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1.
Higher education reform in Romania 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Thomas Owen Eisemon Ioan Mihailescu Lazar Vlasceanu Catalin Zamfir John Sheehan Charles H. Davis 《Higher Education》1995,30(2):135-152
This paper reviews the crisis in Romanian universities since the country's political transition in 1989, and describes the government's strategy for revitalizing the higher education system. Attention is drawn to the expansion of access to higher education, the dramatic increase of enrollments in social science fields, the spontaneous establishment of private higher education institutions, and to the many difficulties institutions are experiencing in coping with these changes especially because of resource constraints. Comprehensive reform of the role of the state in the financing and governance of higher education are proposed. The government's reform strategy involves accreditation of public and private institutions, establishment of open transparent mechanisms for allocating institutional and research funding, as well as changes in the structure of academic employment. Successful implementation will require strengthening the fragile management capacity of the Ministry of Education and the higher education institutions. 相似文献
2.
Public spending on higher education in developing countries: Too much or too little? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nancy Birdsall 《Economics of Education Review》1996,15(4):407-419
This paper discusses problems with the prevalent view that public resources for education in developing countries should be reallocated from higher to lower levels of education. There may be a case for maintaining and even increasing spending on higher education, as long as public funds can be directed to research and other “public good” functions of institutions of higher education. Current measures of social returns to primary, secondary and higher education do not reflect unmeasured social benefits at each level; since we do not know the relative size of these benefits across levels, we do not know the true ranking of social returns across primary, secondary and higher education. The true social rate of return to certain components of higher education, such as research and postgraduate training in science and technology, and creation of other skills where social returns probably exceed private returns (such as public administration) is probably high, and in some settings, may now be as high or higher than the social rate of return to primary and secondary education. Moreover, achieving and sustaining adequate levels of quality to capture these social returns requires minimal stability in public financing, arguing against major reallocations away from higher education. But this does not argue for more public spending on all higher education programs. On the contrary; within the envelope of total public spending on higher education, reallocation away from public spending on undergraduate training makes sense, since such training probably has low social compared to private returns, and can be accomplished by greater reliance on private universities and by increasing tuition and other fees in public universities, while ensuring equitable access through loan and scholarship programs. 相似文献
3.
Tahar Abdessalem 《Prospects》2011,41(1):135-155
Like other developing countries, Tunisia has allocated increasing levels of resources to education, particularly higher education,
over the past few decades, mainly through public funding. From 2005 to 2008, public expenditure on education amounted to around
7.4% of GDP, with 2% allocated to higher education. Recently, however, budgetary constraints have increased, student enrollment
is increasing rapidly, and the country needs to improve its higher education so that graduates are more employable. In this
context, to enhance access and equity, public policy is required to define orientations and programmes to improve quality
and efficiency while reducing costs. This article first assesses public expenditure on higher education in Tunisia, with respect
to its adequacy, efficiency, and equity, and then explores the challenges posed to financing by demographic changes, the need
for higher quality of education, and private provision. It also examines some strategies for reinforcing financing, and analyzes
measures to increase private funding. 相似文献
4.
This paper explores the higher education financing policy in Morocco in light of the central issue of equity. First, it surveys
the current situation, using a critical approach to the present financing policy, and looking at the three dimensions of adequacy,
efficiency, and equity. Second, it describes the principal policy challenges in financing higher education. Third, it presents
several public policy proposals likely to bring changes to the financing policy in order to meet these challenges. The analysis
shows that the sustainability and the equity of the current financing system are undermined by the dysfunctions introduced
by the private/public split in the higher education system and the lack of a clear political strategy pertaining to the medium
of instruction. 相似文献
5.
Through exploration of public mask/private face, the authors trouble violence and its role in science education through three media: schools, masculinity, and science acknowledging a violence of hate, but dwelling on a violence of caring. In schools, there is the poisonous ??for your own good?? pedagogy that becomes a ??for your own good?? curriculum or a coercive curriculum for science teaching and learning; however, the antithetical curriculum of I??m here entails violence??the shedding of the public mask and the exposing of the private face. Violence, likewise, becomes social and political capital for masculinity that is a pubic mask for private face. Lastly, science, in its self-identified cultural, political and educational form of a superhero, creates permanent harm most often as palatable violence in order to save and to redeem not the private face, but the public mask. The authors conclude that they do not know what violence to say one should not do, but they know the much of the violence has been and is being committed. All for which we can hope is not that we cease all violence or better yet not hate, but that we violently love. 相似文献
6.
