共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
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"不依赖射手"和"依赖射手"策略是守门员判断点球射门方向时的两个基本认知策略,其选择在很大程度上取决于出击前守门员能否从射手身上获得与之相关的视觉反馈信息.通过分析获得这些信息的可能性,推断出预先决定出击方向,集中注意力预测出击开始时间和球的飞行轨道是守门员应对点球时的最佳认知策略.为了进一步揭示优秀足球守门员应对点球的行动策略,收集了422个点球录像,对与守门员点球防守行动策略有关的内容进行了观测统计.结果表明,优秀足球守门员通常选择球门的左下侧、右下侧和中间3个方向为出击方向,主要防守球门的左(右)下半部,及早出击、正确判断射门方向和选择合理的防守区域是优秀足球守门员扑点球成功的关键. 相似文献
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一、点球取决于心理因素在足球比赛中,所谓罚点球就是球员距球门１１米处,在无人阻碍、仅守门员单独一人并且不能上前封堵的前提下的自由射门过程。一般情况下,在这么近的距离其准确率对于任何一个球员都是不成问题的,哪怕就是业余球员。然而,在比赛中罚不进点球的现象却屡见不鲜。事实上,象马拉多纳、罗伯特·巴乔等世界著名球星均有点球踢飞的经历,并且比赛越重要、点球越关键、失误率越高。因此,我们认为点球过程,既是考验一个球员的技术问题,更是一个考验球员的心理素质问题。点球训练不仅应在日常教学中重视技术因素,还应在… 相似文献
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目的：研究守门员基于先验信息下的知觉预测能力,探索当守门员处于射门方向（实际方向）与对手点球偏好（概率方向）一致或不一致的情境下,对表现有效性和加工效率的影响。方法：通过网络平台招募专业足球守门员（专业组）和业余足球守门员（业余组）各16名,共计32名被试。使用E-prime 3.0进行守门员点球方向判断实验,记录被试知觉预测的正确率和反应时。结果：基于先验信息进行知觉预测时,专业组守门员的知觉预测正确率显著高于业余组守门员。不同组别的反应时具有显著性差异,具体表现为在偏好一致（或不一致）的情况下,专业组的反应时都高于业余组。不同偏好条件下的正确率具有显著性差异,其中专业组被试在偏好不同的情况下具有显著性差异,业余组则无显著性差异。结论：与业余守门员相比,专业守门员在基于先验信息进行知觉预测时能更加准确地预判罚点球运动员的射门方向,即在知觉预测上存在专家优势。 相似文献
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足球守门员在防守点球运动情境中眼动特征的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用美国应用科学实验室(ASL)生产的504型眼动仪,以10名专业足球守门员和10名大学生足球守门员为被试,以防守点球为运动情境片段,对专业守门员的眼动特征进行实验性研究,比较两组守门员的眼动实验结果,探讨守门员在防守点球时眼动特征对决策准确性的影响.实验结果表明:1)在防守点球情境中,专业守门员与大学生守门员的眼动特征存在明显差异;2)专业守门员采用了相对合理的视觉搜索策略,注视点集中,注视分配主次明显,注视轨迹简单、实用,信息实效性更强;3)罚球运动员的支撑脚、摆动腿、脚触球是决定射门方向的主要观察点.在防守时,重点注视这三个区域,结合临场经验做出分析判断,可有效提高防守点球成功率;4)运动水平和临场经验对准确做出防守决策至关重要,运动水平越高,临场经验越丰富,防守决策准确率越高. 相似文献
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<正>本文通过对足球守门员防守点球、预判点球方向的方法进行总结,望为足球守门员防守点球的教学与训练提供参考。 相似文献
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前言脚背正面踢球是足球踢球技术中的基本方法之一。这种踢球方法多用于射门、中远距离的传球、大脚解围和守门员的发球等。国外有关研究人员对第十一届世界杯赛中射门情况的统计结果表明,在比赛中运用脚背正面射门的次数占全部射门总数的40％以上。从中可见脚背正面踢球方法的重要作用。 相似文献
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足球比赛中,主罚点球的队员需要的基本素质中最重要的一点就是要有稳定的心理素质。因为,在一场激烈的足球比赛中,有威胁的射门机会通常也不过三五次。而点球的获得机会就更难得。所以每支球队都会有一个相对固定的球员主罚点球。80年代国家队点球大都由麦超包办,之后是吴群立、徐弘,96年后是队长范志毅。 在罚点球时,尤其是关键性比赛的点球,承担主罚点球任务的球员都承受着巨大的心理压力,而只有那些心理素质过硬,敢于承担责任和压力的球员才敢于在巨大的心理压力下承担主罚点球的任务。巨大的心理压力,往往造成球员技术动作走型,从而将点球罚失。但心理压力过大却不是造成失误的唯一原因。轻敌、过于放松的心理状态,在一些重要的比赛中,也会造成失分,甚至输掉整场比赛,四国赛中国国家队对朝鲜队的点球决战,中国队赛前弥漫 相似文献
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以第16届欧洲足球锦标赛淘汰赛阶段15场比赛中的48个进球（不包含球点球决胜期的24个进球）为研究对象,在影像观察分析基础上,运用数理统计、逻辑分析等研究方法,对进球瞬间及进球前的进攻技战术进行观察、记录和统计,研究淘汰赛阶段各队中前场进攻的整体情况,以及射门技术的量化指标。通过进球的技术动作完成方式、进球状态等维度的量化研究,探究足球进攻战术及射门技术动作完成方式发展趋势,以期为我国足球训练在射门技术完成方式环节的优化提供数据支持和理论依据。研究结果表明：前场10米范围是进球的集中区域,罚球弧两侧是远射的集中区域。在进球技术动作方面,以头顶球、脚内侧、脚背内侧射门为主。进攻球员利用场地的纵深,边路球员传中,之后形成后跟进射门,是本届杯赛中的重要进球得分形式。球队不要盲目追求控球率,应当通过重视防守的稳固度和进攻的时效性来提高球队获胜的几率。 相似文献
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Barry Drust 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):921-922
