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范文杰 《天津体育学院学报》2015,30(4):298-303
运动技能的外显认知需要注意力高度集中,在分心情况下运动技能的表现与发挥容易受到干扰,通过外显认知所获得的运动技能在紧张、压
力情景下成绩表现有较大的波动性。为考察运动技能的内隐认知是否也具有同样的特征,运用文献资料法、试验等方法,以序列反应时为试验主任
务,以视觉干扰（记忆7位数字串）为第2任务,将80名大学生随机分为4组,分别进行外显单任务、外显双任务、内隐单任务与内隐双任务的练习,在
低、高应激状态下分别进行运动技能的学习效果测试。结果表明：内隐双任务组能自动获取复杂技能中所有隐含的潜在规则,内隐认知不受（至少
少受）分心的影响;不同的认知方式和练习策略所获运动技能在不同应激状态下的学习效果也不同,与低应激条件下的学习效果相比,高应激条件
下单任务内隐组和双任务外显组反应时上升不显著,而外显单任务组反应时显著上升,内隐双任务组反应时显著下降。由此可见,内隐认知在分心
条件下同样能获得运动技能,具有抗干扰性特征;内隐认知所获运动技能在紧张、压力条件下成绩发挥稳定,具有抗应激性特征。研究启示人们,在
运动技能训练中增加内隐成分与分心练习不仅不影响运动技能的获得,而且对运动员在比赛中增强抗压能力可能具有重要作用。 相似文献
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应用内隐社会认知研究领域的实验方法——内隐联想测验（IAT）和罗森博格的SES自尊量表为研究工具，对62名搏击运动员内隐自尊和外显自尊的特征进行实证研究。结果显示，搏击运动员内隐自尊的实验效应非常显著，被试的性别、年龄等因素对内隐自尊没有显著影响；被试的内隐自尊和外显自尊间没有相关，是相互独立的不同的心理结构；搏击运动仅对被试的外显自尊有一定的影响效应，而对被试的内隐自尊不产生显著的影响效应。 相似文献
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部分信息与完整信息条件下不同水平男子体操运动员的认知加工能力 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
运动员在运动情境中能够根据部分线索对完整信息进行加工，体现了高水平运动员的认知能力。以54 名不同水平男子体操运动员和非运
动员为被试，分为高水平运动员、中等水平运动员、低水平运动员和非运动员4 组，采用混合设计，在部分信息和完整信息条件下，让被试观看男
子跳马动作的录像，记录两个条件下判断的反应时、准确性、评分差异以及自信程度。结果表明，在部分信息条件下，不同水平的被试在反应时上
不存在显著差异，但准确性、评分差异以及自信程度上存在显著差异，说明自我引导运动项目的运动员专项认知能力上的特点与环境引导运动
项目的运动员存在不同。 相似文献
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以汉语协作性和独立性成语词为实验材料,运用任务分离研究范式及间接证明逻辑,通过3(加工类型)×2(成语词)×2(测验)混合析因设计,将直接测量(再认任务)和间接测量(偏好判断任务)在形式上进行匹配,考察大学生运动员汉语协作性和独立性成语词认知的内隐成分。结果表明:加工类型对被试的再认测验和偏好测验有不同的影响,即出现了实验性分离;大学生运动员的协作性和独立性具有内隐成分,且内隐协作性强于内隐独立性;验证了前人有关内隐认知的研究;进一步假设内隐认知的深入研究有可能从无意识维度、实证性为基础对运动员人格特征进行研究。 相似文献
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不同条件下篮球运动员比赛应对方式变动过程的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用纵向、个体内设计方法，对篮球运动员比赛应对方式在不同时间、不同情境下的变动过程进行了初步研究。结果表明，在实际应对中，个体在特定的应激情境中都有与之相适应的一种应对模式，但这一模式不是固定不变的，随着情境的变化，应对方式亦会发生变化，这种变化表现为在运动员自己平均数上下的波动。在不同应激情境条件下，面对同一应激源，个体所采用的应对方式具有多样性，且表现出明显的联合或组合特征，其形式多样，具有一定的规律性和时序衔接性。影响运动员应对方式变化的主要因素是环境、认知再评价和人格变量。 相似文献
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目的:研究时差对运动员竞赛状态和机能状况的影响。方法:观察运动员样本(共16人)在进入时差环境模型前后竞赛状态和机能状况的变化并进行比较。结果:时差反应能够使运动员机能状况发生改变,竞赛状态明显下降。结论:提示运动员在跨时区参加比赛前可调整竞赛状态及机能状况,以尽快适应新的时间环境,减轻时差对运动成绩的影响。 相似文献
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男子手球运动员模拟运动情境中认知决策与直觉决策的差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用《模拟手球运动情境决策测试系统》考察男子手球运动员在认知决策与直觉决策任务上的绩效。结果表明，手球运动中的认知决策和直觉决策任务是两类不同性质的任务，个体在这两类任务上的作业绩效存在差异，专家和新手在直觉决策任务上决策速度都要快于其在认知决策任务上的决策速度；不同运动水平的个体其决策准确性不同，专家在认知决策和直觉决策任务上的决策准确性要好于新手；专家具有与其决策准确性相匹配的自信心水平。 相似文献
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Louise Davis Ralph Appleby Paul Davis Mark Wetherell Henrik Gustafsson 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(17):1985-1992
The present study aimed to examine associations between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete exhaustion by assessing physiological and cognitive consequences. Male and female athletes (N = 82) representing seven teams across four different sports, participated in a quasi-experimental study measuring physical performance on a 5-meter multiple shuttle test, followed by a Stroop test to assess cognitive performance. Participants provided saliva samples measuring cortisol as a biomarker of acute stress response and completed questionnaires measuring exhaustion, and coach-athlete relationship quality. Structural equation modelling revealed a positive relationship between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and Stroop performance, and negative relationships between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and cortisol responses to high-intensity exercise, cognitive testing, and exhaustion. The study supports previous research on socio-cognitive correlates of athlete exhaustion by highlighting associations with the quality of the coach-athlete relationship. 相似文献
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Abstract This study was a test of Deci and Ryan's (1985) cognitive evaluation theory in a fitness testing situation. More specifically, it was a test of Proposition 2 of that theory, which posits that external events that increase or decrease perceived competence will increase or decrease intrinsic motivation. Seventh and eighth grade schoolchildren (N = 105) volunteered for an experiment that was ostensibly to collect data on a new youth fitness test (the Illinois Agility Run). After two untimed practice runs, a specially adapted version of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) was administered as a pretest of intrinsic motivation. Two weeks later when subjects ran again, they were apparently electronically timed. In reality, the subjects were given bogus feedback. Subjects in a positive feedback condition were told their scores were above the 80th percentile, while those in a negative feedback condition were told their scores were below the 20th percentile. Those in a control condition received no feedback. The IMI was again administered to the subjects after their runs. Multivariate and subsequent univariate tests were significant for all four subscale dependent variables (perceived interest-enjoyment, competence, effort, and pressure-tension). Positive feedback enhanced all aspects of intrinsic motivation, whereas negative feedback decreased them. In a further test of cognitive evaluation theory, path analysis results supported the prediction that perceived competence would mediate changes in the other IMI subscales. Taken together, these results clearly support cognitive evaluation theory and also may have important implications regarding motivation for those who administer youth fitness tests. 相似文献
