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1.
Weijie Zhao 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(6):1163
Professor Feng Shao at National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing is a well-known immunologist. He has made a series of fundamental contributions to the fields of pathogen-host interactions and innate immune response mechanisms. Professor Weihong Tan at Hunan University and Shanghai Jiaotong University is a world-renowned scholar in bioanalytical chemistry and chemical biology. He developed a number of chemical tools that expended the extent of molecular medicine and may turn into useful clinical diagnosis and treatment tools. In May 2019, National Science Review (NSR) had an interview with Professors Feng Shao and Weihong Tan. The two scientists, both trained at University of Michigan for their PhD study, have different research directions, but share the same basic scientific vision: to solve human health-related fundamental problems by illuminating and making use of the underlying molecular mechanisms. They also share similar opinions on biomedical research methods and scientific career development. 相似文献
2.
《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2020,4(2):40-50
The goal of this study is to measure the effectiveness of a career development system implemented at a research and technology organization at satisfying the context requirements of a decree issued by the Basque Country government. Through in-depth surveying of 80 R&D professionals over the five years, the authors aimed to determine whether a career development system, when it is linked to context requirements and researchers’ contributions, could offer researchers feedback about their career aims and increase their job satisfaction. During the five years of the study, the researchers’ capacity to meet career requirements improved by 20%, and job satisfaction, although it declined at first, increased substantially in the last two years, reaching a historic high for the employee satisfaction survey. 相似文献
3.
We study the behavior of single linear polyelectrolytes condensed by trivalent salt under the action of electric fields through computer simulations. The chain is unfolded when the strength of the electric field is stronger than a critical value. This critical electric field follows a scaling law against chain length, and the exponent of the scaling law is −0.77(1), smaller than the theoretical prediction, −3ν∕2 [R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 128104 (2003)], and the one obtained by simulations in tetravalent salt solutions, −0.453(3) [P.-Y. Hsiao and K.-M. Wu, J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 13177 (2008)]. It demonstrates that the scaling exponent depends sensitively on the salt valence. Hence, it is easier to unfold chains condensed by multivalent salt of a smaller valence. Moreover, the absolute value of chain electrophoretic mobility increases drastically when the chain is unfolded in an electric field. The fact that the mobility depends on electric field and on chain length provides a plausible way to impart chain-length dependence in free-solution electrophoresis via chain unfolding transition induced by electric fields. Finally, we show that, in addition to an elongated structure, a condensed chain can be unfolded into a U-shaped structure. The formation of this structure in our study is purely a result of the electric polarization, not of the elastohydrodynamics dominated in sedimentation of polymers. 相似文献
4.
5.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):105-110
Marc Bahlmann is assistant professor at VU University Amsterdam. He received his Ph.D. from the Faculty of Social Sciences (VU University) for a study on knowledge dynamics among IT entrepreneurs located in the Amsterdam IT and new media cluster. His current research interests include alliance portfolios, organizational and regional innovation. 相似文献
6.
Science and Technology Studies (STS) is one of a number of new research fields to emerge over the last four or five decades. This paper attempts to identify its core academic contributions from the perspective of the authors of chapters in authoritative ‘handbooks’ and the references they cite. Besides identifying the most prominent publications, institutions and authors, we examine whether the core contributions can be broken down into identifiable clusters. The study also analyses the impact of these contributions by exploring the research fields, journals, and geographical location of the researchers that have cited the STS core contributions in their own work. Together, these analyses reveal a number of phases in the development of STS with periods of convergence and divergence of the field, including the gradual separation of quantitative studies of science and technology from the main body of STS. The paper ends with some conclusions about the evolution of STS, such as the role of ‘institution builders’ in developing new research fields and the structures required to hold them together. 相似文献
7.