Abstract The keeper-independent strategy, in which a football penalty kicker selects a target location in advance and ignores the goalkeeper's actions during the run-up, has been suggested to be the preferable strategy for taking a penalty kick. The current in-field experiment investigated the question of whether the goalkeeper can indeed be ignored. Ten intermediate-level football players were instructed to adopt a goalkeeper-independent strategy and to perform penalty kicks directed at one of two targets located in the upper corners of the goal under three conditions: without a goalkeeper, in the presence of a goalkeeper (who tried to save the ball), and in the presence of a goalkeeper who was informed by the penalty kickers where they intended to direct the ball. The mere presence of a goalkeeper impaired shot accuracy. The shots were more centralised, that is, biased toward the goalkeeper. The effects were enhanced for the condition in which the penalty kicker knew the goalkeeper was knowledgeable about ball direction. The findings were consistent with the response activation model that holds that aiming at a target can be biased toward salient visual non-targets. The implications for adopting and practising goalkeeper-independent strategies are discussed. 相似文献
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The outcome of penalty shoot-outs is often referred to as a “lottery”, suggesting that luck, rather than the skill level of the player, predetermines outcome success. Throughout this article, we hope to show why such attitudes towards physical and psychological preparation can increase anxiety, diminish perceptions of control and negatively affect the behaviour and subsequent performance of penalty takers. From the synthesis of this evidence, we provide task-specific recommendations that are structured around the dynamic nature of emotions that players are likely to experience during each phase of the shoot-out and which can be implemented or adapted to suit the individual needs of the player. These recommendations are designed to provide a framework to help applied professionals to optimise the psychological preparation for this scenario with the overall aim of helping players to (re)gain control of this situation. 相似文献
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Benjamin Noël Philip Furley John van der Kamp Matt Dicks Daniel Memmert 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(1):1-10
Penalty takers in association football adopt either a keeper-independent or a keeper-dependent strategy, with the benefits of the keeper-independent strategy presumed to be greater. Yet, despite its relevance for research and practitioners, thus far no method for identifying penalty kick strategies has been available. To develop a validated and reliable method, Experiment 1 assessed characteristics that observers should use to distinguish the two strategies. We asked participants to rate 12 characteristics of pre-recorded clips of kicks of penalty takers that used either a keeper-independent or keeper-dependent strategy. A logistic regression model identified three variables (attention to the goalkeeper, run-up fluency and kicking technique) that in combination predicted kick strategy in 92% of the penalties. We used the model in Experiment 2 to analyse prevalence and efficacy of both the strategies for penalty kicks in penalty shoot-outs during FIFA World Cups (1986–2010) and UEFA Football Championships (1984–2012). The keeper-independent strategy was used much more frequently (i.e., 78–86%) than the keeper-dependent strategy, but successes did not differ. Penalty takers should use both the strategies to be less predictable. Goalkeepers can use the developed model to improve their chances to succeed by adjusting their behaviour to penalty takers’ preferred penalty kick strategy. 相似文献
