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1.
In the current work, we examined learners’ comprehension when engaged with elaborative processing strategies. In Experiment
1, we randomly assigned students to one of five elaborative processing conditions and addressed differences in learners’ lower-
and higher-order learning outcomes and ability to employ elaborative strategies. Findings indicated no significant differences
among conditions on learning outcomes. However, learners better able to employ elaborative processing strategies performed
better on outcome measures. Experiment 2 extended this research and addressed whether there would be differences across elaborative
processing conditions in learners’ comprehension at delayed testing. We also examined the role of motivation in performance
and strategy use. Findings indicated no differences on the outcome measures at delayed testing; however, there were significant
differences in learners’ performance on an integration outcome at immediate testing. In addition, significant positive correlations
were indicated for several outcome measures, strategy use and mastery orientation. Future research should further consider
instructional scaffolds to promote learners’ strategic processing and critical individual difference variables as they effect
elaborative processing. 相似文献
2.
Effects of metacognitive and elaborative activity on cooperative learning and transfer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Celia O. Larson Donald F. Dansereau Angela M. O'Donnell Velma I. Hythecker Judith G. Lambiotte Thomas R. Rocklin 《Contemporary educational psychology》1985,10(4):342-348
The effects of instructing pairs of students to engage in metacognitive activities (error correcting and key idea detection), elaborative activities (use of imagery, analogies, etc.), or neither during cooperative learning were examined for both initial cooperative learning and transfer to an individual learning task. The results suggest that metacognitive activity facilitates cooperative learning and elaborative activity facilitates transfer to individual learning. These findings have strong implications for the tailoring of cooperative learning strategies to instructional goals. 相似文献
3.
Brenda Hannon 《Learning and Instruction》2012,22(5):299-310
Definitions of related concepts (e.g., genotype–phenotype) are prevalent in introductory classes. Consequently, it is important that educators and students know which strategy(s) work best for learning them. This study showed that a new comparative elaboration strategy, called differential-associative processing, was better for learning definitions of related concepts than was an integrative elaborative strategy, called example elaboration. This outcome occurred even though example elaboration was administered in a naturalistic way (Experiment 1) and students spent more time in the example elaboration condition learning (Experiments 1, 2, 3), and generating pieces of information about the concepts (Experiments 2 and 3). Further, with unrelated concepts (morpheme-fluid intelligence), performance was similar regardless if students used differential-associative processing or example elaboration (Experiment 3). Taken as a whole, these results suggest that differential-associative processing is better than example elaboration for learning definitions of related concepts and is as good as example elaboration for learning definitions of unrelated concepts. 相似文献
4.
Greg Roberts Nancy Scammacca David J. Osman Colby Hall Sarojani S. Mohammed Sharon Vaughn 《Educational Psychology Review》2014,26(3):451-468
Promoting Acceleration of Comprehension and Content through Text (PACT) and similar team-based models directly engage and support students in learning situations that require cognitive elaboration as part of the processing of new information. Elaboration is subject to metacognitive control, as well (Karpicke, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138(4):469–485, 2009)—successful learners use metacognitive elaborative rehearsal to process and make sense of incoming information even in the absence of structured opportunities or instructional prompts for elaborating. Levels of processing and cognitive load theories suggest that students in PACT classrooms may outperform students in comparison classes because PACT engages and supports deep cognitive processing (via elaboration and discussion) at the time of learning, allowing participants to better conserve and more consistently reallocate cognitive and metacognitive resources (compared to students in the non-treated group) for encoding content. In other words, PACT may moderate the relationship of metacognitive elaborative rehearsal and content retrieval. Extant data from years 1 (n?=?419) and 2 (n?=?704) of the PACT/RFU project suggests such an effect. As hypothesized, there were no mean differences in reported metacognitive rehearsal use across the groups because metacognitive elaborative rehearsal was not taught. However, regression coefficients for content recall on metacognitive elaboration were greater in the treatment group in both samples suggesting that an instructional emphasis on deep processing leads to better content recall. The findings are discussed in the context of the Common Core State Standards and the large-scale testing programs in place currently across the USA. 相似文献
5.