Education is one of the major linchpins of economic, social and political development of any nation. Recent evidence suggests that higher education can produce both public and private benefits. Thus, the role of the state in making education policy, and funding education is indeed critical, and cannot be left to be determined by market forces alone. Nevertheless, the trend of inadequate government funding for universities, loss of autonomy, infrastructural decay, falling academic standards, politicization and privatization of education, etc. appear to be a worldwide phenomenon and not just restricted to the developing world. South African higher education shows much promise with respect to knowledge production and dissemination, to contributing to social equity, economic and social development and democracy, and to the development needs of the Southern African region and the African continent. However, higher education in South Africa is under considerable stress from domestic and international trends that are redefining the nature and role of public sector post-secondary education (PSE) institutions worldwide. The paper will outline the role of PSE in the knowledge economy and the impact of the neoliberal context on the evolution of higher education in South Africa and the world. Given the significant developmental implications of investment in higher education, the authors argue that relegating this important public policy issue to the market forces is likely to promote inequality in the society, along with negative consequences for socio-political stability, economic sustainability, and knowledge generation. 相似文献
7.
多国高等教育大众化模式比较研究 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
根据经费来源的不同可以把世界各国高等教育大众化的模式归纳为四种:美国模式、西欧模式、东南亚以及拉丁美洲模式、转型国家模式。总结和比较不同模式的特点,我们发现:充分利用民间资金是解决高等教育大众化过程中经费难题的根本途径;高等教育质量的高低,与办学体制并没有必然联系,相反,民办高等教育的发展,有利于激活竞争机制,更好地培养适应社会需求的人才。 相似文献
8.
Marco Adria 《British Journal of Sociology of Education》2000,21(4):575-590
Significant changes in state economic priorities are likely to have a formative and fateful effect on institutions of higher education. Yet economic accounts cannot themselves explain changes in the economic priorities of nationalist states, in part because of the ideological character of such states. The nationalist state's influence on institutions of higher education is often indirect, involving the interactions of social and political actors who are themselves influenced by prevailing social ideologies. Social ideologies contribute to shifts in state economic priorities, and these changes can indirectly but significantly influence the trajectory of institutions of higher education. A longitudinal case study of a Canadian distanceeducation university demonstrates the means by which nationalist sentiment encouraged a shift in state economic priorities, which in turn created a welcoming social climate for a new university's consumerist model of education. 相似文献
9.
从结构性约束看大众化阶段我国高等教育公共政策的选择 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
随着高等教育大众化阶段的来临,我国财政性教育经费和高等教育成本补偿政策均面临着诸多的结构性约束问题。为妥善处理好这些问题,促进我国高等教育的健康发展,应完善我国高等教育的公共政策选择。即强化政府财政责任,确保法定经费足额到位;弥补市场失灵,完善国家助学贷款体系;健全捐赠税收优惠政策,拓宽多元化融资渠道;允许民办高校合法营利,强化民办高校的分类监管。 相似文献
10.
This article analyzes patterns of expenditure on higher education in Jordan, explores the current system??s adequacy, efficiency, and equity, and identifies its strengths and weaknesses in light of current constraints and future challenges. Among the constraints are the relatively low public expenditure on higher education, leaving households to compensate through private expenditure. Moreover, despite more spending on university education, the quickly rising volume of students has required compromises in quality. Meanwhile, gradually falling subsidies have pressured public universities to reconsider their financing mechanisms and become more efficient. Cost-sharing mechanisms have been introduced through commercial private universities and ??parallel programmes?? at public universities. This generates much-needed income, but raises two critical issues. Students from poorer backgrounds find it even more difficult to enter university, and quality is constrained because universities must compromise on tasks that are essential but not profitable such as research and development. Among the suggested solutions are promoting the culture of charitable endowments, perhaps through a revision of the Islamic awqaf system, and developing innovative financial mechanisms to tap private savings without incurring the hazards of profit maximization. 相似文献
11.