William A. Smeaton 《Endeavour》1984,8(2):71-74
This year marks the bicentenary of the death of the Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman. He took up chemical work comparatively late in life, but made important contributions to the classification and analysis of minerals and mineral waters. He is best known, however, for his work on chemical affinity, described in his Dissertation on Elective Attractions (1775). He corresponded with contemporary French chemists, including P. J. Macquer, the bicentenary of whose death also falls this year. 相似文献
8.
Controlled electroporation of the plasma membrane in microfluidic devices for single cell analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chemical cytometry on a single cell level is of interest to various biological fields ranging from cancer to stem cell research. The impact chemical cytometry can exert in these fields depends on the dimensionality of the retrievable analytes content. To this point, the number of different analytes identifiable and additionally their subcellular localization is of interest. To address this, we present an electroporation based approach for selective lysis of only the plasma membrane, which permits analysis of the dissolved cytoplasm, while reducing contributions from the nucleus and membrane bound fractions of the cell analytes. The use of 100 μs long pulse and a well defined DC electric field gradient of ∼4.5 kV·cm−1 generated by 3D electrodes initiates release of a cytoplasm marker in ≪1 s, while retaining nuclear fluorescence markers. 相似文献
9.
Regal B 《Endeavour》2012,36(2):65-68
The well known naturalist, Richard Owen, had a career long engagement with monstrous creatures. In the 1830s he famously christened large fossil reptiles, Dinosauria. He investigated fossil marine reptiles as well as the giant moa. He also looked into the sea-serpents and sea monsters then drawing wide public attention. He actively collected letters and analyzed correspondence on the topic, consulted with the admiralty on reports of Royal Navy encounters and sightings, and commented in the public press. He concluded that such reports were based upon misidentifications of whales and other large marine mammals, and not run-ins with mythological creatures. His work on the sea-serpent shows that rather than discount the idea out of hand, a number of high profile naturalists were intrigued by monsters and attempted to understand what they were. His work is key to understanding the skepticism over monsters held by modern mainstream science. This skepticism opened the field to later amateur investigators. 相似文献
10.
“领域—时间”视角下刘则渊科学学思想与贡献 《科学学研究》2021,39(11):1929-1935
刘则渊先生作为科学学领域极具影响力的杰出学者,多年来,他坚持致力于科学学理论、方法和应用研究,积极参与国家重大科技项目,在其中发挥了重要作用。刘则渊先生对中国科学学的发展与创新做出了巨大贡献,对科学学理论也有着独到而深刻见解,在技术哲学、科技伦理、科学计量学、创新管理等多个领域上做出了开创性成就。为了缅怀和纪念刘则渊先生,本文重点评述了他在科学学领域的杰出成就,总结了他及其团队在科学学领域的学术成果,并对其学术贡献进行梳理和归纳。从时间维度对刘则渊先生四十年来发表的代表性学术论文进行评析。根据学术论文主题,基于刘则渊先生各时期的研究方向,刻画了其科学学学术思想的演化变迁。希望科学学界能更多发展科学学理论,丰富研究方法,拓展科学学应用领域,为科学学事业谱写新的篇章。 相似文献
11.
《Research Policy》2023,52(8):104844
Compared to senior scientists, early-career scientists have largely been neglected in the literature on academic success. This study aims to identify the effects of local peer communities of Ph.D. candidates on their future careers. We argue that local communities of Ph.D. candidates may offer both supportive and competitive environments depending on the nature of the relationships between its members. While Ph.D. candidates generally learn from and support each other in their local peer communities, they may also compete for their mentor's attention and future academic positions. We analyse such complex peer effects for 90,264 Ph.D. candidates in the field of mathematics in a genealogical way, by measuring a candidate's academic career success by the number of next-generation Ph.D. candidates supervised later on. To capture both the supportive and competitive peer effects, we distinguish between local peers who share mentors (co-mentees) and other local peers. Our result suggests that competition exists primarily among peers who share mentors, and only at the start of one's career. We also find supportive effects among peers who do not share mentors, particularly those from the same cohort. Our results highlight the importance of universities supporting informal interactions among Ph.D. candidates. 相似文献
12.
