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1.
肌肤是机体内广泛分布的一种二肽,具有高效的抗氧化作用.补充肌肽及其相关物质已经作为一些疾病的治疗手段.肌肽在骨骼肌中含量丰富,并可能在不同类型肌纤维中存在着分布差异.本文对肌肽与骨骼肌和肌肽在运动中的研究做一简要综述,为肌肽在运动领域中的应用提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
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Daniel J. Owens Craig Twist James N. Cobley Glyn Howatson 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(1):71-85
AbstractExercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by symptoms that present both immediately and for up to 14 days after the initial exercise bout. The main consequence of EIMD for the athlete is the loss of skeletal muscle function and soreness. As such, numerous nutrients and functional foods have been examined for their potential to ameliorate the effects of EIMD and accelerate recovery, which is the purpose of many nutritional strategies for the athlete. However, the trade-off between recovery and adaptation is rarely considered. For example, many nutritional interventions described in this review target oxidative stress and inflammation, both thought to contribute to EIMD but are also crucial for the recovery and adaptation process. This calls into question whether long term administration of supplements and functional foods used to target EIMD is indeed best practice. This rapidly growing area of sports nutrition will benefit from careful consideration of the potential hormetic effect of long term use of nutritional aids that ameliorate muscle damage. This review provides a concise overview of what EIMD is, its causes and consequences and critically evaluates potential nutritional strategies to ameliorate EIMD. We present a pragmatic practical summary that can be adopted by practitioners and direct future research, with the purpose of pushing the field to better consider the fine balance between recovery and adaptation and the potential that nutritional interventions have in modulating this balance. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(5):530-536
ObjectiveIn this review, we critically evaluate studies directly comparing the effects of plyometric vs. resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy.MethodsWe conducted electronic searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science to find studies that explored the effects of plyometric vs. resistance training on muscle hypertrophy.ResultsEight relevant studies were included in the review. Six studies compared the effects of plyometric vs. resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, while 2 studies explored the effects of combining plyometric and resistance training vs. isolated resistance training on acute anabolic signaling or muscle hypertrophy. Based on the results of these studies, we conclude that plyometric and resistance training may produce similar effects on whole muscle hypertrophy for the muscle groups of the lower extremities. Therefore, it seems that plyometric training has a greater potential for inducing increases in muscle size than previously thought. Despite the findings observed at the whole muscle level, the evidence for the effects of plyometric training on hypertrophy on the muscle fiber level is currently limited for drawing inferences. Compared to isolated resistance training, combining plyometric and resistance exercise does not seem to produce additive effects on anabolic signaling or muscle growth; however, this area requires future study. The limitations of the current body of evidence are that the findings are specific to (a) musculature of the lower extremities, (b) short-term training interventions that lasted up to 12 weeks, and (c) previously untrained or recreationally active participants.ConclusionThis review highlights that plyometric and resistance training interventions may produce similar effects on whole muscle hypertrophy, at least for the muscle groups of the lower extremities, in untrained and recreationally trained individuals, and over short-term (i.e., ≤12 weeks) intervention periods. 相似文献
4.
骨骼肌钝挫伤及是时性损伤是常见的运动损伤,恢复过程不当或恢复不完全、反复受伤会严重影响骨骼肌的生理功能。造成人体运动能力的下降,甚至影响运动员的运动寿命。因此研究极低频磁场对运动损伤恢复过程中的影响具有一定的实际意义,有可能为运动恢复方法的创新开辟新的道路,对极低频磁场的对人体的生物学效应提供参考和依据。 相似文献
5.
《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(6):648-659
With the rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases, the concomitant mortality and morbidity impose huge burdens on quality of life and societal costs. It is generally accepted that physical inactivity is one of the major risk factors for cardiac disease and that exercise benefits the heart in both physiological and pathologic conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the cardioprotective effects exerted by exercise remain incompletely understood. Most recently, an increasing number of studies indicate the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the promotion of cardiac health and prevention of cardiac disease. Exercise and other lifestyle factors extensively induce epigenetic modifications, including DNA/RNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNAs in multiple tissues, which may contribute to their positive effects in human health and diseases. In addition, several studies have shown that maternal or paternal exercise prevents age-associated or high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction in the offspring, reinforcing the importance of epigenetics in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise. It has been shown that exercise can directly modify cardiac epigenetics to promote cardiac health and protect the heart against various pathological processes, or it can modify epigenetics in other tissues, which reduces the risk of cardiac disease and affords cardioprotection through exerkines. An in-depth understanding of the epigenetic landscape of cardioprotective response to exercise will provide new therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases. This review, therefore, aimed to acquaint the cardiac community with the rapidly advancing and evolving field of exercise and epigenetics. 相似文献
6.
