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1.
This paper explores implicit learning in typically developing and primary school children (9–12 years old) with developmental
dyslexia using an artificial grammar learning (AGL) task. Two experiments were conducted, which differed in time of presentation
and nature of the instructional set (experiment 1—implicit instructions vs experiment 2—explicit instructions). Repeated measures
analysis of variance (group × grammaticality × chunk strength) showed a group effect only in experiment 1 (implicit instructions),
with only the typically developing children showing evidence of AGL. There was a grammaticality effect (adherence to the rules)
for both groups in the two experimental situations. We suggest that the typically developing children exhibited intact implicit
learning as manifested in AGL performance, whereas children with developmental dyslexia failed to provide such evidence due
to possible mediating cognitive developmental factors. 相似文献
2.
Marja Laasonen Jenni Väre Henna Oksanen-Hennah Sami Leppämäki Pekka Tani Hanna Harno Laura Hokkanen Emmanuel Pothos Axel Cleeremans 《Annals of dyslexia》2014,64(1):1-33
In this study of the project DyAdd, implicit learning was investigated through two paradigms in adults (18–55 years) with dyslexia (n?=?36) or with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n?=?22) and in controls (n?=?35). In the serial reaction time (SRT) task, there were no group differences in learning. However, those with ADHD exhibited faster RTs compared to other groups. In the artificial grammar learning (AGL) task, the groups did not differ from each other in their learning (i.e., grammaticality accuracy or similarity choices). Further, all three groups were sensitive to fragment overlap between learning and test-phase items (i.e., similarity choices were above chance). Grammaticality performance of control participants was above chance, but that of participants with dyslexia and participants with ADHD failed to differ from chance, indicating impaired grammaticality learning in these groups. While the main indices of AGL performance, grammaticality accuracy and similarity choices did not correlate with the neuropsychological variables that reflected dyslexia-related (phonological processing, reading, spelling, arithmetic) or ADHD-related characteristics (executive functions, attention), or intelligence, the explicit knowledge for the AGL grammar (i.e., ability to freely generate grammatical strings) correlated positively with the variables of phonological processing and reading. Further, SRT reaction times correlated positively with full scale intelligence quotient (FIQ). We conclude that, in AGL, learning difficulties of the underlying rule structure (as measured by grammaticality) are associated with dyslexia and ADHD. However, learning in AGL is not related to the defining neuropsychological features of dyslexia or ADHD. Instead, the resulting explicit knowledge relates to characteristics of dyslexia. 相似文献
3.
Graph complexity as measured by topological entropy has been previously shown to affect performance on artificial grammar learning tasks among typically developing children. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of graph complexity on implicit sequential learning among children with developmental dyslexia. Our goal was to determine whether children’s performance depends on the complexity level of the grammar system learned. We conducted two artificial grammar learning experiments that compared performance of children with developmental dyslexia with that of age- and reading level-matched controls. Experiment 1 was a high topological entropy artificial grammar learning task that aimed to establish implicit learning phenomena in children with developmental dyslexia using previously published experimental conditions. Experiment 2 is a lower topological entropy variant of that task. Results indicated that given a high topological entropy grammar system, children with developmental dyslexia who were similar to the reading age-matched control group had substantial difficulty in performing the task as compared to typically developing children, who exhibited intact implicit learning of the grammar. On the other hand, when tested on a lower topological entropy grammar system, all groups performed above chance level, indicating that children with developmental dyslexia were able to identify rules from a given grammar system. The results reinforced the significance of graph complexity when experimenting with artificial grammar learning tasks, particularly with dyslexic participants. 相似文献
4.