本文以国家自然科学基金申请和获得资助的基础研究领域科研人员为研究对象,采用抽样调查的方式对不同职业发展阶段中的科研人员开展问卷调查,基于问卷结果分析了不同职业发展阶段科研人员对职业发展的满意状况、影响因素与遇到的压力与问题等。在此基础上针对不同职业发展阶段的科研人员提出了如何更好的促进其发展的政策建议。 相似文献
13.
Joaquín M. Azagra-Caro Fragiskos Archontakis Antonio Gutiérrez-Gracia Ignacio Fernández-de-Lucio 《Research Policy》2006,35(1):37-55
The growing importance of regions in the analysis of innovation and the pressure on European universities to interact with their environment justify this article. It argues that faculty support for the objectives of university-industry relations (UIR) does not vary across disciplines and does not respond to university encouragement in a region with low absorptive capacity. These results are in contrast with those obtained in studies of technology leading countries like the USA. Furthermore, incentives for UIR may generate unpredicted dynamics while instruments to cooperate are not significant. Finally, support for the objectives of UIR should not be confused with the degree of R&D cooperation. The former is sensitive to university age while the latter is sensitive to gender, discipline, commitment to R&D and university encouragement. Empirical evidence is obtained from a sample of faculty from the Valencian Community (Spain) and analysed through a set of models for discrete choice. 相似文献
14.
学习型组织建设方兴未艾,系统基模作为学习型组织系统思考的核心工具在全世界得到广泛的运用。本文探讨了将系统基模用于大学生生涯未定向分析,研究大学生生涯未定向状态形成的动态变化,剖析了深层原因和杠杆点,这可以帮助大学生深刻认识,同时为大学生生涯辅导提供了新的视角。 相似文献
15.
《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104563
An essential precondition for developing countries to engage in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is to accelerate the creation and accumulation of firm-level technological capabilities necessary for digital transformation. Through an analysis of secondary data collected from a systematic review of the 4IR literature, we build on Lall's (1992) and Bell and Pavitt's (1995) frameworks, to develop an updated framework of firm-level technological capabilities which accounts for the refined set of human and organizational activities and resources required by firms for the uptake of 4IR technologies and processes along their digital transformation journey. The framework proposes four levels of increasingly complex technological capabilities across six thematic groups of technological and organizational functions. The framework represents an initial basis for examining the micro-level capabilities required by firms to launch, endorse and actualize the 4IR. Our analysis leads to a definition of 4IR firm-level technological capabilities which better reflects the new realities of this revolution. We discuss the implications of the proposed framework, and we conclude with the contributions of our study from the academic, policy and management perspectives. 相似文献
16.
培养青少年在科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)领域核心素养,是适应未来劳动力市场对科技创新型人才需求的重中之重,但驱使青少年追求STEM职业的关键性因素仍亟待探索。基于国际学生评估项目(PISA)2018年中国四省市学生测试数据,构建多层混合Logistic模型探查家庭科学资本与科学素养对青少年STEM职业期望的影响效应及作用路径。研究发现,持有不同家庭科学资本的个体显现出科学职业期望的倾向性不同。父母双方或父亲涉足科学相关领域显著增加其子代追求STEM职业机会优势,但母亲从事科学相关职业的影响甚微。家庭科学资本只有在具备高水平科学素养或数学相对优势的条件下,才能依赖家庭物质资源、家庭教育资源以及家庭文化资本进行有效传递。Shapley组群分解显示,高水平科学素养是驱使青少年追求STEM职业的关键因素,其相对贡献率达24.88%;先赋性的家庭科学资本相对贡献率较低,约占5.4%。培养和提升科学素养与形塑数学相对优势是驱使家庭科学资本匮乏的青少年追求STEM职业的必要途径。引导青少年形成科学职业偏好,重在增强早期科学启蒙教育,纠正对女性科学职业选择的偏见,注重保障均等享有激发科学家潜质的公平发展机会。 相似文献
17.
