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1.
目的：以我国幼儿园普遍开展的韵律性身体活动为干预内容,尝试将幼儿阶段应掌握的基本动作技能融入到活动中,研究韵律性身体活动对 感觉统合失调幼儿粗大动作能力的影响,为促进病患幼儿的粗大动作发展进行实证探索。方法：将101名受试对象以班级为单位,随机分为试验组 （46人）与对照组（55人）,分别包含在4个小班、4个中班和2个大班中。试验组幼儿每天练习新的韵律性身体活动,累计活动时间为20~30 min/天, 对照组则练习一般性韵律性身体活动。试验组与对照组的活动频率、每次活动持续时间和运动强度都相同,运动干预周期为1年。结果：（1）试验组 与对照组幼儿粗大动作发展水平在运动干预前无显著差异,运动干预后,试验组幼儿粗大动作发展得分明显高于对照组（P<0.01）,说明以基本动作 技能为主要内容的新韵律性身体活动,在促进感觉统合失调幼儿粗大动作发展方面优于一般性的韵律性身体活动。（2）反复练习,以及练习过程中 的变化性,对感觉统合失调幼儿的粗大动作发展非常重要,加强了幼儿感觉统合能力的训练。建议在韵律性身体活动中注重基本动作技能的学习, 采用重复、变异等练习方式,促使病患幼儿掌握这些基本动作模式,提高粗大动作发展水平。  相似文献   

2.
探讨幼儿足球对幼儿粗大动作发展水平的影响,为干预幼儿粗大动作发展提供依据。选取嘉兴市108名5~6岁幼儿为受试对象,以班级为单位随机分为干预组与对照组。干预组进行12周幼儿足球游戏活动教学,2次*40min/周;对照组幼儿为静态性的课堂班级活动。干预前后采用PGMQS测量幼儿位移能力、操控能力及平衡能力。采用独立样本t检验、配对样本t检验及协方差分析两组幼儿前后测结果的差异性。结果显示:①干预前,两组幼儿粗大动作发展水平无显著性差异(P>0.05);干预后,两组幼儿粗大动作发展水平存在显著性差异(P<0.05),干预组高于对照组。②干预组和对照组幼儿后测结果与前测结果间均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),后测结果高于前测。研究结果表明幼儿粗大动作发展存在延长效应,但结构化幼儿足球游戏活动明显提高了幼儿粗大动作发展水平。因此建议抓牢幼儿早期动作发展的敏感期,以动作发展为主线科学设计幼儿足球游戏活动并保证活动的顺利开展,为幼儿健康、全面发展奠定良好的基础。  相似文献   

3.
试论大学生的气质类型与教育策略   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
气质是人的典型的稳定的个性心理特征。人的气质虽有差异,但没有好坏之分,但气质影响人的活动效率,影响人的身心健康。每种气质类型都可能向积极的方向发展,也可能向消极的方向发展。文章从当代大学生的气质类型入手,提出了相应的教育策略。  相似文献   

4.
运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法、数理统计法等研究方法，基于全民健身国家战略下体育消费观及城镇规模的概念界定与操作性构建，并对不同规模城镇居民体育消费观进行比较研究。结果表明：（1）全民健身国家战略下体育消费观的概念操作性界定为3个维度层面及8个二级因子维度。（2）不同规模城镇居民在"全民健康投资""持续合理消费""人的全面发展""外部环境提升""内部能力发展""欲望主导型""理智适度型"和"内容均衡型"8个二级因子维度上均存在不同程度的显著性差异（P值均小于0.05），且在各二级因子维度上不同规模城镇居民两两之间也存在不同程度显著性差异；此外，除了在"全民健康投资"、"持续合理消费"、"人的全面发展"、"内部能力发展"、"欲望主导型"5个二级因子维度上与城镇规模都呈不同程度的相关性外（P值均小于0.05），其它各因子维度均不呈相关性。（3）城镇居民体育消费观影响因素主要涉及"市场环境"、"个体条件"、"社会参照"3个方面的影响因子；且不同规模城镇居民之间在各影响因子上均存在非常显著性差异（P值均小于0.05）；但城镇规模与各影响因子的影响度不呈相关性（P值均大于0.05）。  相似文献   

