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1.
洛特卡定律在合著者及全体著者中的验证研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以往对洛特卡定律的验证研究基本仅局限于第一著者,随着科研合作的日益频繁,科学论文合著指标的不断提高,对于合著者及全体著者的著文分布规律的研究就显得越来越重要,本文研究表明合著者及全体著者的科学生产率频率分布均符合洛特卡定律。 相似文献
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【目的/意义】洛特卡分布以及对应的科学生产率概念是分析了解学科发展规律的重要工具,有助于重新审
视中国人文社科各学科发展现状与相互关系。【目的/意义】本文采用二次文献中复印报刊资料中所全文转载的学
术论文为研究基础数据,根据洛特卡定律分类及整体描述了中国人文社科整体与各一级学科的科学生产率。【结
果/结论】研究结果显示,人文社科的整体科学生产率有逐年下降趋势,低产作者的数量明显萎缩;一级学科间的科
学生产率差异明显,部分应用型学科、热门学科依然具有良好的发展潜力;2016年后党和国家一系列鼓励中国特色
哲学社会科学发展的政策对于学科发展起到了明显的推动作用。【创新/局限】首次针对中国人文社科二次文献以
及下属各分支学科的整体研究,数据的完整性与准确度有较好保障,且深入分析了多个中国人文社科一级学科之
间的发展关系。 相似文献
3.
时间因子与科研生产系统稳态 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
探讨了发文周期、科研寿命以及统计抽样期限对于发文率的影响,在此基础上说明了验证洛特卡规律的正确方法———作为社会分层结构的表征而非表面的统计结论,从而寻找内在的社会结构与发文率差异之间的联系。假定科学家具有平均科研寿命和恒定发文速率,假定科研生产系统规模与结构的稳态,对洛特卡规律进行了进一步的验证。 相似文献
4.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):113-149
This paper explores the impact of a specific R&D policy instrument, the Italian Fondo per le Agevolazioni della Ricerca (FAR), on industrial R&D and technological output at the firm level. Our objective is threefold: first, to identify the presence or absence of private R&D investment additionality/crowding-out within a pooled sample and in various firm subsets (identified by region, size, level of technology, and other features), while also taking into account the effect of single policy instruments or mixes of them. Secondly, to analyse the output (innovation) additionality by comparing the differential impact of privately funded R&D and publicly funded R&D expenditure on applications for patents filed by firms. Thirdly, the paper will compare the structural characteristics of firms showing additionality with those of firms showing crowding-out, in order to determine the firm characteristics associated with successful policy interventions. Our results suggest that FAR is effective in the pooled sample, although no effect emerges in some firm subsets. In particular, while large firms seem to have been decisive for the success of this policy, small firms present a more marked crowding-out effect. Furthermore, the firms’ growth strategies and ability to transform R&D input into innovation output (patents) seem to have a positive effect in terms of additionality. 相似文献
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This paper presents data from Brazilian Patent Office (Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, INPI) and compares them with data from the United States Patent Office (USPTO). Developing countries have technological activities that are important locally but not significant at international level (imitation, local learning, adaptation of foreign innovations). These activities might be patentable only at national level. Therefore, the study of domestic patents of developing countries provides a broader picture than USPTO patents. This paper compares 8309 INPI patents with 475 USPTO patents (between 1980 and 1995). Domestic patent data show peculiarities in the Brazilian case, possibly shared with other countries in similar technological level: (a) high share of individual patents; (b) foreign-owned firms with important activities; (c) low firm involvement in R&D activities. Some characteristics are shared with developed countries: (a) domestic firms as the major patentees; (b) according to firm size, there is a U-shaped distribution of patents; (c) evidences of multi-technology large firms; (d) a relatively small share of firms have more than one patent in the whole period. The contrast between USPTO and national patenting statistics shows different rankings according to ownership structure, leading firms, industrial sectors, and international patent classification. These differences highlight sources of international competitiveness and point to weaknesses in Brazilian innovative activities. This paper concludes evaluating the contributions (and weaknesses) of this database for the evaluation of the Brazilian National System of Innovation. 相似文献