Nélson Carvalho Gustavo Puntel Philipe Correa Priscila Gubert Guilherme Amaral Jefferson Morais 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):923-935
Abstract The mechanisms of action of physical agents commonly used to treat skeletal muscle lesions are not well understood. In this study, we examined whether the modulation of oxidative stress is involved in the beneficial effects of cold and heat on gastrocnemius muscle strain injury. Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to a strain injury and treated with therapeutic agents in an isolated or combined form. Strain damage caused an increase in muscle and blood oxidative damage. We suggest that this oxidative damage might be related to the impairment of the muscle cell structure, since we observed a significant positive correlation between increased plasma creatine kinase activity and both oxidized dichlorofluoresceine and lipid peroxidation levels in muscle and blood. The intensity of the inflammatory response appears also to be an important factor in the genesis of oxidative damage immediately following a muscle strain injury. Therapeutic cold seems to be more effective in preventing the damage induced by a strain injury, possibly due to its capacity to control the impairment of muscle cell structure and to modulate the intensity of the inflammatory response that follows a muscle strain injury. 相似文献
7.
Analysis of ATPase characterized type I and type II fibres from biopsy samples of the vastus lateralis muscle of four male subjects showed a selective distribution of carnosine and free taurine similar to that observed in other species. The mean carnosine concentration was twice as high in type II compared with type I muscle fibres (23.2 +/- 17.8 and 10.5 +/- 7.6 mmol . kg -1 dry weight, respectively), while taurine was four times higher in type I compared with type II muscle fibres (39.2 +/- 17.8 and 9.6 +/- 2.6 mmol . kg -1 dw, respectively). Overlap in the concentration of carnosine or taurine between fibre types occurred only once in one subject. There was no overlap between fibre types in the ratio of carnosine to taurine. Higher carnosine concentrations in type II fibres will result in a greater contribution to the buffering of H+ arising from anaerobic metabolism. The contribution in a type II fibre with the highest carnosine content was estimated to equal 28% of that from other sources. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(5):415-425
The first report demonstrating that prolonged endurance exercise promotes oxidative stress in humans was published more than 4 decades ago. Since this discovery, many ensuing investigations have corroborated the fact that muscular exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and results in oxidative stress in numerous tissues including blood and skeletal muscles. Although several tissues may contribute to exercise-induced ROS production, it is predicted that muscular contractions stimulate ROS production in active muscle fibers and that skeletal muscle is a primary source of ROS production during exercise. This contraction-induced ROS generation is associated with (1) oxidant damage in several tissues (e.g., increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation), (2) accelerated muscle fatigue, and (3) activation of biochemical signaling pathways that contribute to exercise-induced adaptation in the contracting muscle fibers. While our understanding of exercise and oxidative stress has advanced rapidly during the last decades, questions remain about whether exercise-induced increases in ROS production are beneficial or harmful to health. This review addresses this issue by discussing the site(s) of oxidant production during exercise and detailing the health consequences of exercise-induced ROS production. 相似文献
9.
运动和胰岛素是诱导骨骼肌葡萄糖转运的两种重要生理因素，两者均能通过不同的信号转导通路诱导GLUT4从细胞内转位到细胞膜表面，从而调控骨骼肌的葡萄糖转运。研究表明，TBC1家族结构域家族成员蛋白激酶B蛋白底物160KDa（AS160/TBC1D4）和TBC1D1这两种同源蛋白均可在运动或胰岛素诱导下发生磷酸化，两者可能是运动和胰岛素调控骨骼肌葡萄糖转运信号通路的关键汇聚点。综述AS160与TBC1D1在胰岛素诱导骨骼肌葡萄糖转运中的不同作用以及运动/骨骼肌收缩对其的影响及其机制，以期深入了解运动如何改善胰岛素敏感性、为更科学的运动处方及其他干预措施的研发提供有价值的理论支持。 相似文献
10.
冷刺激和力竭运动对小鼠LPO及抗氧化能力的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
探讨小鼠在冷刺激影响下作力竭性运动 ,肝脏、心脏、骨骼肌及大脑组织LPO水平及其抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明 ,冷刺激使力竭运动机体脂质过氧化水平升高 ,在心脏、骨骼肌及大脑组织中均有显著性差异 (P〈0 0 5 ) ,且各组织从低到高的排列顺序是 :大脑骨骼肌心脏肝脏 ;SOD活性基本不变 ,总抗氧化能力 (TAC)呈下降趋势 ,其中肝组织中呈显著性下降 (P〈0 0 5 ) ,其它组织无显著性差异 ,各组织的抗氧化能力从小到大的排列顺序是 :骨骼肌大脑心脏肝脏 相似文献
11.