5.
合理运用气质差异 提高体育教学效果   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
气质是表现在人的情感、认识活动、言语以及行动中比较稳定的动力特征。气质分为四种类型：即胆质汁、多血质、粘液质、抑郁质。气质类型无好坏之分，但都有积极的一面和消极的一面。在体育教学中如何发扬积极的一面，克服消极的一面，两年来，我们在浙江省省级课题《小学体育课“按气质类型分组”教学实践与研究》中，对这一问题进行了探索。实践证明：在体育教学中合理运用气质差异，有助于提高教学效果。 一、因人而异，区别对待 胆汁质的学生有毅力、积极、热情、有独创性，但易冲动、易怒、易产生逆反心理，具有“吃软不…  相似文献   

6.
李琳 《体育科学》2007,27(3):83-93
采用标准化的BTL-QZ—V1．1气质测试系统对国内107名手枪慢射和步枪运动员进行了神经系统特性和气质类型的测查，结果表明：1）不同运动水平手枪慢射运动员在神经系统灵活性上差异显著，主要表现在国际健将与其他等级运动员之间，随运动水平的升高，神经系统灵活性降低；2）不同运动水平步枪运动员在神经系统抑制性和活动灵活性上差异非常显著，运动水平越高神经系统抑制性越弱，活动灵活性越低；3）神经系统的抑制性和活动灵活性与步枪射击技术中的据枪稳定性、击发稳定性相关非常显著，相关系数在0．6～0．8之间；4）神经系统抑制性和活动灵活性对大年龄（大于等于18岁）步枪运动员运动水平的预测力强。  相似文献   

7.
体育专业学生严重损伤与气质类型关系特征初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究采用北京师范大学发展心理研究所陈会昌同志编写的《气质类型测验量表》，对洛阳师范学院体育系38名严重损伤学生的气质进行调查研究，结果表明：在38名严重损伤学生中，多血质气质类型的学生所占比例最大，粘液质和多血一粘液质混合气质类型次之，抑郁质类型最少；严重损伤学生与其气质类型、参加的运动项目与损伤部位之间都可能存在着较为密切的关系。通过研究以期能为严重损伤的早期预防工作开拓新的空间。  相似文献   

8.
高水平武术套路运动员比赛成绩影响因素分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采用文献资料法、录像分析和数理统计等研究方法，对高水平武术套路运动员比赛成绩进行分析。结果显示：运动员的竞争非常激烈，小的失误将左右比赛的胜负；运动员之间的竞争主要在动作难度和动作质量，但不同项目不同性别存在差别；演练水平得分存在较大的发展空间。  相似文献   

9.
目的：分析正念训练对射击运动员心理疲劳的影响，旨在为射击运动员心理疲劳的调整及提高运动表现提供参考。方法：选取24名具有心理疲劳的青年男性射击运动员为研究对象，随机分为实验组和对照组，实验组进行为期7周的正念训练干预，对照组在同时间里聆听自己喜欢的舒缓放松的音乐，对两组运动员干预前后的心理疲劳状态、正念水平和接受水平进行分析。结果：干预前，对照组和实验组运动员心理疲劳程度、正念水平和接受水平组间得分均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。对照组运动员干预前后比较，心理疲劳程度、正念水平和接受水平得分均无显著性差异（P>0.05）；实验组运动员干预后与干预前比较，心理疲劳程度的三个维度得分和总分均显著降低（P<0.05），正念水平的五个维度得分和总分均显著升高（P<0.05），接受水平得分显著降低（P<0.05）；干预后实验组运动员的心理疲劳程度得分和接受水平得分显著低于对照组（P<0.05），正念水平得分显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：正念训练能够有效缓解青少年射击运动员心理疲劳程度。  相似文献   

10.
击剑运动员消极情绪产生的原因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
辽宁省击剑队的一些男子佩剑运动员训练水平较高，但始终未能取得好成绩。究其原因，主要是赛前情绪不稳定产生的消极情绪所致。在竞技状态中，积极的情绪能使运动员精力充沛、自信心增强、动作协调、思堆敏捷、判断准确；而消极的情绪则会使运动员自信心减弱、动作犹豫、判断失误。  相似文献   

11.
Background: Developmental theorists suggest that physical activity during early childhood promotes fundamental motor skill (FMS) proficiency; and that differences in FMS proficiency are largely related to children's experiences.