It is well-established in memory research that retrieval fosters learning. When applying this effect in education, it is an important question which type of retrieval task works best. Several studies have shown that learning is enhanced by linking new information with prior knowledge. A potential approach to making retrieval more effective, therefore, is to enrich retrieval instructions with the requirement to elaborate on the learning contents and link them to what is already known. In this study, we compared a free recall condition, as used in many studies on learning by retrieval, with a prompted recall condition in which learners were required to recall the information and apply it to their lives. Fifty-six undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of these two conditions. They learned from a video-recorded lecture. One week later, learning outcomes were assessed by a posttest measuring fact recall and comprehension of the contents from the video lecture. Learners in the prompted recall group, compared to the free recall group, used more elaborative strategies in response to the recall task and achieved better comprehension scores. The effect on comprehension was mediated by the use of elaborative strategies. This pattern of results supports the constructive retrieval hypothesis, stating that retrieval is most effective when it involves constructive elaboration of the contents being learned. Our findings also encourage the use of pedagogical tasks in classroom teaching that combine elaboration and retrieval. 相似文献
6.
学习是教育的核心。教育的目标是促进学习。教学应该以学习者为中心而不是以技术为中心,技术只是一种学习工具用以适应学习者的需要。教学设计的主要挑战在于如何在不增加学习者信息加工系统中工作记忆负担的情况下,用促进生成的方式呈现学习材料。教育技术学的研究领域应该继续向着科学化迈进,使得理论能够依据数据得以检验。高品质研究应与教育问题息息相关,理论可靠,方法适宜,用数据说话,逻辑性强,最好是聚焦一个问题同时用多种方式加以研究。 相似文献
7.
Integrative processing of verbal and graphical information is crucial when students read an illustrated text to learn from it. This study examines the potential of a novel approach to support the processing of text and graphics. We used eye movement modeling example (EMME) in the school context to model students' integrative processes of verbal and pictorial information by replaying a model's gazes while reading an illustrated text on a topic different from that of the learning episode. Forty-two 7th graders were randomly assigned to an experimental (EMME) or a control condition (No-EMME) and were asked to read an illustrated science text about the food chain. Online measures of text processing and offline measures of reading outcomes were used. Eye-movement indices indicated that students in the EMME condition showed more integrative processing than students in the No-EMME condition. They also performed better than the latter in the verbal and graphical recall, and in the transfer task. Finally, the relationship between the duration of reprocessing the graphical segments while rereading the correspondent verbal segments and transfer performance was stronger in the EMME condition, after controlling for the individual differences of prior knowledge, reading comprehension, and achievement in science. Overall, the findings suggest the potential of eye-tracking methodology as an instruction tool. 相似文献
8.
基于DBR创生的情境性知识进行教学评测,多依赖从教者或专家的个人经验与个人智慧,主观性较强。为克服这一不足,研究基于DCR下的教学系统概念模型及IIS图分析法,以教学系统为研究对象,提出教学系统的质量评测应从教学系统的一致性、适应性和学生参与度三维度考虑,并以此为思考框架,构建出评测教学系统质量的指标体系,包括目标知识点的学习水平与任务类型的一致性、被激活的IIS子图与任务的知识组块的一致性、学习目标的层级多元性、媒体多元性、目标知识点的活动多元性、学生言语参与度、学生知识参与度、知识点总激活量、目标知识点总激活量等九大指标。这些指标值多通过教学系统中信息处理主体输出的信息流推算得来,难以干预,客观性较强。通过这些指标数据能客观、清楚地说明课堂教学的整体交互水平如何、教学手段与学习目标是否一致、学习目标的达成程度如何、教学系统能否应对突发教学问题及学生的课堂参与情况如何等反映教学系统质量的基本问题。 相似文献
9.
Greg Conderman 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2013,86(3):71-77
Mnemonics represent a diverse group of research-based instructional methods with wide application for middle school teachers and students. Teachers can model how to use mnemonics and infuse them in their instruction. Students can use mnemonics as a study skills memory prompt in any class. Due to their potential as a highly effective instructional and learning tool, this article provides information about mnemonics with instructional tips and examples for middle level teachers. 相似文献
10.
