共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 796 毫秒
1.
美国"耶鲁计划"的实施及其启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
始于1971年的美国"耶鲁计划"是世界上首个实施"接收入比例还款贷学金"项目,也是首例由高等学校主导的学生贷款项目.文章概括了"耶鲁计划"的基本内容,分析了"耶鲁计划"中止的原因.同时,总结出"耶鲁计划"给我们的启示:高等学校不宜承担学生贷款项目的回收责任;发挥个税征收系统在学生贷款回收中的积极作用;尝试多样化还款方式,降低毕业生还款负担. 相似文献
2.
Numerous studies have examined the enrollment responses of traditional undergraduate students to the introduction of government-provided tuition subsidies, but far less attention has been devoted to the elasticity of demand for graduate education. This paper examines how the tax code and government education policies affect graduate enrollment and persistence rates along with the ways in which students fund their graduate education. Our empirical methodology is based on exogenous variations in the availability of an income tax exemption for employer-provided tuition assistance for graduate courses. We find that graduate attendance among full-time workers age 24–30 is higher when the tax exemption is available, mostly due to higher persistence in public universities and vocational course work. The use of employer aid for individuals enrolled in full-time and public part-time graduate programs also increases. We present some evidence that universities may adjust tuition to capture part of the incidence. 相似文献
3.
论研究生学费与资助政策中的公平问题--兼论研究生教育的适度规模 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从伦理学公正(公平)的角度对研究生教育的深入分析表明，研究生学费与资助政策中存在着两个主体的社会公正：研究生教育的享有者和纳税人。社会分配给两个主体权利与义务不相等都是根本的社会不公正。如果仅以配置职能为主，政府财政资助的分配适用比例平等原则，基于学生未来可能贡献的比例很可能被转化为基于才能(或综合指标)的比例进行分配。如将配置职能与分配职能相结合，则应同时给予弱势群体以补偿。社会应允许个人负担全部成本接受研究生教育的权利得到实行。在对适度研究生规模的探索中，由财政经费和私人自有经费支持的研究生规模应形成互补关系，政府应注意保证由财政经费支持的研究生规模不导致过度教育而产生社会不公正和纳税人过重的税收负担。 相似文献
4.
通过对王莽经济改革中五均赊贷、对名山大泽的征课及酒专卖制度的分析,说明王莽所课之税确为所得税。同时对这种＂所得＂课税思想不能为后世所用的原因进行了剖析,为今天的所得税课征提供借鉴。 相似文献
5.
学生资助和高等教育机会均等(续2)——对中日美3国的比较分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本期主要讨论日本、中国的学费和学生资助状况。在日本,学费上涨很快,但是学生资助制度没有及时得到完善。国家财政提供的资助主要通过日本学生资助机构办理。该资助属贷款而不是赠予,学生在毕业后必须偿还。多数私立大学虽设立了具有其特色的奖助贷学金,但获资助学生非常少。即便是日本国立大学的学生,其教育费负担也很重。在中国,公立大学的学费飞速上涨。虽然中国的学生资助类型多样,但是赠予型多用于奖优,助贫主要靠贷款,借贷学生的偿还压力很大。中日两国都有待于进一步改善其教育机会均等化政策。 相似文献
6.
拉脱维亚自1991年开始了大学生资助政策的转型,之后经历1997年和1999年两次改革,形成了"学费贷款"和"生活贷款"两种贷款形式,基本保障了大学生的学习和生活所需。另外,拉脱维亚还通过税收减免和住宿补贴等方式,进一步完善了大学生资助政策,取得了较好的成效。这些对我国的大学生资助政策的制定和健全都有一定启示意义。 相似文献
7.
Maureen Woodhall 《Higher Education Quarterly》1989,43(1):76-87
After 25 years of debate, the government has announced that it intends to introduce a system of 'top-up' loans, to supplement maintenance grants for students in higher education. Other countries, including Sweden, West Germany and the USA already have student loan schemes and the Australian Government has recently announced a 'higher education contribution', to be collected via the tax system. There have been proposals in Britain for a more radical system of student loans, collected via National Insurance contributions, or for 'vouchers' for tuition fees. This paper considers the arguments for and against loans, and the various policy options and concludes that the time is right to introduce a combination of grants and loans, but that the new system should be carefully monitored. 相似文献
8.
9.
