的差异可能与运动员顶区中枢神经放电的有序程度有一定关系,视觉信息的参与则不是影响运动员成绩高低的主要因素。  相似文献   

9.
优秀游泳运动员的脑波涨落图特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究目的:研究游泳运动员的腩波涨落图的特征,以探讨游泳运动与运动员脑波涨落图特征的相关性.研究方法:采用实验研究法,数理统计法,运用脑波涨落网技术,采集国家级游泳运动员脑电信息与对照组比较.结果:游泳运动员的脑涨落图S谱线中S1,系、S11系与S13系多项指标有特异性变化.结论:游泳运动员脑内某些神经递质含量与对照不同,表现为抑制水平较低.这些特征可能是由于游泳运动的训练环境、呼吸方式及体位的特殊性造成的.  相似文献   

10.
实验对北京体育大学运动系速度运动员和耐力运动员(各10名)不同强度运动后脑电的变化进行了测试。结果发现,①大强度运动后1分钟的脑电与安静时比较,δ、θ、α1频段所有导联功率值减少,而 α2、α3、β频段功率值增加。提示:短时间大强度运动后,大脑皮层兴奋性加强,抑制减弱。②较长时间小强度运动后1分钟与安静比δ、θ、α1频段所有导联功率值增加,α2、α3、β频段功率值减少。说明较长时间小强度运动后,大脑皮层抑制加强,兴奋性降低。③速度组运动员和耐力组运动员小强度运动后δ、θ、α1频段功率值的增加幅度速度组高于耐力组,α、α3、β频段功率值的减少幅度速度组高于耐力组,从脑电角度说明耐力运动员对小强度运动的耐受力优于速度组运动员;两组运动员大强度运动以后,δ、θ、α1频段功率值的减少幅度耐力组高于速度组,而α2、α3、β频段功率值的增加幅度,耐力组高于速度组,从脑电的角度反映出速度组运动员对大强度运动的耐受力优于耐力组运动员。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Designing the most suitable diet for an athlete requires an intimate knowledge of the relevant scientific literature, the training and competition demands of the sport, the individual athlete's preferences and social situation. The scientific literature contains an abundance of information on nutritional demands of athletes undertaking endurance or strength training programmes, but much less information is available on sprint/power sports, team, racquet, weight-making, aesthetic (diving, gymnastics), and skill-based events. Furthermore, most research has been undertaken on adult males, with the assumption that females and adolescent athletes follow the same patterns of fuel usage and requirements. Consequently, assessing the optimal composition of an athlete's diet relies at best on an informed interpretation of the scientific data, plus individually collected observations. The aims of this article are to provide an overview of the current evidence on macronutrient requirements for day-to-day training for a range of different athletes, provide some recommendations regarding formulating an athlete's diet, and highlight areas where more research is required.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, the current issues of athlete brand management are discussed and the construct of athlete brand image is conceptualized. A conceptual model of athlete brand image (MABI) is developed incorporating three key dimensions: athletic performance, attractive appearance, and marketable lifestyle. These dimensions are defined by an athlete's on-field characteristics, attractive external appearance, and off-field marketable attributes. This study contributes to the sport branding literature by providing the first comprehensive conceptual framework of athlete brand image and offering managerial implications for building and managing the brand image of individual athletes.  相似文献   

13.
Hemispheric asymmetry, cardiac response, and performance in elite archers   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Previous sport research on elite athletes has shown systematic changes in psychophysiological measures, such as heart rate (HR) deceleration and hemispheric asymmetries in EEG activity, in the few seconds prior to executing a motor response. These changes are believed to be due to a more focused attention on the external environment. Using archery (an attentive state), this investigation was designed to examine: (a) whether hemispheric asymmetry and HR deceleration would occur during the aiming period, and (b) if they did, whether this would affect performance. HR and left and right temporal EEG were recorded from 28 right-handed elite archers for 16 shots. The results indicated that (a) there was no HR deceleration; (b) during the aiming period, EEG alpha activity formed the dominant frequency and this was significantly greater in the left than in the right hemisphere; (c) there were no significant right hemisphere EEG changes in spectral power from 3 s before the shot to arrow release, but there were significant left hemisphere increases at 10, 12, and 24 Hz; and (d) at 1 s prior to the shot, there were no significant right hemisphere spectral power differences between best and worst shots, but there were significant left hemisphere differences at 6, 12, and 28 Hz. The relationships among hemispheric asymmetry, HR deceleration, attentional processes, and shooting performance are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to examine the proposal that pre-shot occipital electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha-power reactivity would not only associate with, but also have a causal role in, the relative success of performance outcome in expert air-pistol shooting. Six expert air-pistol shooters performed a sixty-shot match, individually, while electroencephalograms were captured from occipital and anterior-temporal electrode sites during the aiming period (3 x 2 s epochs) before shot release. The five best shots and five worst shots were selected for each shooter on the basis of four shot quality indicators, and pre-shot EEG alpha power for best shots was compared with that of worst shots. Occipital EEG alpha power was found to increase during epochs 1-3 before best shots, but to decrease before worst shots; it was significantly greater during the final pre-shot epoch of best shots. This finding suggests that visual attention to the pistol and target was gradually suppressed during the pre-shot period of best shots, whereas it gradually increased before worst shots. In addition, significantly greater EEG alpha power was found at the left than at the right anterior-temporal site, lending support to the robust findings of previous target-sport studies. We conclude that the participants were able to shoot at the target with greatest success when not having maximal visual attention on where the pistol was aimed and that suppression of visual attention during the final seconds of the pre-shot period is a necessary prerequisite for automatic shot execution, as controlled by mechanisms of intention.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

