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On the 30th anniversary of enactment of the Bayh–Dole Act in the U.S., we consider the rationale for academic entrepreneurship and describe the evolving role of universities in the commercialization of research. We also discuss and appraise the effects of legislative reform in several OECD countries relating to academic entrepreneurship. The article synthesizes papers from the special section and outlines an agenda for additional research on various aspects of academic entrepreneurship in terms of system, university and individual levels. We also consider measurement and methodological issues that must be addressed in additional research. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2020,57(2):102057
Accurate predictions about future events is essential in many areas, one of them being the Tourism Industry. Usually, cities and countries invest a huge amount of money for planning and preparation in order to welcome (and profit from) tourists. The success of many businesses depends largely or totally on the state of tourism demand. Estimation of tourism demand can be helpful to business planners in reducing the risk of decisions regarding the future since tourism products are, generally speaking, perishable (gone if not used). Prior studies in this domain focus on forecasting for a whole country and not for fine-grained areas within a country (e.g., specific touristic attractions) mainly because of lack of data. Our article tackles exactly this issue. With the rapid popularity growth of social media applications, each year more people interact within online resources to plan and comment on their trips. Motivated by such observation, we here suggest that accessible data in online social networks or travel websites, in addition to environmental data, can be used to support the inference of visitation count for either indoor or outdoor touristic attractions. To test our hypothesis we analyze visitation counts, environmental features and social media data related to 27 museums and galleries in U.K as well as 76 national parks in the U.S. Our experimental results reveal high accuracy levels (above 92%) for predicting tourism demand using features from both social media and environmental data. We also show that, for outdoor attractions, environmental features have better predictive power while the opposite occurs for indoor attractions. In any case, best results, in all scenarios, are obtained when using both types of features jointly. Finally, we perform a detailed failure analysis to inspect the cases in which the prediction results are not satisfactory. 相似文献
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双循环战略提升中国人工智能产业竞争力途径 《科学学研究》2022,40(2):230-236
摘 要：文章以中国、美国、英国、德国、印度等主要人工智能大国为研究对象，通过钻石模型构建评价指标体系，运用主成分分析法对五国人工智能产业国际竞争力进行分析。总结借鉴其他国家人工智能产业发展过程中的优劣势与形成原因，从人工智能经历的 “概念化——商业化——产业化”发展三阶段周期入手，明确不同发展阶段起着关键作用的有利要素类型，提出了三种不同实现路径下的分类政策思路。最后根据国际政治经济形势，提出在“双循环”战略下提升中国人工智能产业国际竞争力的依据与政策建议。 相似文献
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我国天然气定价机制设计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过结合对世界主要天然气消费地区(美国、英国、日本)的天然气定价的市场结构、定价方法的分析,并通过对我国天然气定价现状及存在的主要问题的解剖,提出了符合我国具体国情的天然气市场结构及定价方法的设计方案. 相似文献
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《京都议定书》在2012年即将到期,清洁发展机制将何去何从成为发达国家和发展中国家共同关注的焦点。本文用博弈理论对清洁发展机制市场进行了分析;特别是对美国、欧盟和日本与中国的项目合作市场前景进行了预测,提出了中国的应对策略。 相似文献
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企业孵化器发展的国际比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
王卫东 《科学学与科学技术管理》2006,27(2):161-164
企业孵化器的概念自20世纪80年代引入中国,逐渐成为中国高新技术产业化支撑服务体系的重要组成部分.但是从总体上讲,中国企业孵化器还没有形成良好的运行机制及管理规范,制约了孵化器作用的进一步发挥.通过对欧美国家及以色列企业孵化器发展的比较研究,揭示其企业孵化器成功发展的经验,为中国企业孵化器进一步发展提供借鉴. 相似文献
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核能利用从未止步,人类对核安全的认识也在不断加深。在福岛核事故5周年和切尔诺贝利核事故30周年之际,文章针对革新型核能系统,从安全目标、设计理念、安全评价和风险认知4个方面对核安全研究进行了回顾与思考,指出当前存在的问题及面临的挑战,探讨未来发展趋势,并提出"四项革新"的建议:(1)安全目标从技术重返社会;(2)通过革新型反应堆技术,避免无限制复杂化纵深防御来解决安全问题;(3)重视理论引导的安全评价方法,采用系统化评价体系;(4)在政府/工业界/社会之间建立"第三方"并通过其发挥桥梁和纽带作用等。 相似文献
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Managing competences in entrepreneurial technology firms: a comparative institutional analysis of Germany, Sweden and the UK 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Steven Casper 《Research Policy》2004,33(1):89-106