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Youth fitness testing: the effect of percentile-based evaluative feedback on intrinsic motivation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study was a test of Deci and Ryan's (1985) cognitive evaluation theory in a fitness testing situation. More specifically, it was a test of Proposition 2 of that theory, which posits that external events that increase or decrease perceived competence will increase or decrease intrinsic motivation. Seventh and eighth grade schoolchildren (N = 105) volunteered for an experiment that was ostensibly to collect data on a new youth fitness test (the Illinois Agility Run). After two untimed practice runs, a specially adapted version of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) was administered as a pretest of intrinsic motivation. Two weeks later when subjects ran again, they were apparently electronically timed. In reality, the subjects were given bogus feedback. Subjects in a positive feedback condition were told their scores were above the 80th percentile, while those in a negative feedback condition were told their scores were below the 20th percentile. Those in a control condition received no feedback. The IMI was again administered to the subjects after their runs. Multivariate and subsequent univariate tests were significant for all four subscale dependent variables (perceived interest-enjoyment, competence, effort, and pressure-tension). Positive feedback enhanced all aspects of intrinsic motivation, whereas negative feedback decreased them. In a further test of cognitive evaluation theory, path analysis results supported the prediction that perceived competence would mediate changes in the other IMI subscales. Taken together, these results clearly support cognitive evaluation theory and also may have important implications regarding motivation for those who administer youth fitness tests. 相似文献
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Daniel M. Landers Wang Min Qi Patricia Courtet 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):122-130
Abstract This study examined Easterbrook's (1959) hypothesis that performance on a primary task would improve or at least be maintained with increased levels of arousal, while performance on a secondary task would decrease. To test this hypothesis, the performance of 20 collegiate rifle shooters (10 experienced, 10 inexperienced) on a primary target shooting task and a secondary auditory task were compared while shooting under low- and high-time stress conditions. Heart rate results, but not a self-report anxiety measure, provided evidence for the effectiveness of the stress manipulation. The results primarily supported Easterbrook's hypothesis. There were no differences in secondary task performance between experienced and inexperienced shooters. However, subjects who first underwent high time stress followed by low (H-L) shot better than those given the reverse order (L-H). These findings are discussed in relation to the attention demands of self-paced sports as well as the transfer effects of stress. 相似文献
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Toshiaki Miyamoto Saya Hashimoto Hideya Yanamoto Mai Ikawa Yoshiki Nakano Takashi Sekiyama 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(8):1119-1127
Purpose: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is well known for its potential to promote brain plasticity. It has been proposed that combining cognitive and physical exercise (CCPE) may have the potential to generate more synergistic benefits in cognitive function than either cognitive exercise (CE) or physical exercise (PE) alone. The purpose of this study was to examine acute responses of peripheral BDNF levels and cognitive performance to CE, PE, and CCPE.Methods: Thirteen healthy adult men participated in four experimental sessions; a 30-min CE, a 30-min cycling PE at an intensity of 60% peak oxygen uptake, a 30-min CCPE at the same intensity as PE, and a 30-min session of complete rest. Plasma BDNF levels and cognitive performance were measured before and after each session.Results: Both PE and CCPE significantly increased plasma BDNF levels (p?p?≥?.05), and there was no significant difference in peripheral BDNF levels between PE and CCPE (p?≥?.05). No session induced a significant change in cognitive performance (p?≥?.05).Conclusions: Our study suggests that CE and PE have different responses of peripheral BDNF levels and that CCPE had no additional or synergistic effect on peripheral BDNF levels compared with PE alone. This study offers further insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the respective roles of CE, PE, and CCPE for peripheral BDNF levels and cognitive performance. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of complete and partial sleep deprivation on multiple aspects of athletic performance. Ten males completed a cognitive function test, maximal handgrip strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 15 min all out cycling test to assess aerobic performance. These tests were performed following 3 different sleep conditions; normal sleep (CON), a 4 hr sleep opportunity (PART) and complete sleep deprivation (DEP). Data were analysed using a Bayesian multi-level regression model to provide probabilities of impairment (p = %). Aerobic performance, CMJ and handgrip strength were impaired by 11.4% (p = 100%), 10.9% (p = 100%) and 6% (p = 97%) following DEP, while aerobic performance and CMJ were highly likely impaired by 4.1% (p = 90%) and 5.2% (p = 94%) following PART. Cognitive reaction time was not impacted by PART or DEP. In contrast the accuracy of responses was highly likely impaired by 2% (91) following DEP, while there was less certainty of impaired accuracy following PART (?1%, p = 73). Multiple aspects of physical and cognitive performance were impacted by sleep deprivation. The greatest detrimental effects were seen for aerobic performance and CMJ. Partial sleep deprivation equating to 4 hrs of sleep causes subtle, but potentially important negative impairments on athletic performance. 相似文献
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Although a generally positive effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance has been demonstrated, the specific nature of the relationship between exercise-induced arousal and cognitive performance remains unclear. This study was designed to identify the relationship between exercise-induced arousal and cognitive performance for the central and peripheral components of a response time task at two different levels of task difficulty. Sixteen male participants performed both simple and choice response time tasks at eight different arousal levels (from 20% to 90% heart rate reserve). Performance on the simple and choice response time tasks was examined after fractionating the response time into its central component, premotor time, and peripheral components, motor, and movement time. A priori trend analysis was used to test both linear and quadratic relationships. Results indicated that exercise-induced arousal has a positive influence on the peripheral components of response time tasks; however, it has a limited impact on the central components of these tasks. 相似文献
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This paper considers the relationship between stress and cognitive functioning and discusses some of the concepts and methods that may be adopted to examine the relationship between stress and sports performance. It considers only that literature that may be relevant to, or furthers, the understanding of sports performance under competitive stress. One of the most popular approaches has been to explain the relationship in terms of the unidimensional inverted-U hypothesis. The validity of this approach to explaining sports performances in specific situations is discussed and it is generally concluded that the inverted-U hypothesis is too vague and simplistic. The discussion considers multidimensional approaches and discusses the suitability and implications of some more recent and more complex models of stress and performance which are now available in the psychological literature. It is concluded that the relationship between stress and sports performance is an extremely complex one and involves the interaction between the nature of the stressor, the cognitive demands of the task being performed and the psychological characteristics of the individuals performing it. 相似文献
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This paper considers the relationship between stress and cognitive functioning and discusses some of the concepts and methods that may be adopted to examine the relationship between stress and sports performance. It considers only that literature that may be relevant to, or furthers, the understanding of sports performance under competitive stress. One of the most popular approaches has been to explain the relationship in terms of the unidimensional inverted‐U hypothesis. The validity of this approach to explaining sports performances in specific situations is discussed and it is generally concluded that the inverted‐U hypothesis is too vague and simplistic. The discussion considers multidimensional approaches and discusses the suitability and implications of some more recent and more complex models of stress and performance which are now available in the psychological literature. It is concluded that the relationship between stress and sports performance is an extremely complex one and involves the interaction between the nature of the stressor, the cognitive demands of the task being performed and the psychological characteristics of the individuals performing it. 相似文献