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核糖体是细胞生长所需的蛋白质合成的动力工厂,每一个核糖体的大小为4兆而顿,有18S、5．8S、28S和5S四种RNA及80S等蛋白质组成,细胞中约有50％的RNA是核糖体RNA,这些RNA直接或间接地参与形成数百万的核糖体,因此,核糖体RNA基因的转录调控机制一直是细胞生长和细胞周期调控研究的热点,细胞通过进化已经形成一套完整的配合RNA聚合酶共同完成的核糖体RNA转录调控机制。本文从核糖体RNA基因结构出发,就染色质重塑、组蛋白乙酰化及细胞周期三个方面探讨核糖体RNA转录调控机制。 相似文献
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核糖体是细胞生长所需的蛋白质合成的动力工厂,每一个核糖体的大小为4兆而顿,有18S、5.8S、28S和5S四种RNA及80S等蛋白质组成,细胞中约有50%的RNA是核糖体RNA,这些RNA直接或间接地参与形成数百万的核糖体,因此,核糖体RNA基因的转录调控机制一直是细胞生长和细胞周期调控研究的热点,细胞通过进化已经形成一套完整的配合RNA聚合酶共同完成的核糖体RNA转录调控机制。本文从核糖体RNA基因结构出发,就染色质重塑、组蛋白乙酰化及细胞周期三个方面探讨核糖体RNA转录调控机制。 相似文献
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研究目的:多梳蛋白家族(PcG)是一类染色质水平上通过表观遗传修饰调控靶基因的转录因子,其主要功能是使其靶基因转录受到抑制进而沉默。PcG通常以多梳蛋白复合体(PRC)的形式存在,目前研究的最多的是PRC1和PRC2。PRC1在PcG对其靶基因进行转录抑制发挥着主要作用。本综述主要论述了哺乳动物中PRC1核心成员CBX蛋白在多梳蛋白调控基因转录过程中发挥的作用及其对胚胎发育、细胞记忆、细胞周期、细胞增殖和肿瘤形成等过程的影响。创新要点:现已有大量有关PcG在表观遗传水平对其靶基因进行修饰转录机制的综述报道,且以PRC1和PRC2为整体来介绍表观遗传调控机制的文章也屡见不鲜。然而,关于PRC1核心成员CBX蛋白在哺乳动中的同源蛋白CBX2、CBX4、CBX6、CBX7、CBX8对哺乳动物个体发育调节及肿瘤发生过程的分子机制并没有系统的论述。本综述主要将这五种CBX蛋白在转录分子水平上的所发挥的功能进行相关的介绍,并且总结了CBX2、CBX4、CBX6、CBX7、CBX8各自最新的研究进展,体现出五种CBX蛋白的共同功能、各自独特的功能及彼此间的相互联系。重要结论:总结了在哺乳动物中的五种CBX蛋白在胚胎发育和肿瘤形成等过程中独特的功能调节机制以及整体的相互作用,发现CBX作为PRC1的核心组分在基因表观遗传调控中发挥着极其重要的作用。 相似文献
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基因表达调控是近年来各地高考中的一个热点,它对于高中学生深入理解多细胞生物的细胞分化和原核生物根据不同的营养环境灵活调整代谢途径非常重要,而原核细胞的转录起始调控是研究较为充分的领域,本文总结了原核细胞转录起始调控的主要机理,并列举了部分实例加以简要说明,补充了高中教材中基因表达调控内容的缺失,是高考复习和竞赛辅导的有益补充。 相似文献
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高温条件下,生物体普遍的反应是产生热激蛋白。转录水平的调控是热激蛋白基因表达调控的主要方式。热激转录因子通过与热激基因上游调控片段中的热激元件结合来调节热激基因的转录。本文简要介绍了植物热激转录因子的种类、结构、功能及转录调节机制等方面的研究。 相似文献
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线粒体与细胞凋亡及临床疾病 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
线粒体是哺乳动物细胞内唯一含有核外遗传物质的细胞器，由于其自身的特征及其所处的环境，使线粒体DNA(mtDNA)较核DNA(nDNA)更易损伤或突变：通过线粒体外膜释放凋亡活性物质和通透性转换孔开放，可促进细胞凋亡；mtDNA的损伤和突变与人类衰老、神经退行性疾病、糖尿病及肿瘤等疾病的发生均有关系。 相似文献
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骨关节炎是一种以关节内软骨损伤退变、软骨下骨异常重塑、骨赘生成、滑膜炎症反应和广泛血管生成为特征的慢性退行性关节疾病,是全球60岁以上人群最常见的肌肉骨骼疾病。在骨关节炎的发生发展过程中,软骨细胞的异常代谢发挥了重要致病作用。线粒体功能障碍作为软骨细胞代谢异常的重要诱因,参与了骨关节炎的发生和发展。因此,维持线粒体稳态是一种避免骨关节炎发生的重要方式。线粒体自噬是自噬体靶向吞噬损伤线粒体,以清除受损或功能失调的线粒体,维持线粒体稳态的一种方式。越来越多的研究发现线粒体自噬与骨关节炎密切相关,这提示线粒体自噬功能的调节可以作为一种治疗骨关节炎的新方法。本文通过对近年来线粒体自噬在骨关节炎中的研究进行综述,进一步阐述了线粒体自噬调控骨关节炎的潜在机制,为线粒体自噬治疗骨关节炎的相关研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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基因被认为是遗传信息的载体,但是生物体的复杂程度并不是由其所含基因数量决定的。基因表达的调控机制掌控着哪些遗传信息被使用,以及使用到何种程度。高等生物的复杂性正是这样实现的:一个人有各种不同器官,而其中的细胞中却携带着相同的基因。特定的基因被不同程度地表达导致了某些细胞发展成头发,某些细胞发展成手指等。基因表达的调控中,转录是初始的一个步骤,也是最关键的步骤之一。近二三十年来,分子生物学和生物化学的发展对研究转录的调控机制起到了重要的推动作用。调控的机理、调控的对象以及促使调控产生的信号,都在进行更深入和广泛的研究。 相似文献
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本文简要介绍了以线粒体为靶点的一类抗肿瘤药物——电子移位亲脂性阳离子(DLC)及其作用机制。线粒体是半自主性的细胞器。它提供了细胞所需能量,调节细胞Ca2+的动态平衡,维持细胞的电势平衡作用,参与细胞凋亡过程及衰老等多种病理生理的代谢过程。线粒体是有效地治疗癌症和其它疾病的作用靶点。电子移位亲脂性阳离子(DLC)是一类具有亲油和亲水双亲性阳离子化合物。它能够在线粒体跨膜电位的推动下,聚集于细胞线粒体部位。由于肿瘤细胞的线粒体膜电位高于正常细胞,可提供推动力使DLC在肿瘤细胞线粒体内选择性地积聚,而DLC在高浓度下将表现出线粒体毒性,导致肿瘤细胞死亡。 相似文献
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动物线粒体基因组全序列测定是近年来生物学研究中的一个热点。科学技术的发展,对动物线粒体基因组全序列测定的研究策略也产生了深远的影响。在此对几种在动物线粒体基因组全序列测定中常用的几种策略进行了综述,并对其优缺点进行了比较分析。 相似文献
