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1.
Alexander A 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(3):475-480
Up until the 1950s, the history of mathematics was an integral part of the history of science. To George Sarton and his contemporaries, mathematics was the rational skeleton that organized science and held it together, and its history was a fundamental component of the broader history of science. But when historians began focusing on the cultural roots of science rather than its rational structure, the study of mathematics was marginalized and ultimately excluded from the history of science. The alienation between the two fields is detrimental to both, and in recent years there has been a sustained effort to reestablish meaningful communication between the two. This time, however, mathematics is seen not as the static skeleton of science but, instead, as a dynamic and historically evolving field in its own right-just like science itself. The new approach allows for a culturally sensitive study of mathematics, as well as a new and fruitful relationship between the history of science and the history of mathematics. The essays in this Focus section offer a sampling of the new approaches, opening the way to a rapprochement between fields that have gone their separate ways but should by rights be closely interconnected. 相似文献
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Pandora K Rader KA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):350-364
The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals. 相似文献
3.
Dick S 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(3):494-505
During the 1970s and 1980s, a team of Automated Theorem Proving researchers at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago developed the Automated Reasoning Assistant, or AURA, to assist human users in the search for mathematical proofs. The resulting hybrid humans+AURA system developed the capacity to make novel contributions to pure mathematics by very untraditional means. This essay traces how these unconventional contributions were made and made possible through negotiations between the humans and the AURA at Argonne and the transformation in mathematical intuition they produced. At play in these negotiations were experimental practices, nonhumans, and nonmathematical modes of knowing. This story invites an earnest engagement between historians of mathematics and scholars in the history of science and science studies interested in experimental practice, material culture, and the roles of nonhumans in knowledge making. 相似文献
4.
Science and the state in modern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wang Z 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):558-570
5.
科学史：学科独立与学术自主 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
袁江洋 《科学对社会的影响》2011,1(3):41-61
检视职业科学史家追求学术自主的历程,就所涉及的学科元问题以及学术纲领的重建问题,陈述见解。指出传统的学术自主概念是先天的、排他的,在日益开放的当代学术条件下,科学史家必须更新学术自主的概念,并通过深刻的历史反思、积极的史学实践探索和耐心的对话,扩展科学史的向度空间,推进综合科学史的发展,维护学科独立,追求学术自主。 相似文献
6.
Löwy I 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(1):116-122
History of biomedicine is a hybrid domain, intersecting with many other scholarly disciplines. From the 1970s, historians who investigated recent developments in medicine increasingly shared the approaches, presuppositions, and methods of inquiry of historians and sociologists of science and technology. One reason is that the increasing reliance of medicine on technologies, instruments, and drugs makes the demarcation between "medicine," "science," and "industry" more difficult. Another is the "practice turn" in the history of science, which gave greater attention to the ways scientists and physicians work. The impressive achievements of historians who applied these new approaches came, however, at a cost. The neglect of an earlier generation of historians of medicine may have limited more recent ambitions for understanding health and disease in society. Closer links with historians of science and technology and sociologists of science may have blurred the specificity of medicine as a domain grounded in the distinction between the normal and the pathological and lessened scholars' interest in "the clinic" as a unique site of the production of knowledge. 相似文献
7.
Gooday G Lynch JM Wilson KG Barsky CK 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):322-330
This essay argues that science education can gain from close engagement with the history of science both in the training of prospective vocational scientists and in educating the broader public about the nature of science. First it shows how historicizing science in the classroom can improve the pedagogical experience of science students and might even help them turn into more effective professional practitioners of science. Then it examines how historians of science can support the scientific education of the general public at a time when debates over "intelligent design" are raising major questions over the kind of science that ought to be available to children in their school curricula. It concludes by considering further work that might be undertaken to show how history of science could be of more general educational interest and utility, well beyond the closed academic domains in which historians of science typically operate. 相似文献
8.
Maienschein J Smith G 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):318-321
This essay opens up the question of what difference the history of science makes. What is the value of the history of science, beyond its role as an academic pursuit that we historians of science know and love? It introduces the set of essays that follow as explorations that grew out of a seminar on this topic and that arise from the authors' particular concerns both that historians of science do not work hard enough to make their work of value and that others do not know of the potential. That seminar, at the Marine Biological Laboratory, was funded for nineteen years by the Dibner Institute and last year by Brent Dibner. It will continue and carry such discussions forward in new ways as the Arizona State University-Marine Biological Laboratory History of Biology Seminar Series. This set of focused essays seeks to invite lively discussion and response. 相似文献
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Maienschein J Laubichler M Loettgers A 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):341-349
History of science has developed into a methodologically diverse discipline, adding greatly to our understanding of the interplay between science, society, and culture. Along the way, one original impetus for the then newly emerging discipline--what George Sarton called the perspective "from the point of view of the scientist"--dropped out of fashion. This essay shows, by means of several examples, that reclaiming this interaction between science and history of science yields interesting perspectives and new insights for both science and history of science. The authors consequently suggest that historians of science also adopt this perspective as part of their methodological repertoire. 相似文献
11.
