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1.
摘要：近年来,在新兴市场国家,回溯创新的案例不断被发现和总结,日益要求对回溯创新的类型进行理论提炼。首先,基于企业在“创意/概念”环节与“研究开发”环节的主导深度,归纳了“弱创意、弱研发”、“强创意、弱研发”、“弱创意、强研发”、“强创意、强研发”四种典型类型。接下来,总结了同以上类型相对应的创新策略（分别谓之为“市场竞速”策略、“利基市场”策略、“开发领先”策略和“全面领先”策略）,并且指出采用这些策略企业所需要具有的能力支撑。最后,通过对相关企业不同阶段回溯创新的分析,归纳出本研究中回溯创新可以遵循的演化路径。 相似文献
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将“高新技术企业认定”（简称：“科技认定”）视为特定的政企创新联盟和科技资源分配机制,本文利用上市公司年度专利申请量反映其创新绩效,重点分析了在不同政府治理和公司治理环境下获得“科技认定”资质对上市公司创新绩效的影响。研究发现,与国有企业相比,获得“科技认定”资质后,民营企业创新绩效显著提高;且随着预期政府代理成本或公司代理成本的减少,“科技认定”政策的创新治理功能得到进一步的增强,改善外部政府治理和内部公司治理质量将显著优化“科技认定”政策的创新治理环境。总体上,较之“政治资源诅咒”效应,“科技认定”政策的创新“扶持之手”效应占主导。本研究指出,发挥“科技认定”政策的创新治理功能依赖社会创新资源优化配置和企业内部创新资本有效利用。本文协调了产业政策与企业创新研究提供的不一致的经验证据,对厘清政府在构建普惠性创新治理环境体系过程中的作用具有重要的理论和政策借鉴意义。 相似文献
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服务行业顾客参与特性导致多数服务从业者与顾客一直会有密切接触,并且在“顾客至上”这一服务业最高准则“压迫”下,即使顾客存在不当行为,服务从业者也被迫“笑脸迎人”,但员工有正常的情感需求,这种不良服务环境的常态化,容易导致员工负面情绪和行为,最终可能造成顾客、企业、员工三输的局面,故顾客不当行为正逐渐成为服务行业以及从业者重大的工作阻碍。本研究从一线服务型企业员工角度出发,探索在面对面的服务情境下,顾客不当行为各维度对一线服务人员报复倾向与离职倾向的影响,并检验情绪失调在其中的中介作用以及卷入程度的调节作用。研究结果显示顾客不当行为三个维度（言语侵犯、无理要求、违规行为）对于员工情绪失调影响显著,从而导致员工产生报复倾向和离职倾向,卷入程度在其中具有一定的调节作用。 相似文献
4.
本文认为农业技术创新和服务创新是相互依存和相互促进的,提出农业技术创新和服务创新策略是以“需求”为中心,其侧重点分别是“技术”和“信任”,不同的农业领域应有不同的创新策略。 相似文献
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经济社会发展从“规模与效率”向“价值与意义”的转向是新时代人类社会发展的重要指征。作为引导创新主体主动关注社会需求与未来发展的创新范式，有意义的创新（Meaningful Innovation, MI）之兴起体现了人文精神与哲学思考在技术创新与经济发展中的“回归”。研究基于复杂系统视角，探索有意义创新的前因问题。研究构建了整合有意义的创新与“双元创新能力”（Ambidextrous Innovation Capability, AIC）的交互耦合框架，认为创新意义的价值发现是探索式学习的过程，而其价值转化是利用式学习的过程。面对资源的约束与环境的挑战，企业应当发展双元创新能力实现资源协同，平衡短期收益与长期发展，协调效率逻辑与意义逻辑，兼顾企业利益与社会福利，推动经济社会的良性发展。 相似文献
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明确专利维持年费制度结构要素及其作用是优化专利维持年费制度运行机制的基础。综合分析专利维持年费制度理论及其结构要素作用与国内专利权人对其观点或倾向性的问卷调查结果发现：专利维持年费制度的主要目的是通过优化专利收益激励创新;基于收益成本理论,是否缴纳年费决定的困难主要在于专利收益的难以确定性;基于促进创新,专利维持年费结构的“混合制”优于“单一制”;基于灵活性,“每年缴纳年费一次”模式优于“每隔几年缴纳一次年费”模式;基于专利收益的不确定性,“逐年增长年费数量”模式比“间隔3年或5年增加年费数量”模式更有利于权利人规避“多交年费”的风险。专利权人对上述观点的支持度存在差异。 相似文献
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从行为金融学视角出发,采用“产业政策--投资者关注--企业创新策略选择”这一研究思路,以2011-2015年我国A股制造业上市公司为样本,采用Multinomial Logit-中介效应模型分析产业政策对企业创新策略选择的作用机制。研究发现,与发明专利相比,产业政策的“资源效应”显著增加了企业非发明专利申请的数量。我国证券市场具有典型的投资者有限理性特征,产业政策会带来“投资者关注效应”,当市场有效性不足时会进一步诱使管理层选择低质量的创新策略。对于非国有企业以及不具有政治关联的企业而言,产业政策引致的“投资者关注效应”是诱使其选择低质量创新策略的主要原因。研究结论为更好地引导产业政策和证券市场共同提升企业实质性创新能力提供了经验证据。 相似文献
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“众创空间”是创新2.0时代创新创业服务机构的集合式概念,是由创客空间、孵化器、加速器等组成的创新新创业服务生态系统。创新2.0时代,欧美国家正积极探索众创空间生态模式,逐渐建立起“创客空间+孵化器+智能化创新（Living Lab）”的垂直、多元化众创空间生态主体结构。相比之下,我国众创空间生态体系尚不健全,“孵化器”一元主导的结构模式明显,在众创空间发展模式、经营主体、功能绩效等方面与国外众创空间存在较大差距。创新2.0时代,我国应积极借鉴国外众创空间发展经验,布局社区化创客空间,建立创新创业智能化升级机制,延长创新创业服务链条,完善众创空间生态体系;积极推进创新创业服务机构市场化改革,发展创新创业服务中介组织,提升众创空间专业化水平,形成市场为主、政府为辅的多元化众创空间新形态,建立起中国特色的众创空间生态体系。 相似文献
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政府公共政策是否促进了企业创新？公共政策和技术创新的研究领域一直不乏“促进论”和“抑制论”的争论。现有文献还缺乏系统研究对此进行甄别。本文认为,政府直接补贴和税收优惠对不同所有制类型企业的创新活动激励具有差异性,从而无法简单归入“促进论”或“抑制论”。本文以全国第一次经济普查的26326家规模以上内资企业、2970家港澳台投资企业以及3625家外资企业分析对象,通过地区层面和行业层面的实证分析得出了以下结论：（1）政府对内资企业研发活动的直接补贴政策显著提高了内资企业的研发强度。这支持了“促进论”的观点;（2）税收优惠政策对港澳台投资企业的创新活动增加有着较强的促进作用,这是“促进论”中成本效应发挥的重要结果;（3）港澳台和外商投资企业的研发强度与政府直接补贴呈现出显著的负相关关系,这意味着“抑制论”中挤出效应的作用机制使政府直接补贴对企业创新活动了负面作用。本文的政策含义是政府在实施促进企业自主创新活动的各项公共政策中,应该以对内外资企业都统一的公平的税收优惠为主而减少直接补贴的使用;在利用直接补贴对企业研发提供支持时,应以对内资企业补贴为主,减少港澳台和外资企业的直接补贴。 相似文献