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Actin can be found in all kinds ofeukaryotic cells, maintaining their shapes and motilities, while its dynamics in sperm cells is understood less than their nonmuscle somatic cell counterparts. Spermatogenesis is a complicated process, resulting in the production of mature sperm from primordial germ cell. Significant structural and biochemical changes take place in the seminiferous epithelium of the adult testis during spermatogenesis. It was proved that all mammalian sperm contain actin, and that F-actin may play an important role during spermatogenesis, especially in nuclear shaping. Recently a new model for sperm head elongation based on the acrosome-acroplaxome-manchette complex has been proposed. In Drosophila, F-actin assembly is supposed to be very crucial during individualization. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation characteristics of actin cytoskeleton, and a summary of the current status of research of actin-based structure and movement is also provided, with emphasis on the role of actins in sperm head shaping during spermiogenesis and the cell junction dynamics in the testis. Research of the Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization is in the spotlight, which is a testis-specific actin-based junction very important for the movement of germ cells across the epithelium. Study of the molecular architecture and the regulating mechanism of the Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization has become an intriguing field. All this may lead to a new strategy for male infertility and,at the same time, a novel idea may result in devising much safer contraception with high efficiency. It is hoped that the advances listed in this review would give developmental and morphological researchers a favorable investigating outline and could help to enlarge the view of new strategies and models for actin dynamics during spermatogenesis. 相似文献
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Actin can be found in all kinds of eukaryotic cells, maintaining their shapes and motilities, while its dynamics in sperm cells is understood less than their nonmuscle somatic cell counterparts. Spermatogenesis is a complicated process, resulting in the production of mature sperm from primordial germ cell. Significant structural and biochemical changes take place in the seminif-erous epithelium of the adult testis during spermatogenesis. It was proved that all mammalian sperm contain actin, and that F-actin may play an important role during spermatogenesis, especially in nuclear shaping. Recently a new model for sperm head elonga-tion based on the acrosome-acroplaxome-manchette complex has been proposed. In Drosophila, F-actin assembly is supposed to be very crucial during individualization. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation characteristics of actin cytoskeleton, and a summary of the current status of research of actin-based structure and movement is also provided, with emphasis on the role of actins in sperm head shaping during spermiogenesis and the cell junction dynamics in the testis. Research of the Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization is in the spotlight, which is a testis-specific actin-based junction very important for the movement of germ cells across the epithelium. Study of the molecular architecture and the regulating mechanism of the Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization has become an intriguing field. All this may lead to a new strategy for male infertility and, at the same time, a novel idea may result in devising much safer contraception with high efficiency. It is hoped that the advances listed in this review would give developmental and morphological researchers a favorable investigating outline and could help to enlarge the view of new strategies and models for actin dynamics during spermatogenesis. 相似文献