胰岛素样生长因子- I 对骨骼肌生长和修复研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生长激素（GH）／胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）轴是肌肉生长的重要调节因子之一。虽然许多组织都能表达IGF-I，但它们各自的功能不同。骨骼肌是IGF—I的靶器官，同时也分泌IGF—I。骨骼肌组织表达的IGF—I对骨骼肌损伤后的再生、修复非常重要，也是通过适当干预保持肌肉质量的重要调节因素。主要讨论GH／IGF—I在促进骨骼肌再生和修复中的作用，并讨论其在运动康复中的应用前景。 相似文献
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运动能促进身体组织和器官的有利改变,如运动调控骨骼肌的质量和力量变化。一方面,近期研究认为,细胞信号分子对骨骼肌卫星细胞的状态有决定性作用,如激活、增殖、分化、融合等促进骨骼肌重塑过程;另一方面,运动刺激骨骼肌中生长因子合成和分泌的变化,对骨骼肌细胞信号分子的传递与骨骼肌肥大密切相关。目前,国内外鲜有报道从运动和细胞信号分子交互作用探究运动促进骨骼肌肥大的机制。因此,研究试图对运动和多个细胞信号分子的交互作用进行综述,以期为人体复杂系统中骨骼肌肥大机制提供新的研究思路。 相似文献
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Matthew S. Brook Daniel J. Wilkinson Kenneth Smith Philip J. Atherton 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(6):633-644
Constituting ～40% of body mass, skeletal muscle has essential locomotory and metabolic functions. As such, an insight into the control of muscle mass is of great importance for maintaining health and quality-of-life into older age, under conditions of cachectic disease and with rehabilitation. In healthy weight-bearing individuals, muscle mass is maintained by the equilibrium between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown; when this balance tips in favour of MPS hypertrophy occurs. Despite considerable research into pharmacological/nutraceutical interventions, resistance exercise training (RE-T) remains the most potent stimulator of MPS and hypertrophy (in the majority of individuals). However, the mechanism(s) and time course of hypertrophic responses to RE-T remain poorly understood. We would suggest that available data are very much in favour of the notion that the majority of hypertrophy occurs in the early phases of RE-T (though still controversial to some) and that, for the most part, continued gains are hard to come by. Whilst the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy represent the culmination of mechanical, auto/paracrine and endocrine events, the measurement of MPS remains a cornerstone for understanding the control of hypertrophy – mainly because it is the underlying driving force behind skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Development of sophisticated isotopic techniques (i.e. deuterium oxide) that lend to longer term insight into the control of hypertrophy by sustained RE-T will be paramount in providing insights into the metabolic and temporal regulation of hypertrophy. Such technologies will have broad application in muscle mass intervention for both athletes and for mitigating disease/age-related cachexia and sarcopenia, alike. 相似文献
16.
《运动与健康科学(英文)》2022,11(4):495-508
BackgroundAngiogenesis constitutes a major mechanism responsible for exercise-induced beneficial effects. Our previous study identified a cluster of differentially expressed extracellular vesicle microRNAs (miRNAs) after exercise and found that some of them act as exerkines. However, whether these extracellular vesicle miRNAs mediate the exercise-induced angiogenesis remains unknown.MethodsA 9-day treadmill training was used as an exercise model in C57BL/6 mice. Liver-specific adeno-associated virus 8 was used to knock down microRNA-122-5p (miR-122-5p). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used in vitro.ResultsAmong these differentially expressed extracellular vesicle miRNAs, miR-122-5p was identified as a potent pro-angiogenic factor that activated vascular endothelial growth factor signaling and promoted angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Exercise increased circulating levels of miR-122-5p, which was produced mainly by the liver and shuttled by extracellular vesicles in mice. Inhibition of circulating miR-122-5p or liver-specific knockdown of miR-122-5p significantly abolished the exercise-induced pro-angiogenic effect in skeletal muscles, and exercise-improved muscle performance in mice. Mechanistically, miR-122-5p promoted angiogenesis through shifting substrate preference to fatty acids in endothelial cells, and miR-122-5p upregulated endothelial cell fatty-acid utilization by targeting 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT1). In addition, miR-122-5p increased capillary density in perilesional skin tissues and accelerated wound healing in mice.ConclusionThese findings demonstrated that exercise promotes angiogenesis through upregulation of liver-derived extracellular vesicle miR-122-5p, which enhances fatty acid utilization by targeting AGPAT1 in endothelial cells, highlighting the therapeutic potential of miR-122-5p in tissue repair. 相似文献
17.