There’s a long held view that chunks play a crucial role in artificial grammar learning performance. We compared chunk strength influences on performance, in high and low topological entropy (a measure of complexity) grammar systems, with dyslexic children, age-matched and reading-level-matched control participants. Findings show that age-matched control participants’ performance reflected equivalent influence of chunk strength in the two topological entropy conditions, as typically found in artificial grammar learning experiments. By contrast, dyslexic children and reading-level-matched controls’ performance reflected knowledge of chunk strength only under the low topological entropy condition. In the low topological entropy grammar system, they appeared completely unable to utilize chunk strength to make appropriate test item selections. In line with previous research, this study suggests that for typically developing children, it is the chunks that are attended during artificial grammar learning and create a foundation on which implicit associative learning mechanisms operate, and these chunks are unitized to different strengths. However, for children with dyslexia, it is complexity that may influence the subsequent memorability of chunks, independently of their strength. 相似文献
5.
Filomena Inácio Luís Faísca Christian Forkstam Susana Araújo Inês Bramão Alexandra Reis Karl Magnus Petersson 《Annals of dyslexia》2018,68(1):1-14
This study investigates the implicit sequence learning abilities of dyslexic children using an artificial grammar learning task with an extended exposure period. Twenty children with developmental dyslexia participated in the study and were matched with two control groups—one matched for age and other for reading skills. During 3 days, all participants performed an acquisition task, where they were exposed to colored geometrical forms sequences with an underlying grammatical structure. On the last day, after the acquisition task, participants were tested in a grammaticality classification task. Implicit sequence learning was present in dyslexic children, as well as in both control groups, and no differences between groups were observed. These results suggest that implicit learning deficits per se cannot explain the characteristic reading difficulties of the dyslexics. 相似文献
6.
明示语法教学与暗示语法教学讨论 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
近年来语法在外语教学中的地位再次引起了人们的普遍关注。有人主张以明示的方式进行语法教学,也有人主张以暗示的方式进行语法教学。总之,仁者见仁,智者见智。文中着重讨论了明示性(explicit)语法教学和暗示性(implicit)语法教学的理论背景及各自的主张,并认为:明示性语法教学强调语言的形式,却有忽视语言的意义及使用倾向;暗示性语法强调的是语言的意义及其使用的环境,但却忽视语言使用的准确性。最好的办法是综合两种观点,明示与暗示相结合。 相似文献
7.
任虎林 《外语教学理论与实践》2013,1(4):29-34
了解和把握句法结构培养程度对中国学习者处理英语复句能力的影响是英语教学质量保障的关键。 本研究采用问卷调查和阅读行为测试两种方法, 选取60名所受不同句法结构培养的中国英语学习者和20 名英国本族语者为样本, 对其在四种罕见英语复句形态结构复杂性、 语义通达性的判断及复句理解准确度方面的处理能力进行研究。 我们发现, 随着句法结构培养水平的提高, 中国学习者在英语复句理解准确度及语义通达性判断方面表现为超过或接近英语本族语者的趋势 ; 而在复句形态结构复杂性判断方面却没有表现出随句法结构培养水平的提高而呈上升的趋势。 此外, 由于句法结构培养水平的不同, 中国学习者在英语复句的处理方法上受句法结构和语义因素的影响也有差异 。 相似文献
8.
建构主义的知识观、学习观、学生观、师生角色的定位及作用、学习环境和教学原则等理论对教与学给予了新的诠释,为现代多媒体环境下的英语教和学提供了新的模式和视角。把建构主义学习理论、外显知识和内隐知识理论和学习层次理论应用于指导语法多媒体课件的开发与课堂教学有重要的实践价值。通过多维语境、视听剪辑以及结构解析等手段改革传统的语法教学,不仅使习得者有目的、有兴趣、主动地学习,从而实现外显知识和内隐知识的有机结合和转化;而且有利于教师更新教育教学观念,改进教学方法,优化课堂教学。 相似文献
9.
In recent years,researchers in SLA field have suggested that integration of form-focused instruction with communicative language teaching can foster the development of interlanguage system.Firstly,the crucial role of attention in language learning has been proved and explicit instruction can facilitate the acquisition.Secondly,the scope of grammar has been enlarged.Therefore grammar is not limited to linguistic forms,but also concerns context and discourses.This paper analyzes the need for integrating FFI with CLT and states the implication for grammar pedagogy. 相似文献
10.