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蜜蜂（Apis）线粒体DNA（mtDNA）研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综述蜜蜂线粒体DNA(mtDNA）的结构及其多态性在进化、分类、群体遗传结构和非洲化蜜蜂研究上的应用，蜜蜂mtDNA是一个裸露的闭合双链环状分子，长度在16，300-17，000bp之间，其中AT含量约占85%,线粒体基因组含有13个编码蛋白质的基因，22个tRNA左因，2个编码rRNA亚基基因和两个非编码区域，部分基因有重叠现象，根据mtRNA限制位点的多态性，可推断出四个蜜蜂的系统分化图为:Florea(dorsata (cerena,mellifera）；而西方蜜蜂在进行过程中形成三大分支：西欧型（M）、东欧型（C）、非洲型（A）、mtDNA多态性也是研究蜜蜂群体遗传结构和非洲化形成、扩散机制的有力工具。 相似文献
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非晶硅/微晶硅叠层薄膜电池因其较高的电池效率和稳定性而具有广阔的应用前景.简单介绍了非晶硅/微晶硅叠层电池的基本工作原理,综述了影响叠层电池效率的两个关键因素:各子电池间的电流匹配和叠层电池中的N/P隧穿结以及此方面国内外的研究现状. 相似文献
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缺血预处理是指心肌反复多次短暂缺血/再灌注,对随后长时间心肌缺血/再灌注的一种保护.缺血预处理对心肌的保护机制十分复杂,一般公认为线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(mitoKATP)是心肌缺血预处理保护机制的终末效应器之一.mitoKATP开放后可通过以下3条途径对抗心肌缺血损伤:减少线粒体膜Ca2 通道对Ca2 内流的驱动力,抑制Ca2 内流,减轻心肌细胞钙超载;保护线粒体呼吸链,减轻自由基释放引起的损伤;抑制线粒体转换孔开放,防止细胞色素C从线粒体释放,减少细胞凋亡. 相似文献
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Mitradas M. Panicker 《Resonance》2008,13(2):172-180
The derivation of embryonic stem cells from mice and the development of techniques that allow for targeted manipulation of
its genome have allowed for the generation of mice with desired mutations. This is what led to the announcement in Stockholm
in 2007 — “The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute today decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for
2007 jointly to Mario R Capecchi, Martin J Evans and Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of Principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells”. Martin J Evans was recognised for his derivation and establishment of mouse embryonic stem cells while Mario Capecchi and
Oliver Smithies were honoured for techniques that allowed site-specific modification of sequences within the genome of these
cells. Such cells were then used to generate animals that had their genome altered specifically and at desired locations.
For this valuable body of work, all three shared the prize equally. To date, almost half of the genes in the mouse genome
have been modified using their techniques. This has led to a better understanding of mammalian physiology, development and
diseases.
Mitradas M. Panicker is on the faculty of the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India. His research interests
include stem cells, serotonin and its receptors and neurobiology. 相似文献
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细胞分裂周期运行和不同时相的转换通过CDC25磷酸酶去磷酸化和激活周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDK)复合物来调控.在哺乳动物中发现3种CDC25同工物:CDC25A、CDC25B和CDC25C.早期认为在特定的细胞周期时相CDC25的3个同工物间没有功能上的重叠,然而最近发现多个CDC25同工物协同调节每个细胞周期转换过程.CDC25的活性通过多种在某种程度上重叠的机制严格调控,包括细胞内含量、亚细胞定位和磷酸化状态.CDC25也是细胞周期检验点应答中的关键调节因子,而CDC25B在检验点诱导的G2-M阻滞的恢复中起作用.未来对CDC25调控机制的阐明,将有助于发展出以CDC25为靶目标的、更为有效的抗肿瘤药物. 相似文献
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近年来消毒剂在植物组织培养中已得到广泛的应用,但控制污染仍是该技术面临的主要问题.通过对化学消毒剂和生物消毒剂的消毒机制及特点的分析,提出了多种消毒剂配合使用、采用pH调节等灭菌方法及消毒过程中贯彻环保理念,进一步提高消毒剂在组织培养中的利用效果. 相似文献