Aim: To examine associations between participation in different types of recreation/leisure and FMS proficiency of boys and girls in their first year of school. We hypothesized that there would be positive associations between FMS proficiency and participation in organized sport, physical activities, and active physical recreation; but not for other types of recreation/leisure.

Method: Participants (n?=?74) were kindergarten children (Mage?=?5y11?m; boys?=?55%). Parents completed the diversity dimension of the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) survey. The CAPE measures children's participation in everyday activities outside of mandated school activities in the past four months in five types of formal and informal activities, specifically: Recreational activities, Physical activities, Social activities, Skill-Based activities, and Self-Improvement activities. Two categories of activities were also reported: Organized Sport and Active Physical Recreation. Locomotor and object control skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 and static balance was assessed using a stork stand. Sex-based differences in motor skills and participation were examined using chi-squared analyses. Correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between motor skills and CAPE sub-domains and categories. Linear regression was used to examine whether the type of activity predicted motor skill proficiency and the reverse.

Results: There were no sex-based differences in locomotor skills; whereas boys' object control skill scores were significantly higher than girls, and girls' stork stand scores were higher than boys'. Although there were no sex-based differences in the more active categories of recreational pastimes; girls participated in significantly more formal and informal dance and the prevalence of participation in team sports was significantly higher for boys. For boys, participation in physical activities predicted both locomotor and object control skill scores, organized sport predicted object control skills, and active recreation predicted stork stand times and object control skill scores. These relationships were not evident among the girls.

Conclusions: These findings illustrate that young children participate in a narrower array of physically active recreational pursuits compared with less active pursuits. There were notable sex-based differences in the relationships between participation and motor skill proficiency. For girls, none of the associations between recreational pastimes and motor skill proficiency were significant. This suggests that the motor proficiency of girls, as assessed in this study, is neither a precursor to, nor an outcome of, participation in active recreational pastimes. Contrastingly, the findings for boys support theory that suggests that physical activity is driving the acquisition of particular types of motor skills. Less active recreational activities were not associated with motor skill levels of boys, whereas each of the more active categories of recreational pastimes (active recreation, physical activities, and organized sport) predicted at least one sub-type of motor skill. It also seems clear from our findings that more light needs to be shed on how to optimally portray young girls' motor skill proficiency; as well as the relationships between their participation and motor skills.  相似文献   

12.
Purpose: Although motor skill interventions often improve fundamental motor skills (FMS) during preschool, the extent of individual children’s success in development of FMS still varies among children receiving the same intervention. Temperament is multifaceted and includes negative affect (high levels of frustration or anger), effortful control (focus, self-regulation, and concentration), and surgency (energy and activity level). Temperament often influences cognitive, social, and behavioral outcomes and may be a significant factor in the development of FMS. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of temperament on children’s improvement in FMS within a gross motor intervention. Method: Participants (N = 80; Mage = 55.36 months, SD = 6.99 months) completed the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition prior to and after intervention. Teachers completed the Child Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Form to examine each child’s temperament. To account for possibility of a Type 1 error, we conducted 6 separate 2 (temperament variable: high, low) × 2 (treatment: intervention, control) analyses of covariance and examined posttest scores for locomotor and object-control skills with pretest scores as covariates among participants with high and low surgency, negative affect, and effortful control. Results: Results revealed children with low levels of negative affect and surgency and high levels of effortful control demonstrated greater gains (ηp2 = .05–.34) in both locomotor and object-control skills during motor skill intervention compared with their peers. Conclusion: Providing interventions tailored to temperamental profiles could maximize gains in FMS through intervention.  相似文献   