Katherine N. Peeples Allison M. Kroesch Victoria J. VanUitert 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2023,38(2):129-143
Middle school students with learning disabilities often struggle with reading and literacy skills, including vocabulary, and require support in content-area classes such as mathematics where weak vocabulary knowledge can negatively affect learning, achievement, and deep understanding. However, in general, middle school mathematics teachers do not receive training in literacy instruction, much less in explicit vocabulary instruction. Additionally, relatively few studies have examined content-area vocabulary instruction at the middle or secondary school level. This study addressed these gaps in the research by examining the effect of a performance feedback and coaching intervention on middle school mathematics teachers’ use of explicit mathematics vocabulary instruction. Results of the study indicate that performance feedback and coaching had moderately positive effects on teachers’ use and quality of explicit mathematics vocabulary instruction. 相似文献
11.
《Learning and Instruction》2006,16(4):363-373
The potential impact of implicit learning on education has been repeatedly stressed, though little research has examined this connection directly. The current paper describes two experiments that, inspired by artificial grammar learning experiments, examine the utility of implicit learning as a method for teaching atomic bonding rules to 11–12 year old school children. Two groups were given tasks that led to explicit rule learning; two other groups were given tasks that did not lead to rule learning; and a control group was trained on irrelevant stimuli. We observed an implicit learning effect, but learning was much more effective when more explicit ways of teaching were employed. These findings suggest that mere exposure to regular material is not sufficient for effective learning of rules, and that an explicit approach to instruction is advisable. 相似文献
12.
外语知识性阅读障碍包括词汇、语法以及背景知识三个层面,在很大程度上阻碍了 语言学习者的阅读水平.20世纪70年代图式理论的提出为外语知识性阅读障碍的消除提 供了行之有效的办法,帮助外语学习者走出困境. 相似文献
13.
Are preservice teachers prepared to teach struggling readers? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Reading disabilities such as dyslexia, a specific learning disability that affects an individual’s ability to process written
language, are estimated to affect 15–20% of the general population. Consequently, elementary school teachers encounter students
who struggle with inaccurate or slow reading, poor spelling, poor writing, and other language processing difficulties. However,
recent evidence may suggest that teacher preparation programs are not providing preservice teachers with information about
basic language constructs and other components related to scientifically based reading instruction. As a consequence preservice
teachers have not exhibited explicit knowledge of such concepts in previous studies. Few studies have sought to assess preservice
teachers’ knowledge about dyslexia in conjunction with knowledge of basic language concepts. The purpose of the present study
was to examine elementary school preservice teachers’ knowledge of basic language constructs and their perceptions and knowledge
about dyslexia. Findings from the present study suggest that preservice teachers, on average, are able to display implicit
skills related to certain basic language constructs (i.e., syllable counting), but fail to demonstrate explicit knowledge
of others (i.e., phonics principles). Also, preservice teachers seem to hold the common misconception that dyslexia is a visual
perception deficit rather than a problem with phonological processing. Implications for future research as well as teacher
preparation are discussed. 相似文献
14.
内隐学习IQ独立性的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以65名智障中学生为被试，分别用色块串和色词串为材料，以限定状态语法组成学习规则，研究了智障学生颜色内隐和外显学习的特点。结果发现：指导语上不存在主效应，没有发生内隐和外显学习效应；反面证明内隐学习存在长时功效；非言语材料(色块)和言语材料(色词)均没有表现出内隐加工学习效应，但两学习成绩的范围及趋势不同，且材料与IQ之间没有交互作用。间接揭示内隐学习存在一定的“阈限”及IQ独立性在不同情况下表现出特异性。 相似文献
15.