This paper discusses procedures for the analysis of instructional strategies incorporated into distance learning materials, especially with regard to the development of the higher order cognitive ability—critical thinking. It examines the function of task analysis as an integral part of the instructional design process, analysing three different approaches available to the instructional designer towards the analysis of tasks required of distance learners. Comparing the learning hierarchy, the concept hierarchy, and the information processing approaches, it was found that the latter was the only one suitable for this current study because of the requirement that critical thinking be linked with domain‐specific knowledge, rather than be learned as an independent ability. Different algorithms for both the student and the designer/analyst are included as part of the information processing approach, and, although these methods are yet to be validated, they seem to offer sufficient promise, while allowing the analyst to make further decisions during the analysis. 相似文献
11.
In this review we argue that interactivity can be effective in video-based models to engage learners in relevant cognitive
processes. We do not treat modeling as an isolated instructional method but adopted the social cognitive model of sequential
skill acquisition in which learners start with observation and finish with independent, self-regulated performance. Moreover,
we concur with the notion that interactivity should emphasize the cognitive processes that learners engage in when they interact
with the learning environment. The four-component instructional design (4C/ID) model is used to define a set of cognitive
processes: Elaboration and induction enable learners to construct schemas, whereas compilation and strengthening enable learners
to automate these schemas. Pacing, cues, control over appearance, prediction, working in dyads, personalized task selection,
and reflection prompts are identified as guidelines that might support learners to interactively construct schemas. Personalized
task selection with part-task practice helps learners to interactively automate schemas. 相似文献
12.
This study investigated eight prekindergarten teachers’ underlying assumptions about how children learn, and how these assumptions were used to inform and enact instruction. By contextualizing teachers’ knowledge and understanding as it is used in practice we were able to provide unique insight into the work of teaching. Participants focused on children’s ability to remember information, frequently through engagement and repetition. Teachers also anticipated what children would be learning in the early elementary years and taught that content, yet they did not necessarily expect children to remember the information, or even know if children learned the information. Implications for the design of both preservice and in-service teacher education are discussed. This includes helping teachers develop a strong foundational understanding of how children learn, establishing the pedagogical content knowledge relevant to teaching advanced symbol systems like literacy, and shifting pedagogical reasoning about practice. Given the link between the quality of instructional support and learning in the early years, developing the early childhood teaching force’s capacity to use knowledge to reason skillfully about teaching offers a critical lever for creating robust learning in the early years. 相似文献
13.
Instructional teacher leadership is central to a vision of distributed leadership. However, identifying instructional teacher leaders can be a daunting task, particularly for administrators who find themselves either newly appointed or faced with high staff turnover. This article describes the use of social network analysis (SNA), a simple but powerful tool that can help administrators better understand the connectedness of their network and pinpoint influential individuals within it. We offer practical guidance for conducting SNA, generating and modifying a sociogram, and interpreting the resultant data. Additionally, we suggest that information provided by SNA may be used to inform decisions about school/district programmes and policies. 相似文献
14.
John E. McEneaney 《Instructional Science》2016,44(1):87-106
Instructional technologies critically depend on systematic design and learning hierarchies are a commonly advocated tool for designing instructional sequences. But hierarchies routinely allow numerous sequences and choosing an optimal sequence remains an unsolved problem. This study explores a simulation-based approach to modeling learning hierarchies and the sequencing problem with a special focus on mastery learning over time. Computer simulations of eight hierarchies from the literature address two general questions about hierarchies and sequences: Do different valid instructional sequences for a given hierarchy lead to significant differences in simulated learning outcomes?, and How do hierarchy structures and student ability influence learning? Two findings emerge from the simulations: equally valid instructional sequences can produce widely divergent learning outcomes, and student ability can interact with sequence and hierarchy structure to disadvantage lower-ability learners. The paper concludes with observations on the role of simulations in the analysis and validation of instructional design and large-scale instructional systems. 相似文献
15.
We investigated the online and offline effects of learner and instructional characteristics on conceptual change of a robust misconception in science. Fifty‐nine undergraduate university students with misconceptions about evolution were identified as espousing evaluativist or non‐evaluativist epistemic beliefs in science. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a traditional or refutational text that discussed a misconception in evolution and a general comprehension or elaborative interrogation reading goal. Participants' cognitive and metacognitive processes while reading were measured using a think‐aloud protocol. Postreading, participants' correct and incorrect conceptual knowledge were separately assessed with a transference essay. Results showed that text structure and reading goals affected cognitive conflict, coherence‐building and elaborative processing while reading and promoted correct conceptual knowledge included in essays but failed to affect the inclusion of misconceptions. Further, participants with evaluativist epistemic beliefs engaged in fewer comprehension monitoring processes and were more likely to adapt their coherence‐building processes according to reading goals than their non‐evaluativist counterparts, but epistemic belief groups did not differ in the content of the posttest essay. Theoretical and educational implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
16.