A rich interdisciplinary literature exists exploring the determinants of state higher education funding policies. However, that work has collectively ignored an important finding from political economy literature: namely, that citizens’ preferences regarding public spending are strongly influenced by the state’s ethnic and racial context. Drawing on a unique panel of state-level data covering the years 1982–2009, we find that states demarcated by increased racial and ethnic diversity and eroding white majorities do tend to spend less on subsidies to public higher education, resulting in decreased state appropriations as well as more tepid support for financial aid programs. Critically, however, we find that the negative effects of increased ethnic and racial fractionalization can be mitigated—and in some circumstances, fully offset—by a high degree of positive social interaction between ethnic and racial groups. These results are discussed within the pragmatic context of continued state emphasis on degree attainment as a mechanism to foster economic growth as well as broader considerations about equality and social justice. 相似文献
12.
Maureen Woodhall 《Higher Education in Europe》1992,17(1):141-149
The last decade has seen considerable changes in patterns of financing higher education in both industrialized and developing countries. Financial stringency affecting public budgets, rapid growth in student numbers, and concern for both efficiency and equity have resulted in changes both in systems of financial support for students and mechanisms for funding higher education institutions. This article reviews recent changes in sources and methods of financing higher education in OECD countries, including Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It examines attempts to shift some of the financial burdens, for higher education from public to private sources, through the introduction of tuition fees and student loans, not only in industrialized countries, but also in developing ones in Africa and Asia. 相似文献
13.
党的十八届三中全会的召开为民办教育的发展带来了新的机遇。在我国经济社会全面转型的新时期,民办教育内涵发展、分类管理、公办及民办相互融通的新向度已成为必然。对此,应制定明确的民办教育发展战略,加快推进分类管理制度改革,完善公共财政扶持资助制度,完善民办学校投融资政策,落实办学自主权,建立资源共享机制,引导民办教育科学、可持续发展。 相似文献
14.
Reviewing the massification of higher education in China in the last two decades, this article critically examines how the education markets have emerged and developed in China through engagements with three major minban HEIs for addressing different development needs of the country. More specifically, this article discusses 1) the rise of minban (people-run) higher education developed by different local social forces; 2) the invitation of overseas universities to co-develop transnational education programmes for meeting citizens’ pressing demands for higher education; 3) the engagements of leading institutions from overseas for research capacity advancement. Through the analysis of these different types of non-state-run HEIs, we would appreciate how the Chinese government has skilfully transformed its higher education systems through the tactical adoption of neoliberal practices for education market formation in the country. The present article also reflects upon the unique university governance model in China, clearly revealing how state-university relationship has been affected by the unique and strong historical, political, and institutional traditions of the country. 相似文献
15.
姚刚 《河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2012,39(4):55-57
公共危机危害巨大.全面整合的公共危机管理体系包含着思想政治教育.当前二者的关系机制表现为思想政治教育是公共危机管理柔性的一面,应保障其有效性并不断推陈出新.公共危机管理中的思想政治教育模式包括整合社会力量的“合力”模式、榜样示范的“隐性”模式、利益导向的“人性化”模式、积极面向新媒体的“网络化”模式、关注心理健康的“心理咨询式”模式. 相似文献
16.