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足球运动员的体能特征既有其共性,又有其位置差异性。运用文献资料调研、专家访谈、体育测量、数理统计等方法从身体形态、身体机能以及运动素质3个方面对中国国家队男子足球运动员的位置体能特征进行了研究,结果表明,1)守门员的平均身高、体重和克托莱指数与其他位置运动员的相应指标具有非常显著性差异;后卫运动员的平均体重和克托莱指数均与前卫运动员具有显著性差异;2)守门员的平均最大摄氧量与后卫、前卫和前锋运动员具有显著性差异;前锋运动员的平均最大摄氧量与前卫运动员具有显著性差异。后卫和前锋运动员的平均通气无氧阈与前卫均具有显著性差异。前卫运动员的平均最大功量与守门员、后卫、前锋运动员具有显著性差异;守门员的平均功量与后卫、前卫运动员存在显著性差异;前卫运动员的平均功量与前锋运动员存在显著性差异;3)速度素质前锋运动员最好,其次是后卫和前卫运动员,守门员最差;下肢力量素质守门员最好,前锋运动员次之,后卫运动员和前卫运动员较差;耐力素质前卫最好,其次是后卫和前锋运动员,守门员最差;柔韧素质守门员最好,其次是后卫和前卫运动员,前锋运动员最差。结论:1)位置形态上呈现出的差异主要与运动员的选材有关;2)位置机能上呈现出的差异主要与他们在场上的位置角色有直接的关系;3)位置素质上呈现出的差别,主要与后天训练有较大的关系。 相似文献
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《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):209-229
In soccer, penalty kicks can decide the outcome of a match and in recent years, much effort has been invested in trying to identify the factors that influence successful performance. This overview presents some of the most important findings in order to compile a reliable set of facts that can improve the probability of success for either penalty takers or goalkeepers. Particular attention is paid to various strategic aspects in the shooter–goalkeeper interaction as previous research suggests that the chances of success on both sides may be greatly enhanced by applying findings from research in sport psychology. The article ends with a checklist that goalkeepers and penalty takers may use to improve their chances of success alongside recommendations to continue and intensify the efforts to carry out ecologically valid experiments in future research. 相似文献
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In the present study, we tested the consequences of attention towards goalkeepers in association football penalty shootouts that have exclusively been derived from laboratory experiments. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all penalty shootouts during FIFA World Cups (1986–2010) and UEFA European Football Championships (1984–2012). We linked key variables of previous laboratory research to observable behaviour in the field that was coded by two independent coders. The following hypotheses were tested: first, attention towards goalkeepers results in more saves/better goalkeeper performance; second, goalkeepers can deliberately distract penalty takers by drawing attention towards themselves which results in less accurate penalty kicks/better goalkeeper performance. Results were in line with previous laboratory analyses as they showed that attention towards goalkeepers resulted in more saves/better goalkeeping performance. Further, if goalkeepers distracted penalty takers this also resulted in better goalkeeping performance. The applied implications of these findings are discussed for both goalkeepers and penalty takers in association football. 相似文献
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擅要：国际足坛每年发生大量的球员合同纠纷。近年来,随着中国足球整体环境的改善,多家俱乐部加大投入,引进高水平外援,大大提升了中国足球职业联赛的水平。但与此同时,中国足球职业联赛中球员与俱乐部之间的合同纠纷也不断升级。球员合同属于劳动合同,中国的劳动合同争议有专门的管辖机关,即劳动争议仲裁委员会,并可上诉至法院,适用的法律为中国的《劳动合同法》。而在足球领域,球员工作合同纠纷是由国家足协、国际足联乃至国际体育仲裁院进行管辖,适用的规则为国家足协或国际足联相关规则。因此,当球员合同纠纷发生在中国职业联赛中时,如何结合我国当前的立法及国际足联关于足球行业的内部规定,选择恰当的纠纷管辖机构,是实践和理论中一个具有挑战性且意义深远的课题。文章结合笔者在处理这些足球运动员合同纠纷过程中积累的实务经验,分析中国足球职业联赛中不同类型的球员合同纠纷的解决方式及管辖权,以保护中国职业联赛中球员及俱乐部的利益,促进中国足球与国际足球在法律制度层面上的融合与接轨。 相似文献