13.
Background: Although accumulating evidence suggests that motor and cognitive development is interrelated, only a few studies have investigated links between executive function and motor control. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study examined the relationship between motor competences and core components of executive functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. Methods: In 89 preadolescent children, motor competences were assessed using the MOBAK-5 test battery. Additionally, all participants completed computer-based versions of the Flanker task, which included standard and switch blocks, and the 2-Back task. Results: Partial correlations (correcting for age, gender and body mass index) revealed that locomotor skills were associated with the adjusted hit-rate on the 2-Back task (r?=?0.34) whereas object control was linked with conflict score on the Flanker task (r?=??0.39). In contrast, there was no correlation between switch costs and motor competences. Conclusion: In preadolescent children, high competences in locomotor skills and object control skills are associated with high performance on specific executive function tasks. This finding supports the current view that motor competences and cognitive control share some common underlying processes.  相似文献   

14.
Background: Fundamental motor skill proficiency is essential for engagement in sports and physical play and in the development of a healthy lifestyle. Children with motor delays (with and without disabilities) lack the motor skills necessary to participate in games and physical activity, and tend to spend more time as onlookers than do their peers. As such, intervention programs are crucial in promoting motor skill development of children with motor delays. While mastery climate (MC) interventions have shown to positively impact children’s motor performance, what is unknown is the impact of cognitive strategies used by children within these climates. Furthermore, although vigorous play seems to be related to the development of gross motor skills, it is still unknown if children with and without disabilities would benefit from exercise play (EP) interventions.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of MC and EP interventions on the motor skill development and verbal recall (VR) of children with motor delays. The sample included children with and without disabilities.

Research designs: One hundred and thirty-eight children from 27 urban public schools were referred to the present study. Children were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development second edition (TGMD-2) and a VR checklist. Sixty-four children (18 with disabilities and 46 without) met the inclusion criteria, which was a score less than the fifth percentile on the TGMD-2. Participants were randomly assigned to the MC or EP 14-week interventions emphasizing gross motor skill practice.

Data collection and analysis: Children were assessed at pre- and post-intervention. A 2 (groups)?×?2 (disability) × 2 (time) analyses of variance with repeated measures on the last factor was conducted. Change scores, t-test comparisons on the delta scores and Cohen’s D were also calculated.

Results: The MC group demonstrated significant and positive changes over the intervention period. Further, the MC group showed superior locomotor and object control performance and higher recall of verbal cues (p?≤?.05) at post-intervention compared to the EP group. Children with and without disabilities within the MC showed similar patterns of improvement. The EP intervention did not demonstrate significant improvements.

Conclusion: Children with and without disabilities showed improvements in motor skills and VR when exposed to an MC, incorporating the six TARGET structures. These structures included (a) providing feedback and encouragement, providing opportunities for decision-making and establishing personal goals, (b) including parents in the recognition of children’s achievements, (c) creating opportunities to experience leadership and self-pacing, (d) guiding children to use verbal cues and modeling when practicing gross motor skills, and (e) providing demonstrations and teaching children to self-monitor their performance. Instruction is therefore seen as critical to learning gross motor skills, as demonstrated from the findings. Although there were opportunities for vigorous play within the EP intervention, the children did not show improvements in motor performance or VR. These findings suggest that new trends in teacher education physical education to prioritize physical activity over good motor skill instruction may not be advantageous for children in the early years, and should be reconsidered.  相似文献   

15.
This study compares the motor skills and physical fitness of school-age children (6-12 years) with visual impairments (VI; n = 60) and sighted children (n = 60). The relationships between the performance parameters and the children's body composition are investigated as well as the role of the severity of the impairment. The degree of VI did not differentially affect the outcomes. Compared to their sighted peers, the children with VI scored lower on the locomotor and object control skills as assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, and the physical fitness (Eurofit) parameters of plate tapping, the standing broad jump, the modified 5 × 10-m shuttle run, and 20-m multistage shuttle run (20-MST). Their body mass and body fat indexes were inversely correlated with the standing broad jump and the 20-MST, but positively correlated with handgrip strength. Moreover, significant inverse correlations were found between their locomotor and object control skills on the one hand and plate tapping and the 5 × 10-m shuttle run on the other hand. Given the relatively high proportion (25%) of overweight/obese children within the VI sample, educators are recommended to promote health-related activities and help enhance motor skills in this population.  相似文献   