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企业投入巨额资金进行技术开发是为了增强企业的技术优势,获取新技术产品带来的实际收益。企业的实际技术收益既受技术产品本身的市场可能收益（即技术可能收益）的影响,又受其他企业的模仿、窃取等造成的利益瓜分（即技术收益独占性）的影响。研究企业技术影响因素及其影响机制,能为企业的技术开发及经营决策提供有用的思路和依据,维护和提高企业的技术收益。 相似文献
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开放性有利于企业获取更多的创新机会,但开放式创新过程中也需要考虑独占性损失的风险,因为独占性对企业创新新颖性和效率等绩效存在重要的影响。本研究旨在剖析独占性机制和开放性对创新漏斗不同阶段的创新绩效的影响。整合企业跨界搜索理论与知识保护理论,基于332家广东省制造业企业的问卷调查数据,探讨开放性与独占性机制对创新漏斗不同阶段的创新绩效影响。研究发现：正式独占性机制的使用负向影响创新漏斗创意形成阶段的创新效率,半正式独占性机制的使用有利于提升创新漏斗创意形成阶段的创新效率,而非正式独占性机制则有助于创新漏斗创意形成和新产品开发与商业化阶段的创新新颖性的提升;另外,创新新颖性通过创新漏斗整个阶段的横向合作开放性来解释,尤其是与高校科研院所的合作,与竞争对手合作开放性对新产品开发与商业化阶段的创新新颖性积极正相关,而垂直合作开放性则对新产品开发与商业化阶段的创新效率具有正相关关系。 相似文献
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Emilie-Pauline Gallié 《Research Policy》2012,41(4):780-794
In attempting to protect their innovations, firms can choose from a range of mechanisms, which may be either non-statutory (trade secrets, design complexity, and lead-time advantage over competitors) or statutory (patent, design registration, trademark, copyright). Yet, little is known about how firms do actually make their choices from among these different appropriability mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to determine how French firms’ use of intellectual property protection mechanisms relates to the type of innovation, the characteristics of the market sector in which they operate, the firms’ characteristics, and their human resources strategies. Our empirical model draws on four French databases covering the period 2001-2004. Our results show that the choice of a means of protection matters and emerges out of a complex strategy. Our results also reveal that the different statutory and non-statutory means of protection are complementary within their own categories but hardly so between categories. 相似文献
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Henrique M. Barros 《Research Policy》2021,50(1):104097
Despite increased focus on understanding how firms appropriate the returns from innovation, our knowledge regarding firms' behaviour in less developed economies (LDEs) is still scant. This paper provides a nuanced view as to how firms that are not at the technological frontier attempt to capture value when they encounter fragile patenting conditions. I analyse a unique dataset on innovative activities in Brazil. My findings reveal the effects (if any) of a number of factors on the use of a wide range of appropriability mechanisms. These factors include measures of knowledge intensity, novelty of products and processes, firm size, degree of competition, innovation cooperation, government support for innovation, and type of ownership. In addition, my empirical exercise provides evidence of the extent to which firms in an LDE adopt different appropriability mechanisms in pairs. Overall, this paper indicates that even in the absence of an effective patent system, firms do use patents. However, there are other patterns of appropriability in which firms use design (being registered or not registered accordingly), lead-time or trademarks in association with other means of appropriation. 相似文献