Innovating firms in new industries face a number of technological and market risks, especially appropriability and competence destruction. However, the relative significance of these varies between different sub-sectors, and so do managerial ways of dealing with them. These in turn are influenced by institutional frameworks, particularly those governing skill formation systems and labour markets. Consequently, the relative success of firms in fields with different appropriability and competence destruction risks is likely to vary between countries with contrasting patterns of labour market organisation. In the biotechnology and computer software industries, there are major differences in the dominant risks faced by innovating firms such that we would expect their relative success to differ between Germany, Sweden and the UK. While the UK and, to a limited extent, Sweden, have developed institutions similar to those found in the US that help govern “radically innovative” firm competences, Germany has invested in institutional frameworks associated with “competency enhancing” human resource practices that give its firms an advantage in more generic technologies in which organisational complexity is higher. While the distribution of public companies across sub-sectors broadly follows these expectations, Sweden has developed considerable strength in middleware software. This results from changing property rights and personnel policies at Ericsson. 相似文献
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Robins R 《Social studies of science》2002,32(1):7-35
This paper examines the material relations of risk within a dispute about the hazards of manufacturing human insulin using gene technology, and the r?le played by the referent 'real risk' in the technical performance of risk in that dispute. It draws on recent work in science and technology studies that extends actor-network theory to examine the performance of reality in scientific practice. The multiplicity of risks in the dispute, and the links made and unmade between them, are examined. I argue that in the dispute, risks were contingently linked and separated around a referent 'real risk' that emerged within the recombinant DNA debate of the late 1970s. I contrast my account of risk with realist and relativist accounts, each of which values risk as an abstract entity. In my account, risk's value is contingent upon sets of material relations that link hazards and procedures for their minimization. Risk's realness emerges as some risks are linked and others separated, working a multiple/singular relation in an ontological politics of risk. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2009,23(1):55-55
To mark the 30th anniversary of China＇s reform and opening-up and the lOthanniversary of the CAS Knowledge Innovation Program, a forum was held under the auspices of CAS from 11 to 14 November, 2008, in Beijing. Leaders of State science institutions from 16 countries across the world were present at the meeting to address the roles of their organizations in a national innovation system. 相似文献
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The incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease is steadily increasing in South East Asian countries including
Indian sub continent. Many lipids, apolipoproteins and Lp (a) except HDL-C and apo A-I, A-II are implicated as risk factors
for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease. There is great need to have national guidelines for each country
like the ATP III guidelines recommended for U.S. population. For recommending appropriate medical decision limits, it is mandatory
that each country establishes reference intervals pertaining to their population due to dietary, genetic and environmental
diversity. In the present study, reference intervals for serum lipids, apolipoproteins and Lp (a) were established in a total
of 1923 healthy Indian reference individuals comprising 1161 healthy men and 762 healthy women from Andhra Pradesh. For each
analyte viz., serum total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, Lp (a), Apo A-I, Apo A-II, B, C-II, C-III and E, mean,
two SD, median, confidence limits of mean, different percentile values are presented. The study also includes decade wise
changes in each analyte and comparison of lipids, lipoproteins and Lp (a) among few populations covering U.S., India, Japan,
Sweden, Finland and China. Reference Intervals for all lipid and lipoprotein parameters will immensely help in assessing associated
risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in India. Additionally, the results will be beneficial in formulating
our own guidelines pertaining to Indian population. 相似文献