This study examine 53 European elite deaf athletes for their family's hearing status, use of hearing aids, communication preference, education in integrated or segregated settings, family members' encouragement for participation in sports, coach preference (hearing or deaf), and conditions for competitive events with deaf or hearing athletes. These data were gathered through semi-structured interviews administered in the athlete's native language. Deaf athletes reported that when given the opportunity to compete with hearing athletes, it enhanced their opportunity for competition. Participating in sports with hearing athletes played an important role in the integration of deaf athletes into mainstream society. If adaptations to communication can be made in these integrated settings, the ability of deaf athletes to participate in such settings will increase.  相似文献   

16.
作为一名优秀手枪射击运动员,都必须从启蒙基础训练抓起,为了不断积蓄特殊人才,作为一名市级业余体校射击手枪教练员,在平时的训练教学工作中,积累了丰富的教学经验,也深感我国在射击训练的启蒙教育的匮乏,教练员往往都是专业运动员出身,理论知识不深,专业知识基本来源于运动员生涯的自身体会。在此,笔者参考国内外一些射击的理论知识,尝试将手枪射击的基础知识进行简单归纳,希望能对以后启蒙培养手枪射击运动员有一些帮助。  相似文献   

17.
通过应用脑电图(EEG)与脑象图(EEQG)技术,对我国部分优秀射箭运动员进行多次、多状态的跟踪采集与分析。结果发现,运动员惊的动力学特征是脑波运动不断地向外周扩张、离散,重症者可无规则地游荡到视界之外,此归类为逃逸型,逃逸型多见于临场惊慌失措、神不守舍的运动员身上;运动员恐的动力学特征是脑波运动不断向中心退缩集结,有秩序地闭郁在一条狭窄的脑区内,此归类为缩结型,缩结型多见于临场心理压力过大和成就动机过强的运动员身上。研究认为,脑电图与脑象图的应用对优秀射箭运动员的选材具有重要价值。  相似文献   

18.
本研究应用可在非屏蔽状态下使用的便携脑电测试仪,对参加十运会游泳比赛的9名国内优秀游泳运动员赛前脑电进行测试分析,结果表明:运动员赛前的情绪状态与比赛结果紧密相关,脑电图可作为探求人体情绪状态的无创客观指标;运动员赛前脑电的α波优势节律在表象时较安静时有显著变化(P〈0.05),α波幅大小变化不明显,α能量百分比受抑程度仅为(19.84±8.57)%,而8活动在枕区变化明显(P〈0.05);运动员赛前左右脑区脑波均衡性良好(P〉0.05),在颞区的β活动出现平衡被打破的迹象;赛前安静时脑电α波波幅适中(45μV左右),能量百分比在70%~80%之间,β波波幅在4~12μV之间,能量百分比在5%~10%之间。  相似文献   

19.
When athletes fail to perform at an expected level during an important moment, it is implied the athletes have experienced “choking“ (sudden decline in performance) under pressure.”. Researchers have reported that persistent left-hemispheric activation patterns occur when an athlete experiences considerable performance deteriorations under pressure. Researchers have also observed differences in brain activation patterns between left- and right-handed people on a variety of physical and cognitive tests, with the left-hemispheric activation more pronounced in right-handed participants. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether athletes’ handedness may be linked to choking susceptibility (i.e., likelihood to experience performance decline under pressure). Method: Twenty right-handed and 13 left-handed experienced Australian football players completed 15 shot attempts, in both a low-pressure and a high-pressure condition. Both groups displayed equal state anxiety increases due to the pressure manipulation, indicating similar increases in anxiety in both handedness groups. Results: Differences were indicated in performance between the left- and right-handed groups during the high-pressure condition, with the left-handed group maintaining, and the right-handed participants declining, performance. Conclusion: Future electroencephalogram (EEG) research investigating this link may clarify the effect between handedness and choking.  相似文献   

20.
王倩倩 《体育科研》2018,(3):22-29,39
世界反兴奋剂条例在“无过错和无重大过错”的定义中明确要求运动员要证明违禁物质如何进入体内,而关于“非故意”则无明文规定。在阿德米兴奋剂违规案中,国际体育仲裁院在运动员未能证实样本中违禁物质来源的前提下,运用优势证据认可其违规行为为非故意,将4年的禁赛期缩减为2年。通过对该案例的分析和对类似案件的对比,得出结论:运动员的举证责任和他获得的利益原则上成正比,运动员必须确立违禁物质如何进入体内以证明自己无过错或无重大过错,从而达到免除或缩减禁赛期的目的,参照上述规则,对于非故意可以减少一半的禁赛期这样巨大的利益也应当明确运动员的这一举证责任是必需的。  相似文献   

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