Five 8- to 10-year-old children with dysphonetic and dyseidetic dyslexia were given instruction in reading comprehension using a story grammar strategy in which story instruction was differentially designed to match the simultaneous or sequential mental processing strengths of each dyslexia subtype. A multiple baseline, single subject experimental design and statistical analyses indicated that the experimental treatments yielded statistically and clinically significant improvements in the proportion of qualitatively important story elements recalled by the subjects, when compared to baseline traditional remedial instruction. The results suggested that students with dyslexia can increase their reading comprehension with training in metacognitive strategies. The question of whether the results were attributable to the subtype-matched methods per se or to strategy training in general, as well as a number of methodological issues, is being explored in subsequent research. 相似文献
16.
英语语法隐性教学实证研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
田金平 《山西师大学报(社会科学版)》2005,32(3):137-139
随着英语教学改革的深入和交际法教学的实施,语法教学应是显性教学还是隐性教学,已成为目前语言教学领域争论的焦点。Mcaughlin认为,显性教学只能发展学生的考试能力,隐性教学才能导致交际能力的产生。因此,应注重从显性教学到隐性教学的转化问题。Bialystok认为语言课堂并非只能产生显性知识,只是教师应改变传统授课方式,使学生产生交际所需的自发能力。从笔者对一所普通高中一年级两个班笔试和口试成绩的分析结果看,隐性教学能提高学生的交际能力,在以考察使用为目的的产出任务中作用显著,但在传统以考察语法知识为主的测试中无任何作用。 相似文献
17.
Both the alphabet and our system of musical notation are largely based on arbitrary conventions and associations. Conforming
to the Dyslexic Automatization Deficit Hypothesis, children suffering from dyslexia are supposed to have difficulty in automating
these types of conventions and/or associations. Scientific research into the relation between dyslexia and learning musical
notation is rare. Therefore, we developed a new intervention paradigm on learning musical notation. This program was followed
by five dyslexic children and four children without dyslexia, in order to study and compare the learning processes of both
groups. The program consisted of instruction, practice in the skills and knowledge related to musical notation, and test assignments.
During each session, the problem-solving process of the individual child was observed and the amount of time required to complete
each assignment in the program was recorded. In addition we analyzed the errors made by the two groups of children in each
session. A pretest-posttest comparison revealed that dyslexic children needed more time to learn musical notation than did
children without dyslexia. Dyslexic children also made more mistakes and produced more ‘third transpositions’. The implications
for teaching musical notation are outlined. 相似文献
18.
Indiana recently passed legislation requiring teacher preparation programs to educate future teachers on how to identify and refer struggling readers, including students with learning needs related to dyslexia. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a university course that covers content in response to legislation was effective in improving preservice teachers’ knowledge about the topic of dyslexia. Participants included 62 undergraduate students enrolled in general education teacher preparation programs. One group of 23 participants had taken a required course with content regarding reading challenges and targeted instruction; the remaining 39 participants had not yet taken the required course. Preservice teachers who took the course had more accurate knowledge about dyslexia than those who had not taken the course. There were no differences between groups for confidence in ability to help students struggling with dyslexia. Additional implications regarding legislation and teacher preparation will be included in the discussion. 相似文献
19.
This study examined distributional statistical learning of positional, phonetic, and semantic regularities of an artificial orthography in Chinese children aged 8–10 years: 29 with dyslexia, 29 age-matched controls, and 30 reading-level matched controls. Despite having positional regularity learning performance comparable to the controls, the children with dyslexia were poorer at learning left-right structured characters than top-bottom structured characters in high- and low-consistency conditions. Moreover, they showed difficulties in mapping a given sound or meaning to a specific character compared with the typically developing controls. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia have deficits in some, though not all, aspects of statistical learning of character orthography, which may reflect their difficulties in coping with distractors and inconsistency of orthographic input. 相似文献
20.
显性法和隐性法在英语语法教学中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
何宇丹 《沈阳教育学院学报》2007,9(4):72-74
在分析英语语法教学现状的基础上，对目前语法教学课堂上采用的两种主要教学方法——显性和隐性教学法进行了比较研究，并对英语语法教学提出了几点建议。 相似文献