Bruce Fuller 《Research in higher education》1976,5(1):27-38
Federal and state student financial aid programs have increased substantially in past years. Such programs have clearly provided greater access to postsecondary education for low income and minority students.However, data recently collected in Los Angeles indicate that additional financial aid may have a diminishing impact on increasing access. The Los Angeles study, commissioned by the California Legislature, revealed that low levels of academic achievement, inadequate information, and inflexible admission policies are greater barriers to college for the poor than financial need.Educational opportunity programs, which provide counseling, tutoring, and information services, should become increasingly important in addressing nonfinancial barriers. Yet such programs are often politically unattractive to legislators and administrators who view student grant programs as simpler and less costly. 相似文献
10.
Daniel R. Jones-White Peter M. Radcliffe Linda M. Lorenz Krista M. Soria 《Research in higher education》2014,55(4):329-350
While the literature on postsecondary student success identifies important academic and social factors associated with student outcomes, one question that persists concerns the influence of financial aid. We use the National Student Clearinghouse’s StudentTracker service to develop a more complete model of student success that accommodates opportunities for students to choose to either graduate from the university of first-entry, graduate from a transfer university, or depart from college without a degree. The multinomial regression model reveals differential effects of financial aid. Results suggest that loan aid appears to encourage students to search out alternative institutions or drop out of college entirely, and merit aid appears to increase the likelihood of students persisting and graduating from the university of first-entry. 相似文献
11.
To understand and design student loan systems, realistic earnings and/or income projections for current and future graduates are crucial. In this paper, Current Population Survey (CPS) data from the US is used to demonstrate empirical approaches that can be exploited to simulate lifetime income and earnings profiles for graduates which are needed to understand and design effective and sustainable student loan systems. The crucial element in getting this analysis correct is having reliable simulations of the whole distribution of future graduate earnings and income. Typically, in this literature, the repayment burdens (RBs) of student loans are calculated at different quantiles of the graduate income or earnings distribution. Often, unconditional quantile regression (UQR) is used to calculate age–earnings profiles for different quantiles of the income or earnings distribution. The paper shows that this approach has limitations when evaluating student loans and that simple raw quantile estimation by age with some age smoothing is preferable. This approach can also be used when income is censored and recorded in income bands as occurs with relevant data in some countries. The paper shows a simple way of incorporating dynamics utilizing these age–earnings profiles by quantile even when only very short panel data is available. This involves using copula functions. Having reliable dynamic estimates turns out to be important in assessing not only the taxpayer costs of designing an income-contingent loan (ICL) but also for correctly assessing the extent of loan repayment hardship for individuals. 相似文献
12.
Government-backed income contingent student loans are increasingly being used to fund higher education. Until the outstanding balance is cleared, an income contingent repayment plan acts as an incremental marginal tax on earnings above a threshold. If this additional “tax” on earnings reduces the labor supply and hence the earnings of borrowers, this could reduce both loan repayments and tax receipts, increasing the cost of funding higher education. This paper investigates this under-studied topic by exploring bunching at various loan repayment thresholds between 2002 and 2014, using a novel, linked administrative dataset from the United Kingdom. Our findings suggest that the UK's income contingent repayment plan does not cause borrowers to reduce labor supply, at least for those with earnings near to the threshold. 相似文献
13.
What level of government subsidy of higher education is justified, in what form, and for what reasons? We answer these questions by applying the hypothetical insurance approach, originally developed by Ronald Dworkin in his work on distributive justice. On this approach, when asking how to fund and deliver public services in a particular domain, we should seek to model what would be the outcome of a hypothetical insurance market: we stipulate that participants lack knowledge about their specific resources and risks, and ask what insurance contracts they would take out to secure different types of benefit and protection in the domain in question. The great benefit of the hypothetical insurance approach is that it allows us to take apparently intractable questions about interpersonal distribution and transform them into questions about intrapersonal distributions: that is, questions about how an individual would choose to distribute risks and resources across the various lives that they might end up living, in light of their individual ambitions and preferences. Applying this approach to higher education, we argue that the UK model of higher education funding in which the costs of an individual's higher education are shared between general taxation and the individual herself, with the latter element to be paid retrospectively through an income‐contingent state‐backed loan, is vindicated as just. In particular, we argue that it is more just than alternatives such as a graduate tax, full funding through general taxation, and full privatisation. 相似文献
14.