以YQY11 4p-2,31KW潜油电机为例,通过计算得到定子上的损耗;利用流体力学、传热学的知识,计算了潜油电机定子表面的散热系数;建立了定子半个轴向段三维温度场的数学模型,采用有限元法对温度场进行了计算,得到温度分布图,并对结果进行了对比分析。 相似文献
18.
This article brings together two areas of research: studies on risk perception of technologies and studies on vocational/career choice. This is an important link since decisions concerning technologies are influenced by decision makers’ risk perceptions and these in turn may be related to educational and career paths.We analyze students of different academic disciplines with regard to their risk perception of four technologies. The aim is to find out whether there is a relationship between area of study (as a precursor of vocational and career choice) and risk perception of technologies regarding health, environment and society. The four technologies under study are renewable energies, genetic engineering, nanotechnology and information and communication technologies (ICT). Key results are: irrespective of academic discipline risk of genetic engineering on average is rated highest and renewable energies lowest. This holds for all the risks studied (environmental, health, societal risks). On average, students from different academic disciplines differ in their risk perception. Factor analyses show that common dimensions of risk are the technologies and not the kind of risk. Regression analyses show that the variables influencing perceived risks vary between the technological fields. 相似文献
19.
O. Keck 《Research Policy》1976,5(2):116-157
The trends in West German science policy since the early 1960' are analyzed and compared to other industrially advanced countries. Government expenditures on research and development (R & D) are compared in their totality and also with regard to specific objectives such as defence, civil space, civil nuclear, general advancement of science, mining and manufacturing, agriculture, economic and social services.The trend of total government expenditure on R & D in West Germany iss characterized by a growth rate higher than in many other countries, such as the USA, the UK, France, Japan and the Netherlands. Also in each of the single objectives of government R & D, West German expenditure as a rule grew faster than in these countries. Among the different objectives, “general advancement of science” is given highest priority in West Germany, whereas the military sector is relatively small. In both trends and priorities, West Germany is more similar to Japan and the Netherlands than to the USA, the UK and France.The author discusses motives and intentions which may have affected these trends. He argues that West German science policy cannot be understood as a response to immediate economic problems, such as labour shortage or an alleged lag in technological progress in West German industry. In the early sixties West German science policy was still determined by efforts to catch up in certain technological fields from which West Germany had been excluded up to 1955 by allies' restrictions. In the late sixties, concern focussed on West Germany's long-term technological competitiveness in general. 相似文献
20.
Marco Angelini Vanessa Fazzini Nicola Ferro Giuseppe Santucci Gianmaria Silvello 《Information processing & management》2018,54(6):1077-1100
Information Retrieval (IR) develops complex systems, constituted of several components, which aim at returning and optimally ranking the most relevant documents in response to user queries. In this context, experimental evaluation plays a central role, since it allows for measuring IR systems effectiveness, increasing the understanding of their functioning, and better directing the efforts for improving them. Current evaluation methodologies are limited by two major factors: (i) IR systems are evaluated as “black boxes”, since it is not possible to decompose the contributions of the different components, e.g., stop lists, stemmers, and IR models; (ii) given that it is not possible to predict the effectiveness of an IR system, both academia and industry need to explore huge numbers of systems, originated by large combinatorial compositions of their components, to understand how they perform and how these components interact together.We propose a Combinatorial visuaL Analytics system for Information Retrieval Evaluation (CLAIRE) which allows for exploring and making sense of the performances of a large amount of IR systems, in order to quickly and intuitively grasp which system configurations are preferred, what are the contributions of the different components and how these components interact together.The CLAIRE system is then validated against use cases based on several test collections using a wide set of systems, generated by a combinatorial composition of several off-the-shelf components, representing the most common denominator almost always present in English IR systems. In particular, we validate the findings enabled by CLAIRE with respect to consolidated deep statistical analyses and we show that the CLAIRE system allows the generation of new insights, which were not detectable with traditional approaches. 相似文献