本文试图通过对当前教育信息化的资源建设工作中的各种网络化教育教学资源进行分析 ,说明网络化教学平台这种特殊的学习资源在教育信息化进程中的重要作用。它的作用涉及到以人为本的教育观、新兴学习理论的实践以及目前教学改革中教学模式的创新等实际问题。希望通过对网络化教学平台作用的叙述 ,为读者提供一种信息技术与课程整合的实用工具的选择 相似文献
17.
Online learning from video modeling examples, in which a human model demonstrates and explains how to perform a learning task, is an effective instructional method that is increasingly used nowadays. However, model characteristics such as gender tend to differ across videos, and the model-observer similarity hypothesis suggests that such characteristics may affect learning. Therefore, this study investigated whether the effectiveness of learning how to solve a probability calculation problem from video modeling examples would vary as a function of the model’s and observer’s gender. In a 2 (Model: Female/Male) × 2 (Observer: Female/Male) between-subject design, 167 secondary education students learned how to solve probability calculation problems by observing video modeling examples. Results showed no effects of Model or Observer gender on learning and near transfer. Male students reported higher self-efficacy than female students. Compared to a female model, observing a male model enhanced perceived competence more from pretest to posttest, irrespective of observers’ gender. Furthermore, learning from a male model was less effortful and more enjoyable for male students than for female students. These results suggest that gender of both model and observer can matter in terms of affective variables experienced during learning, and that instructional designers may want to consider this when creating (online) learning environments with video modeling examples. 相似文献
18.
《International Journal of Educational Research》2004,41(6):445-465
The goal of this chapter is to outline a theoretical and empirical perspective on how learners’ conceptions of educational technology might influence their learning activities and thereby determine the power of computer-based learning environments. Starting with an introduction to the concept of powerful learning environments we outline how recent developments in information and communication technologies might be used to implement these environments technologically. In the next step we refer to several exemplary empirical studies to argue that the power of computer-based learning environments will largely depend on very detailed aspects of the learning activities within these environments. In order to design these environments so that they elicit effective learning activities, it is necessary to analyze the factors that determine learners’ goals and their choices of processing strategies. The focus of this paper is on one of these factors, namely on learners’ instructional conceptions with regard to educational technology and its use in instruction. Up to now, there has been nearly no research conducted within the educational community addressing the issue of how this particular type of instructional conceptions determine learning activities. Therefore, we review several relevant findings from neighboring fields like epistemological beliefs, attitude research, human computer interaction, or cognitive modeling. We use this review to demonstrate that there are numerous findings outside the educational technology community that deserve much more resonance in this community than they currently receive. 相似文献
19.
多媒体课堂教学软件及其教学效率评价的理论模型、指标体系与方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
多媒体课堂教学软件的基本功能是使学习者实现有效的学习。这一功能的完成必须通过良好的教学设计在课堂教学中实现。因此,课件评价与教学效率评价便成为判断这一功能性的必要手段。该文在反思多媒体课堂教学效果的基础上,以多个中学承担的实际课题为实验基础,系统提出了多媒体课堂教学课件及其教学效率评价的理论模型,构建了包括六大特征的评价指标体系和相关评价量表。最后简要说明相关的实施方法。 相似文献
20.
《Learning and Instruction》2000,10(4):311-330
In this article we present the results of an experimental study of the influence of task characteristics on the characteristics of elaboration of conceptual knowledge in social interaction. With a pre-test and post-test we measured individual learning outcomes. We constructed a coding scheme that focuses on the communicative functions and propositional content of utterances and on elaborative episodes. The subjects were 40 students who worked in dyads on a collaborative task about electricity in one of four conditions. We compared a concept mapping task with a poster task and investigated the effect of a phase of individual preparation. The post-test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores. Individual preparation created better learning results and the asking of more questions. The concept mapping conditions showed more discussion of electricity concepts, collaboratively elaborated conflicts and reasoning, but no higher individual learning outcomes. In the concept mapping conditions, elaboration was related to individual learning outcomes. 相似文献