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Investments in modernization, innovation and gains in productivity: Evidence from firms in the global paper industry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper examines the impact of investments in modernization and innovation on productivity in a sample of firms in the global pulp and paper industry. This industry has traditionally accounted for significant amounts of employment and capital investment in North America and Europe. In contrast to much of the existing literature which focuses on the impact of R&D and patents on firms’ performance and productivity, we examine data on actual investment transactions in four main areas: (i) mechanical, (ii) chemicals, (iii) monitoring devices and (iv) information technology. We find that firms that implemented a greater number of investment transactions in modernization achieved higher productivity, and these estimated quantitative effects are greater than the impact of standard innovation variables such as patents and R&D. Investment transactions in the information technology and digital monitoring devices imparted a particularly noticeable boost to productivity. These results are obtained after controlling for other firm-specific variables such as capital intensity or mergers and acquisitions. Thus, firms’ decisions to undertake investments in modernization and incremental innovations appear to be critical for achieving gains in productivity, compounding to form meaningful differences in performance, productivity and competitive position across firms in the longer run. For some of the traditional industries like pulp and paper, R&D and patents seem to be particularly poor indicators of innovation and, more generally, how firms go about achieving gains in productivity. 相似文献
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本文基于反射法测算了中国制造业出口企业能力积累指标,依据测算结果展示了中国微观企业能力积累的差异与分布情况,并以2000-2006年工业企业数据库与海关数据库的微观数据为样本,构建实证模型考察了企业研发投资、能力积累与全要素生产率提升之间的关系。结果发现：企业研发与能力积累都有助于全要素生产率提高,中国企业在总体上表现出了产品创新生产模式的特点;对于异质性企业样本估计结果,非国有企业与税收优惠企业表现出产品创新生产模式的特点,国有企业与补贴企业表现出过程创新生产模式的特点;中国在高技术行业与中高技术行业尚未表现在出产品创新模式的特征。中国应减少选择性产业政策,采用更具普惠性的税收优惠政策,更好的发挥市场竞争作用,激励企业的产品创新模式与生产率水平提高。 相似文献
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企业是国民经济活动的重要参与者，有效的专利政策对于促进企业科技成果转化、提升企业自主创新水平具有重要意义。本文利用中国A股上市公司2000-2016年的财务数据，运用多元回归和倾向得分匹配法研究不同类型的专利能否有效提升企业全要素生产率。研究发现：（1）实用新型专利对TFP的提升效应显著地大于发明专利，而外观设计专利对企业TFP的提升效应被扭曲；（2）专利的提升效应因行业、企业性质和区域而异，发明专利对国有企业、外资企业和东部地区具有显著的提升效应，实用新型专利对非高科技类行业、国有企业、民营企业、其他所有制企业具有显著的提升效应，外观设计专利对非高科技类行业具有显著的负向作用但对外资企业和其他所有制企业具有显著的提升效应。 相似文献
9.
用中国植物生理学和美国社会学期刊的发文数据对洛特卡规律进行了验证,并设计了一个基于概率优势积累选拔机制的仿真模型,以模拟发文率差异的形成过程。模拟的结果与理论预测和经验数据有较好的吻合。 相似文献
10.
Jue Wang 《Research Policy》2018,47(2):399-412
Government is one of the determinants for innovation capacity although its role and degree of involvement in innovation is debatable. Government intervention can be vital in supporting R&D and innovation as market alone cannot provide adequate incentives for knowledge production. Degrees of government intervention, however, vary in different economies and range from directive intervention by actively advising industrial policy and investing in selected areas, to facilitative intervention by creating positive environment and providing public goods for industry. This study uses Singapore and Hong Kong as two cases to explore the influence of government intervention on innovation performance. Singapore is known for strong government intervention while Hong Kong is famous for its positive non-intervention policy that minimizes the power of government in influencing the market. The comparison shows that innovation activities in Singapore are largely policy driven and dominated by big players, while in Hong Kong industry innovation is less active but the local industry has a dynamic innovation base contributed by small firms. Using a difference-in-differences analysis of USPTO patents filed by Singapore and Hong Kong, we find evidence for the effectiveness of government intervention on enhancing the technological significance and scope of innovation. The findings could shed light on the implication of government involvement in innovation. 相似文献
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从行为金融学视角出发,采用“产业政策--投资者关注--企业创新策略选择”这一研究思路,以2011-2015年我国A股制造业上市公司为样本,采用Multinomial Logit-中介效应模型分析产业政策对企业创新策略选择的作用机制。研究发现,与发明专利相比,产业政策的“资源效应”显著增加了企业非发明专利申请的数量。我国证券市场具有典型的投资者有限理性特征,产业政策会带来“投资者关注效应”,当市场有效性不足时会进一步诱使管理层选择低质量的创新策略。对于非国有企业以及不具有政治关联的企业而言,产业政策引致的“投资者关注效应”是诱使其选择低质量创新策略的主要原因。研究结论为更好地引导产业政策和证券市场共同提升企业实质性创新能力提供了经验证据。 相似文献
12.
Elefthrios Sapsalis Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie Ran Navon 《Research Policy》2006,35(10):1631-1645
This paper compares corporate and academic patents and tests whether they have similar value distributions and share common determinants of value. The empirical results based on an in-depth analysis of 400 biotech patents applied for by Belgian universities and firms lead to the following observations: (i) academic and corporate patent value distributions have similar levels of ‘skewness’; (ii) the identification of the institutional origin of knowledge allows for an improved understanding of the value determinants and (iii) there is a need to stimulate star scientists to codify their tacit knowledge into valuable patents. 相似文献
13.