The public/private divide in higher education: A global revision 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Simon Marginson 《Higher Education》2007,53(3):307-333
Our common understandings of the public/private distinction in higher education are drawn from neo-classical economics and/or
statist political philosophy. However, the development of competition and markets at the national level, and the new potentials
for private and public goods created by globalisation in higher education, have exposed weaknesses in the traditional notions
of public/private. For example, (1) the statist notion that higher education is always/already a public good blinds us to
its role in producing scarce positional private goods, even in free systems; (2) because there is no global state, both statists
and neo-liberals model the global higher education environment simply as a trading environment without grasping the potential
for global public goods in education – goods that are subject to non-rivalry or non-excludability, and broadly available across
populations, on a global scale. Yet higher education in one nation has the potential to create positive and negative externalities
in another; and all higher education systems and institutions can benefit from collective systems e.g. that facilitate cross-border
recognition and mobility. The paper sets out to revise public/private in higher education. Rather than defining public/private
in terms of legal ownership, it focuses on the social character of the goods. It argues that public/private goods are not
always zero sum and under certain conditions provide conditions of possibility for each other. It proposes (a) units in national
government that focus specifically on cross-border effects; (b) global policy spaces – taking in state agencies, individual
universities, NGOs and commercial agents – to consider the augmentation, distribution of and payment for global public goods.
This paper has been adapted from a keynote address to the Conference of Higher Education Researchers (CHER), University of
Twente, Enschede, 19 September 2004. The CHER conference was focused on the public/private question. Warm thanks to Erik Beerkens,
Jurgen Enders, Marijk van Wende, Ben Jongbloed, Guy Neave, other colleagues who took part in discussion at the CHER conference,
and the reviewers for Higher Education. 相似文献
17.
Fuelled by forces of globalisation, China has gradually shifted from a centrally planned economy to the ‘socialist market economy’. This study examines changes in Chinese education under globalisation and market economy, focusing on the teaching and living conditions of teachers. The study reveals that the profound transformation of social and economic life has resulted in significant changes to education in China, as manifested in curriculum reform, increased disparity between rural and urban education, marginalisation of minority education and lack of accessible and affordable education for the children of migrant workers. The recent changes have also had tremendous impact on teachers in terms of their workload, payment, wellbeing, social status and teaching and living conditions. The study contextualises the concept of globalisation by examining its impact on China through marketisation and privatisation. Its analysis demonstrates a withdrawal of the state from provision and financing of public education. It also reveals a number of social injustices and inequities whose reduction and elimination require the Chinese government to take immediate and active measures. 相似文献
18.
To meet its future challenges in financing higher education, Egypt has no option but to search for alternative funding arrangements.
This article considers the question of how to do so, keeping in mind the need to ensure equitable access to good quality education
for those who cannot afford it. To this end, the article begins by assessing public expenditure on higher education in Egypt,
with respect to its adequacy, efficiency, and equity. Next, it analyzes the impacts that demographic changes, the demand for
quality education, and the transition to private provision of education will have on the nature of financing higher education
in the future. It concludes by suggesting alternative strategies to address the problem of financing higher education in Egypt. 相似文献
19.
从发展阶段上看,我国民办高等教育经历了快速发展时期,正处于逐渐向内涵式发展过渡的转型期。我国民办高等教育的发展一直沿着两个逻辑起点展开：一是依附于公办学校的发展路径,二是国外精英教育的发展路径。随着社会变革的不断深入,两条路径先后遭遇了历史的尴尬。在转型时期,我国民办高等教育的发展路径应该在厘清性质、准确定位的基础上,充分利用市场机制发挥我国民办高等教育发展的资源性条件,回归到我国民办高等教育发展的本土化道路上来。 相似文献
20.
The reemergence and growth of private higher education institutions (HEIs) represent one of the most significant developments
in Chinese higher education over recent decades. Against a macroeconomic background of decentralization, this phenomenon is
essentially fuelled by a broad spectrum of political and socioeconomic forces. This study sets out with the primary aim of
discussing the current policy environment constraints faced by different types of private HEIs based upon a theoretical framework
of property ownership rights. This is undertaken through a comparative analysis with HEIs in the United States, as well as
case studies on three different types of private HEIs in China (accredited private universities, independent colleges and
Sino-foreign colleges). Recommendations are offered on the key issues aimed at overcoming the difficulties encountered by
such institutions; these include transfer rights, income rights, government subsidies, access to bank loans and tax-exempted
social donations. The government in China has adopted an incremental approach to the regulation of the private higher education
sector, thereby providing ad hoc solutions to problems encountered along the way; however, within a mutually understood framework of action, a system of clear
property ownership rights is essential to the practical coordination of the activities of the economic actors. 相似文献