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针对高技术联盟中日益突出的创新独占问题,通过对我国高技术行业的联盟企业276份有效问卷调查,探索双元导向创新独占机制对联盟绩效的作用机理。结果表明,正式化或非正式化导向创新独占机制都与联盟绩效间存在显著的倒U型关系,且双元导向创新独占机制对联盟绩效的影响优于单一导向创新独占机制的影响,同时,知识流动在双元导向创新独占机制及其交互项与联盟绩效的关系中均起了部分中介作用。说明适度的创新独占机制可以为联盟有效的知识流动创造一个信任、公平和政策透明的创新环境,进而提升联盟绩效,而且不同导向创新独占机制的作用存在差异。研究结果揭示了联盟中创新独占机制作用路径,为高技术联盟企业协调不同导向创新独占机制实践提供了指导。 相似文献
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服务创新网络的特征例如人际网络性、高嵌入性知识占主导、缺乏正式制度等使得服务企业更倾向于选择非正式的关系治理机制。已有的研究更多地从关系的视角研究服务创新网络治理,无法捕捉服务创新网络复杂、动态的合作关系,因此需要进一步探索契约治理机制和关系治理机制在服务创新情境中的共同作用以及新的变化。已有的网络治理研究对于契约治理和关系治理之间的关系存在不一致的结论。为了更好地解决理论冲突,本研究利用浙江省308家高技术服务企业合作创新活动的调查数据,考察契约治理机制和关系治理机制与知识获取、服务创新之间的关系。研究结果显示,关系治理有助于服务创新,知识获取是高技术服务企业利用关系治理机制实现服务创新的中介机制。在服务创新网络的情境下,契约治理和关系治理对于知识获取是两种不兼容的治理手段。契约治理会减弱关系治理对知识获取的促进效应。研究结论为高技术服务业的网络创新战略提供了新的启示。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103802
Technological imitation may play a crucial role in motivating firms to innovate. However, theoretical predictions and empirical findings on the role of imitation have not yet reached a consensus. One major gap in the previous studies is that the empirical tests are based on samples consisting of only one industry over a short period of time. This study uses a novel measure of industry-level technological imitation proxied by quick citations by competitors to examine the relationship between imitation and innovation. Using US patent data for the period 1977–2005, we find that there are inverted U-shaped relationships between the degree of industry-level technological imitation and industry-level innovation activities and between the degree of industry-level technological imitation and the value of firm-level innovation. Our results suggest that positive externalities from the interactions among firms during the innovation process outweigh the negative effects of free-riding concerns on firms’ innovation activities and incentives to innovate up to a high degree of technological imitation, while free-riding concerns outweigh the positive externalities when the level of technological imitation is extremely high. The sector-by-sector analyses show that the relationship between technological imitation and the quantity and market value of innovation are not very different across Pavitt sectors. A comparative analysis on the role of imitation between agglomerated and non-agglomerated industries suggests that the positive effect of a moderate level of imitation and the negative effect of an excessive level of imitation are more pronounced for agglomerated industries. The results suggest that creating innovation clusters, such as Silicon Valley in the United States and Shenzhen City in China, and allowing different innovators to cooperate, imitate and compete with each other would be very effective in promoting corporate innovation. However, an excessively high level of technological imitation is more detrimental for firms in innovation clusters because it lowers those firms’ incentives to innovate more radically. 相似文献