Shermer MB 《Social studies of science》2002,32(4):489-524
Science historian Ronald Numbers once remarked that the two most influential historians of science of the 20th century were Thomas Kuhn and Stephen Jay Gould. All historians are deeply familiar with Kuhn's work and influence, and most know of the remarkable impact Gould has had on evolutionary theory through both his professional and popular works. But little attention has been paid to the depth, scope, and importance of Gould's r?le as historian and philosopher of science, and his use of popular science exposition to reinforce old knowledge and generate new. This paper presents the results of an extensive quantitative content analysis of Gould's 22 books, 101 book reviews, 479 scientific papers, and 300 Natural History essays, in terms of their subject matter (Evolutionary Theory, History and Philosophy of Science, Natural History, Paleontology/Geology, Social Science/Commentary), and thematic dichotomies (Theory-Data, Time's Arrow-Time's Cycle, Adaptationism- Nonadaptationalism, Punctuationism-Gradualism, Contingency-Necessity). Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between the subjects and themata, how Gould has used the history of science to reinforce his evolutionary theory (and vice versa), and how his philosophy of science has influenced both his evolutionary theory and his historiography. That philosophy can best be summed up in a quotation from Charles Darwin, frequently cited by Gould: 'All observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service'. Gould followed Darwin's advice throughout his career, including his extensive writings on the history and philosophy of science. 相似文献
12.
以代数解释为代表的辉格编史学一度在数学史研究中占据主导地位,这种编史学导致了数学史的盲目和贫乏。上世纪七十年代以来,许多数学史家努力开辟不同于辉格史的研究进路,然而迄今为止仍未能清除数学史中的辉格倾向。为揭示这一困难的根源,我们回顾了克莱因对数学史本身的起源的追溯,从中看到,数学史中辉格倾向的根源恰恰在于近代数学本身。因此,数学史要想摆脱辉格倾向,必须首先成为一种能够揭示自身根源的研究,即一门思想史。包括柯瓦雷的科学思想史在内的许多思想资源都可帮助数学史实现这一转变。 相似文献
13.
于ISIS创刊100周年之际,作者1）追忆萨顿为推动科学史制度化发展而付出的努力,并将之置于当时哈佛大学校长科南特——在科学史学史上值得书写的一位重要角色——所发起的、融科学一科学史教育于一体的哈佛教育改革进程中理解;2）从长时段视角反思中国科学史事业的发展历程,探讨科学史事业在当代中国的社会一文化价值;3）直面上个世纪之交以来科学史学科再制度化进程中所面临的问题,标示我们这一代学者需为之努力的方向。 相似文献
14.
Vicedo M 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(1):83-87
Textbooks have a low status in the history of science because they have been seen as mere repositories for scientific knowledge. But historians have recently shown how they play a number of roles that can illuminate different aspects of the history of science, from priority disputes to pedagogical practices. The essays in this Focus section aim to expand our vision of textbooks further by showing how they perform various hybrid functions in scientific development. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(4)
Thanks to their decades of painstaking efforts, Chinese S&T historians recently saw two book series on ancient Chinese history of science and technology and astronomy in print. Coordinated by the CAS Institute for the History of Natural Science, these anthologies are regarded as the most systematic and authoritative works ever authored by Chinese scholars to demonstrate the S&T development in China's history. History Series of Science and Technology in Ancient China, 相似文献
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Gray J 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(3):511-517
For some years now, the history of modern mathematics and the history of modern science have developed independently. A step toward a reunification that would benefit both disciplines could come about through a revived appreciation of mathematical practice. Detailed studies of what mathematicians actually do, whether local or broadly based, have often led in recent work to examinations of the social, cultural, and national contexts, and more can be done. Another recent approach toward a historical understanding of the abstractness of modern mathematics has been to see it as a species of modernism, and this thesis will be tested by the raft of works on the history of modern applied mathematics currently under way. 相似文献
18.
Bono JJ 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):555-559
As a field of study, literature and science has gradually expanded to encompass both the impact of science on literary culture and the literary-linguistic practices intrinsic to the production of scientific knowledge. Such transformations both reinforce and fundamentally recalibrate the detailed attention focused on scientific practice by historians of science since the 1980s. As a result, this essay and the Focus section it introduces suggest that history of science and literature and science are, in fact, interdependent fields. Attention to their convergences will yield better understanding of the performative dimensions of scientific practices and thence of science itself as a form of making of knowledge of things and events in the world of nature. Science as a form of making involves the convergence of things, material practices, and a panoply of meaningful artifacts-instruments of thought and action-that refuse any simple dichotomy between "text" and "action." 相似文献
19.
Secord JA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2004,95(4):654-672
What big questions and large-scale narratives give coherence to the history of science? From the late 1970s onward, the field has been transformed through a stress on practice and fresh perspectives from gender studies, the sociology of knowledge, and work on a greatly expanded range of practitioners and cultures. Yet these developments, although long overdue and clearly beneficial, have been accompanied by fragmentation and loss of direction. This essay suggests that the narrative frameworks used by historians of science need to come to terms with diversity by understanding science as a form of communication. The centrality of processes of movement, translation, and transmission is already emerging in studies of topics ranging from ethnographic encounters to the history of reading. Not only does this approach offer opportunities for crossing boundaries of nation, period, and discipline that are all too easily taken for granted; it also has the potential for creating a more effective dialogue with other historians and the wider public. 相似文献
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新中国成立之初,科技史作为爱国主义教育的重要议题得到国家的重视。1957年,中国科学院中国自然科学史研究室的成立标志着科技史学科在中国的建制化及研究队伍的职业化。在整理历史资料的基础上,科技史学者主要开展学科史和专题史的研究。1978年以来,科技史学科进入快速发展阶段。中国科学技术史学会和高校研究单元陆续成立,多种学术期刊问世,国内外学术交流活跃,国际化进程加快。同时,研究工作从古代延伸到近现代,从中国扩展到世界,不断拓展新的研究领域,取得了一系列重要成果。近年来,高校的科技史学科在不断调整,带来机遇和挑战。 相似文献