高等教育财政危机:发展中国家解决途径述评 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文从发展中国家的大学都遇到了不同程度的财政危机的情形出发，分析解决此危机的各种办法：提高学费、实行高等教育私有化、吸引留学生、降低学生规模、毕业生税和延迟费制度、征收教育税、加强大学和企业之间的联系、大学实行公司化营运、人才外流的补偿、鼓励大学生参加社会服务、改变人们的观念、寻求国际援助等。但无论如何，高等教育发展的主要责任在政府。 相似文献
15.
16.
邹凤梅 《武汉职业技术学院学报》2014,(2):98-102
伴随着高等教育的大众化,大量特困生享受国家大学生资助政策进入大学校园。以某高职三名特困生为研究对象,采用无结构式访谈的研究方法,从他们在校经济收入、消费支出、学习生活状况以及心理健康状况等多视角来探讨特困生的生存状态,结果表明特困生社会支持资源缺乏,收入来源有限,消费支出项目多,生活压力大;无偿资助造成心理困扰,他们更渴望有偿资助和匿名资助;因兼职打工多,影响学业和发展;他们心理状态有好的特质,但心理健康水平欠佳。 相似文献
17.
Dian-Fu Chang 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2012,13(4):583-591
This study aims to determine what college students believe is essential on studying abroad and investigates which programs they prefer for outbound study. The trend of globalization and expansion of higher education have resulted in changes for studying abroad programs in numerous Asian countries. In particular, the overprovided undergraduate and graduate education system in Taiwan raises questions on how college students perceive such outbound study. This paper collected survey data from 219 college students at 2 universities in Taiwan to analyze their opinions and levels of readiness on studying abroad programs. This study applied fuzzy methods to transform the data and interpret the results, and the findings showed that gender and college major influence student perceptions on the importance of studying abroad, as well as their readiness to study abroad. Typically, women exhibit more preparedness for studying abroad than their male counterparts. Following the expansion of higher education in Taiwan, more students are considering studying abroad programs for short-term stay in foreign countries. According to the patterns of perception, this study built fuzzy models to explain the consistency of importance and levels of readiness on studying abroad. The results reveal that fuzzy statistics can be used for proper interpretation of the factors influencing students to study abroad and their readiness. 相似文献
18.
H. Rashed Shaker 《Open Learning》2013,28(1):57-70
In Bahrain, 36 international universities from 10 different countries provide distance education services through 21 local agencies to more than 800 students. Results from a survey suggest that the majority of the distance education students are working, married, of middle income class, and studying for a Bachelor's degree. The students find the distance education option attractive because: (1) there are a limited number of places in the conventional Bahrainian universities and on particular courses, and limited scholarships and financial support available for conventional students; (2) the distance system is more open and flexible in respect of their regulatory requirements; and (3) the students find it caters better for those with poor secondary school scores, low income, family and job responsibilities. 相似文献
19.
我国助学贷款制度研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
自从我国高等教育收费以来，人们普遍对学费产生关注，尤其是家庭经济困难的学生，更是千方百计地筹集学费，助学贷款犹如“雪中之炭”，解决了部分困难家庭的燃眉之急，但是，我国的助学贷款仍不能满足社会的需求，应采取措施使我国的助学贷款制度进一步发挥作用。 相似文献
20.
The Japanese higher education sector has seen increases in tuition with stagnant household incomes in a society where family support for university students has been the norm. Student loans from the government have grown rapidly to sustain the gradual increase in university enrolments. These time-based repayment loans (TBRLs) have created financial hardship for increasing numbers of loan recipients and their families. There is some evidence that prospective students from low-income households are forgoing a university education to avoid student loan debt. The Japanese government has introduced some measures including grants and a partial income-contingent loan (ICL) scheme to help alleviate these problems.While the ICL scheme is a positive development, this paper shows that it requires further refinement and broader coverage if it is to adequately address the challenges facing higher education financing in Japan. We show that an affordable and universal ICL system could be introduced in Japan that avoids problems with the current partial income-contingent loan scheme and would help alleviate access issues for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Importantly, the unique features of the Japanese labor market have to be carefully considered, especially the large gender wage gap for married women. By introducing dynamics into modeling graduate earnings and using carefully selected parameters, we show that it is possible to have a universal ICL which achieves a balance between access and affordable repayment with minimal long-run costs to taxpayers. 相似文献