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This paper provides fresh empirical evidence on technological innovation in the service sector, and highlights major similarities and differences with manufacturing. The main findings are the following. Technological innovation is quite a diffused and variegated phenomenon in market services. Engineering, technical consultancy, computing and software emerge as the most innovative sectors. Innovation expenditure per employee in these industries is rather close to the manufacturing average. Service firms as well as the manufacturing ones rely on a wide range of innovation sources. The acquisition and development of software and investment in machinery are the most cited. Investment, R&D and software are the major components of firms' innovation expenditure. Both in services and manufacturing the most important objective of firms' innovation strategies consist of improving service/product quality, increasing market shares and reducing production costs. Major obstacles for introducing technological innovation in services, as well as in manufacturing, are of an economic nature—i.e. lack of appropriate sources of finance and cost of innovation too high. Technological information is drawn mainly from in-house production departments as well as from outside suppliers of equipment, clients and customers. Again this is a pattern which is quite similar to the one found in the manufacturing sector. Finally, in the near future the importance of technology for firms' performance is expected to increase in all service industries. Overall, service and manufacturing sectors show more similarities than differences with respect to some basic dimensions of innovation processes. 相似文献
18.
The determinants of R&D are an important topic of innovation studies. The classical Schumpeterian hypotheses about the influence of size and market power have been complemented with the role played by industry determinants, such as demand pull, technological opportunity and appropriability, in determining R&D investments. However, R&D has always been considered as a whole, even though research and development activities differ in many aspects. We take advantage of a new panel database of innovative Spanish firms (PITEC) to distinguish between research and development efforts of firms. We analyze the differentiated role played by traditional R&D determinants in driving research and development. Results show that demand pull and appropriability have a higher effect on development, while technological opportunity is more influential for research. Differences are statistically significant, important in magnitude, and robust to the use of different indicators for demand pull, technological opportunity and appropriability, and to several robustness checks. 相似文献
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知识产权司法保护赋予专利权人以“牙齿”,其是否能够促进中国企业进行自主创新，直接关系到中国企业的创新战略转型。本文以2017年中国专利调查数据为依据，考察了专利诉讼对于企业自主创新战略的影响。实证分析表明，专利诉讼经历能够有效激励涉诉企业进行自主创新，这一结论在采用倾向得分匹配法和加粗精确匹配法，以及采用工具变量法和条件混合过程方法后仍然稳健。这表明知识产权司法保护有利于促进企业自主创新。异质性分析表明，知识产权司法保护对于企业自主创新的促进作用在小微企业、专利依赖型产业的企业以及内资企业中更为显著。 相似文献