《运动与健康科学(英文)》2014,3(3):170-178
Aging is associated with physiological declines, notably a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and lean body mass, with a concurrent increase in body fat and central adiposity. Interest in women and aging is of particular interest partly as a result of gender specific responses to aging, particularly as a result of menopause. It is possible that the onset of menopause may augment the physiological decline associated with aging and inactivity. More so, a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome (an accumulation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including obesity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose) has been shown in middle-aged women during the postmenopausal period. This is due in part to the drastic changes in body composition, as previously discussed, but also a change in physical activity (PA) levels. Sarcopenia is an age related decrease in the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fibers that consequently leads to a decline in physical function, gait speed, balance, coordination, decreased BMD, and quality of life. PA plays an essential role in combating physiological decline associated with aging. Maintenance of adequate levels of PA can result in increased longevity and a reduced risk for metabolic disease along with other chronic diseases. The aim of this paper is to review relevant literature, examine current PA guidelines, and provide recommendations specific to women based on current research. 相似文献
18.
目的：探讨运动训练大鼠TMAs的构建与细胞凋亡的组织表达谱特征.方法：采用跑台训练方式,建立大鼠有氧运动和疲劳运动模型,构建运动训练大鼠TMAs,应用免疫组织化学SABC法,观察大鼠骨骼肌、心脏和主动脉血管组织细胞凋亡及Hsp27蛋白组织表达谱变化.结果：制备了216点阵的运动训练大鼠TMAs,得到了不同运动强度对大鼠血管、心脏和骨骼肌组织细胞凋亡和Hsp27组织表达谱.其特征为Bax蛋白在心肌和骨骼肌中表达最多,血管平滑肌中表达较少,Bcl-2蛋白在心肌表达较多,在血管平滑肌及骨骼肌中表达较少,运动干预可显著影响Bcl-2/Bax比值在这3种组织中的变化.Hsp27蛋白在血管平滑肌中表达较多而在其他组织中表达较少,随着运动强度的增加,Hsp27蛋白表达基本呈上升趋势.结论：应用运动训练大鼠TMAs研究不同组织细胞凋亡和Hsp27的组织表达谱变化规律是可行的,值得推广.有氧训练可抑制大鼠血管、心脏和骨骼肌组织的细胞凋亡,疲劳训练可促进大鼠血管、心脏和骨骼肌组织细胞凋亡的发生,Hsp27蛋白参与了上述过程. 相似文献
19.
David C. Hughes Stephen H. Day Ildus I. Ahmetov Alun G. Williams 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(13):1425-1434
Abstract Environmental and genetic factors influence muscle function, resulting in large variations in phenotype between individuals. Multiple genetic variants (polygenic in nature) are thought to influence exercise-related phenotypes, yet how the relevant polymorphisms combine to influence muscular strength in individuals and populations is unclear. In this analysis, 22 genetic polymorphisms were identified in the literature that have been associated with muscular strength and power phenotypes. Using typical genotype frequencies, the probability of any given individual possessing an “optimal” polygenic profile was calculated as 0.0003% for the world population. Future identification of additional polymorphisms associated with muscular strength phenotypes would most likely reduce that probability even further. To examine the genetic potential for muscular strength within a human population, a “total genotype score” was generated for each individual within a hypothetical population of one million. The population expressed high similarity in polygenic profile with no individual differing by more than seven genotypes from a typical profile. Therefore, skeletal muscle strength potential within humans appears to be limited by polygenic profile similarity. Future research should aim to replicate more genotype–phenotype associations for muscular strength, because only five common genetic polymorphisms identified to date have positive replicated findings. 相似文献
20.
AbstractInterest in Vitamin D has risen considerably recently with many athletes now advised to take daily vitamin D supplements. The reason for this interest is partly not only attributed to the resurgence of the Vitamin D-deficient disease rickets but also due to the discovery of a Vitamin D receptor in many tissues suggesting a more global role for Vitamin D than previously considered. Unlike the other vitamins that are obtained through the diet, Vitamin D is unique since endogenous synthesis following ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure is the predominant route of entry into systemic circulation. Moreover, Vitamin D could be better classed as a seco-steroid, given that its structure is similar to that of a steroid, and its production is derived from a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesteol) in the skin. The classification of Vitamin D status is currently subject to considerable debate with many authors opposing governing body recommendations. Regardless of the suggested optimal concentration, there is now growing evidence to suggest that many athletes are in fact Vitamin D deficient, especially in the winter months largely as a consequence of inadequate sun exposure, combined with poor dietary practices, although the consequences of such deficiencies are still unclear in athletic populations. Impaired muscle function and reduced regenerative capacity, impaired immune function, poor bone health and even impaired cardiovascular function have all been associated with low Vitamin D in athletes, however, to date, the majority of studies on Vitamin D have described associations and much more research is now needed examining causation. 相似文献