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This article investigates contemporary cultural policy reforms enabled by paid digital media distribution services, taking the case of the integration of Spotify into the Swedish public media system. Specifically, it reflects on the conflicts arising over the prioritization of digital distribution over cultural preservation, during the gradual substitution of the Spotify digital services for the services provided by the traditional material media archive, the Grammofonarkivet. It considers the factors influencing changes in the Swedish cultural policy environment and the nature of the complaints and human rights claims made by employees of the Grammofonarkivet to UNESCO regarding its structural transformation. It also postulates a “Spotification” model of public service media emerging in Sweden but potentially affecting other countries with public media systems served by traditional media archives. 相似文献
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网络搭建的“场域”成为社会风险的“放大站”,本研究旨在描述网络传播与社会风险放大之间的关系。在区分网络与媒体概念的基础上,分析网络传播特征与放大效应的关系。基于公共卫生事件,探讨社会风险本身就会产生的社会效应。在上述分析基础上,分析网络对社会风险的传播衍生出的次生危害。在网络社会与现实社会关系的假设前提下,提出网络的社会风险放大效应的模型。需要理性应对网络在社会风险中产生的放大效应。 相似文献
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Articulating the signs of danger: lay experiences of post-Chernobyl radiation risks and effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kuchinskaya O 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(3):405-421
This essay examines lay experiences of radiation--the hazard imperceptible with unaided senses--and how these experiences are shaped. Analysis is conducted on the basis of participant observation and interviews in Belarusian rural areas affected after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident. I argue that radiation risks and health effects are not always obvious or immediately observable for those experiencing them, and they should be articulated. The paper compares various opportunities for articulation, including the context of radiological testing and administrative contexts, and describes the kinds of articulations they make possible. I conclude that limited opportunities for articulation result in limited lay recognition of radioactive contamination and their own health effects. The analysis implies that affected lay populations cannot always be assumed to be the most risk-conscious and hold special knowledge about radiation effects independently of scientific and administrative definitions of it. 相似文献
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结合科技进步法第20条和第21条有关规定,对照美国拜杜法案等有关内容,从比较法角度考察了中国与美国、日本、中国台湾地区、俄罗斯等国(地区)在上述立法模式选择及其制度安排上的异同。比较法制反思表明,我国将国家资助科技项目成果的知识产权保护与转化纳入科技进步法加以调整,其立法模式选择符合创新型国家建设的现实国情,不过其立法制度安排的体系化仍有待进一步推进。在其有关立法模式选择及其制度安排方面既要参照比较法制成果,更要体现本国科研体制及其社会发展需要。在其有关法制建设重心方面既要规范政府介入权行使,更要完善其权利配置机制并培育其知识产权意识。 相似文献
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机构知识库是一种新型学术传播方式,它通过网络实现知识传播,因此网络影响力是评价机构知识库的重要因素之一。美国、英国是当今机构知识库数量最多的国家,而中国、印度又是发展中国家的新兴代表,本研究对中美英印机构知识库网站的网络影响力进行实证评价,指标采用网站规模、外链数、显示度、文献量、MozRank。采用TOPSIS法对其网络影响力排名;用Spearman相关分析检验指标与排序之间的相关性。结果显示排名呈美国＞英国＞中国＞印度的趋势。 相似文献
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The last two decades have witnessed a significant increase in discussions about the different dimensions of knowledge and knowledge management (KM). This is especially true in the construction context. Many factors have contributed to this growing interest including globalisation, increased competition, diffusion of new ICTs (information and communication technologies) and new procurement routes, among others. There are a range of techniques and technologies that can be used for KM in construction organisations. The use of techniques for KM is not new, but many technologies for KM are fairly new and still evolving. This paper begins with a review of different KM techniques and technologies and then reports the findings of case studies of selected U.K. construction organisations, carried out with the aim of establishing what tools are currently being used in U.K. construction organisations to support knowledge processes. Case study findings indicate that most organisations do not adopt a structured approach for selecting KM technologies and techniques. The use of KM techniques is more evident compared to KM technologies. There is also reluctance among construction companies to invest in highly specialised KM technologies. The high costs of specialist KM technologies are viewed as the barrier to their adoption. In conclusion, the paper advocates integrated use of KM techniques and technologies in construction organisations. 相似文献