Keith Pavitt 《Research Policy》1982,11(1):33-51
Better understanding of, and policies towards, technical change, requires better measurement of technical change. No single measure is perfect. Taken together, statistics on R&D and on patenting activities give important clues about the rate and direction of innovative activities, and also show the dangers of too hasty interpretation based on one measure. They both show a neavy concentration of innovative activities in chemicals and engineering (electrical, electronic and non-electrical) sectors; relatively rapid growth of innovative activities in drugs, scientific instruments and food products, and slow growth in aerospace and electrical products, in the USA between 1963 and 1974. They both show relatively high levels of innovative activities in Germany, Sweden and Switzerland, and relatively rapid rates of increase in Japan and Sweden between 1967 and 1975. They also show the strong association in the chemicals and engineering industries between the levels of innovative activities and of export competitiveness.On the other hand, taken together they suggest that patent statistics underestimate innovative activities in large firms, and that R&D statistics do so in small firms. This casts doubt on widely held assumptions about diminishing rates of innovative activity in very large firms, and about the non-electrical machinery and fabricated metal products sectors as “traditional” and “non-innovative” industries. Four factors are put forward to explain differences in what is shown by the patent and by the R&D measures: First, competitive behaviour, with smaller firms making a relatively greater use of patents, and bigger firms of R&D activities; second, different degress of specialisation and formalisation of innovative activities in and around R&D departments; third, variation across sectors in the degree to which patents measure an increment of technical improvement; fourth, institutional factors in aerospace and other defence-related sectors, and in motor vehicles, where patenting is low and the proportion of routine testing in R&D comparatively high. 相似文献
14.
制造业服务化是世界制造业发展趋势。以供给侧结构性改革为背景,针对制造业服务化探讨了企业人均能源消耗、产业链升级、创新能力对企业生产率的共同影响机制。研究发现：制造业服务化与企业生产率正相关,但受到企业人均能源消耗的负向调节作用。同时,产业结构调整与企业创新能力强化了制造业服务化与企业生产率之间的正向关系。结论对供给侧结构性改革下的中国企业转型升级具有理论价值与实践启示。 相似文献
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This article aimed to identify the effect of university-industry (U-I) collaborations on the innovative performance of firms operating in the advanced materials field, and by doing so, it proposed an original classification of the research organization partners. The main contribution resides in the estimation of the role played by collaborations with differently experienced scientists. In contrast with previous studies, whose empirical setting was the life science industry, in the advanced materials industry the most effective collaborations are not with “Star scientists”, but with “Pasteur scientists”. The latter concept was empirically tested first by the authors of this article, to deepen the present understanding of industrial heterogeneity in innovation processes and to offer new insights for the formulation of corporate innovation strategies. The results of the estimation of a negative binomial regression model applied to a sample of 455 firms active in the photocatalysis in Japan confirm the idea that engaging in research collaborations, measured as co-invention, with “Pasteur scientists” increases firms’ R&D productivity, measured as number of registered patents. In contrast, we found that firms’ collaborations with “Star scientists” exert little impact on their innovative output. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2004,33(6-7):959-974
Green chemistry patents are an indicator of environmental innovation and R&D. Over 3200 green chemistry patents were granted in the US patent system between 1983 and 2001, with most assigned to the chemical sector. The university and government sectors place greater emphasis on green chemistry than most industrial sectors. Worldwide, the emphasis on green chemistry technology relative to chemical, plastic, rubber, and polymer technologies has increased since 1988. The United States appears to have a competitive advantage in green chemistry. The most rapid growth in the emphasis on US green chemistry patents coincides with revisions to major US environmental laws in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, the ratio of green chemistry patents to patents in other areas of chemical sciences in heavily regulated industries are low, suggesting that these industries did not necessarily embrace green chemistry as a means to reduce their regulatory burden. 相似文献
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科学合作网络伙伴动态性与企业创新绩效 《科学学研究》2022,40(5):906-914
通过2000-2015年间中国502家生物医学工程企业的9233篇合著论文数据构建科学合作网络,并在国家知识产权局网站获取其在2001-2016年间申请的共16754条发明专利数据,我们实证分析了科学合作网络关系资本对企业技术创新绩效的影响,并进一步探究企业合作伙伴动态性的中介作用。结果显示：科学合作网络中的关系广度和关系强度均显著正向影响技术创新绩效;科学合作网络关系广度有助于提升企业合作伙伴扩展性,关系强度则对企业合作伙伴稳定性有正向作用;合作伙伴稳定性和扩展性在科学合作网络关系广度和强度对企业技术创新绩效影响之间均起到完全中介作用。 相似文献
20.
将有研发和无研发企业分别作为处理组和控制组,利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)考察了RD行为对企业生产率的影响,发现有研发企业的生产率水平比与之相匹配的无研发企业高出21.5%,说明RD活动能够显著提升全要素生产率。进而,以连续有研发投入的企业为样本检验了RD强度与生产率的关系,得到研发强度以0.488%为临界值与企业生产率呈正U型关系的结论,约99%的工业企业没有达到门槛值的现实说明,应进一步增加RD投入强度,改善研发投资效率,加大基础研究的比重,发挥RD投资的创新效应,以促进企业生产率的提升。 相似文献