16.
以国内男子优秀蹦床运动员高磊为研究对象,记录高磊在完成难度17.5成套动作和18.2成套动作过程中各单次难度动作的高度分和位移分,并观察各单次难度动作高度分和位移分的时间演变规律及其与客观分总分的相关关系。发现难度18.2成套动作的客观分总分要略高于难度17.5成套动作,且难度17.5成套动作的稳定性也显著优于难度18.2成套动作。位移分和难度分之间总体呈正相关关系,提示动作的高度分和位移分是紧密联系、相互促进的。随着动作次序的增加,高度分呈单调递减趋势。难度17.5成套动作的高度分呈现下降-略上升-下降的特征,而难度18.2成套动作前6个动作的高度分呈直线下降趋势,第6个动作后高度分呈平缓下降趋势。在难度17.5成套动作中,第3、第5、第7个动作是最主要的扣分环节。在难度18.2成套动作中,第2、第5、第7个动作是最主要的扣分环节,此外,第3、第6、第8、第10个动作也是扣分环节。基于上述结论,制定针对性训练方案,通针对性训练前后日常测验成绩的统计分析,验证本研究对高磊技术动作诊断分析结果的有效性和价值。  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The associations between physical competence, self-perceived bodily competence, parental concern for their children's motor skill development, and teachers' evaluation of their bodily competence were assessed in 646 six- to seven-year-olds. Physical competence was assessed by the German motor ability test “Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder”, while the children's, their parents', and their teachers' evaluations were obtained through questionnaires. Parental concern, teacher evaluation, and a high body mass index were the strongest predictors of low physical competence (motor skill quotient <85). Teachers' evaluation of bodily competence was associated with low self-perceived bodily competence in the children even after adjustment for motor skill quotient, with an odds ratio of 2.3 (P < 0.05) between the lowest and highest of the three levels after correction for motor skill competence. Results indicate that teachers' evaluation of children's motor skills should be considered a key factor when tracking and assessing physical competencies among youth.  相似文献   

18.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze tracking and stability of motor coordination in children from age 6 years to ages 9 and 13 years. Method: Data were from the Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study. Motor coordination (MC) was measured using the körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) test. The crude performance score on every item was converted into a standardized “score” based on the original German reference study, which was used to generate a total standardized motor coordination (MQ) score. The MQ scores, which represented children's level of gross MC, were classified as low (MQ score < 85), normal (MQ score = 85–115), or high (MQ score>115). Pearson correlation was used to calculate the tracking coefficients of each KTK element and MQ score, and weighted kappa was used to analyze maintenance in MC classification groups. Mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the odds of remaining in the low MC group over time based on body mass index (BMI), weight, and height tertiles. Results: Tracking coefficients among the MQ score and each KTK element at different ages were moderate (r>.35). Children in the highest BMI and weight tertiles had a 5.44 and 5.15 times greater chance to be in the lower MC classification group during the 7-year follow-up, respectively, in comparison with children in their lowest tertiles. Conclusion: MC tracked moderately through childhood to early adolescence. Because heavier children had a greater chance to be in the lower MC group at older ages, intervention may be useful at earlier ages for those with lower MC and disadvantageous weight status.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Evidence suggests the development of fundamental movement skill (FMS) is a key factor in promoting long-term physical activity. Low levels of activity among preschool children and the relationship between physical activity and the development of fundamental movement skills underline the need to determine the factors associated with children's development of such skills. As parents play an important role in the socialization process, the aim of this study was to examine correlates of family and neighbourhood characteristics as well as parental behaviour and beliefs on FMS performance in 4- to 6-year-old preschool children. Relationships between preschool children's FMS performance and family contextual variables were examined within a sample of 846 preschool children. Results identified positive associations of FMS performance with parental education, father's physical activity, transport to school by bicycle, and the high value placed by parents high on sport-specific aspects of children's physical activity. Variables negatively associated with preschool children's FMS performance included father–child interaction in TV-viewing and reading books, the high importance placed by parents on winning and performance in children's physical activity. Furthermore, the ambiguity of associations between FMS performance and parental beliefs underlined its complexity.  相似文献   

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