The effects of signal intensity upon conditioned suppression: Effects upon responding during signals and intersignal intervals     

Hiroshi Imada  Akihiko Yamazaki  Maki Morishita 《Learning & behavior》1981,9(2):269-274

Two rat experiments were run to study the effects of a wide range of signal (CS) intensities on the suppression of licking. In Experiment 1, a light CS was varied over five levels, including zero intensity. Conditioned suppression was found to vary directly with CS intensity, but basal lick rates were not different among groups. In Experiment 2, an attempt was made to disturb the basal rate of licking, while a tone CS was varied over four levels, including zero intensity. Here the suppression of the CS rates was found to be directly related and basal rates inversely related to CS intensity. The results as a whole were consistent with the Perkins-Logan hypothesis regarding the effects of CS intensity upon conditioning, but not with the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning.  相似文献   

Food-anticipatory response to restricted food access based on the pigeon’s biological clock     

Hiroshi Abe  Sukeo Sugimoto 《Learning & behavior》1987,15(4):353-359

Pecking at the food key was recorded for 4 pigeons given restricted access to food. The access period was set at a fixed time in a light-dark cycle, continuous dark, or continuous light. The pecking activity occurred a few hours before onset of the access period in all three conditions. When the bird was again given free access to food after being released from restricted access, its pecking rhythm free-ran in the continuous dark. The initial phase of the rhythm coincided with the onset of the food-anticipatory pecking in the previous condition. These results suggest that the bird anticipated food access, based on its biological clock mechanism. When the access period was set in the dark phase of the light-dark cycle, anticipatory pecking did not occur, although pecking actually occurred during the access period. The pigeon’s activity is reduced during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. Therefore, the bird’s activity level was probably too low to shape the anticipatory response, even if the access period was stored in memory in the biological clock.  相似文献   

Some cues rats can use as predictors of danger and safety     

Imada  Hiroshi  Okamura  Miyuki 《Learning & behavior》1975,3(3):221-225

Learning & Behavior - Twenty-one thirsty rats were first trained to drink water from a tube 5 min per day. Then, six brief shocks were presented with an FI 45-sec schedule with (Group Sig) and...  相似文献   

Effects of detailed illustrations on science learning: an eye-tracking study     

Yu Ying Lin  Kenneth Holmqvist  Kiyofumi Miyoshi  Hiroshi Ashida 《Instructional Science》2017,45(5):557-581

The eye-tracking method was used to assess the influence of detailed, colorful illustrations on reading behaviors and learning outcomes. Based on participants’ subjective ratings in a pre-study, we selected eight one-page human anatomy lessons. In the main study, participants learned these eight human anatomy lessons; four were accompanied by detailed illustrations, and the other four were accompanied by simplified illustrations. Participants completed a comprehension test and an evaluation questionnaire after reading each lesson. The results showed that detailed and simplified illustrations were equally effective in terms of learning outcomes. Eye-tracking data indicated that the detailed illustrations attracted attention in the initial learning stage and received more visual attention during the overall learning process. Notably, correlation analysis revealed that spending a greater proportion of time re-inspecting the simplified illustration was associated with higher test performances. By contrast, greater proportion of time spent re-inspecting the detailed illustration was not significantly correlated with learning outcomes. The results suggest that detailed illustrations could influence the learning process, and may support learning differently compared with simplified illustrations.  相似文献   

Acknowledgement of contributions by reviewers     

Bradley S. Greenberg  Hairong Li  Linlin Ku  Hiroshi Tokinoya 《亚洲交流杂志》2013,23(1):87-88

Given the immense power of the mass media, how they selectively represent the world requires investigation and critique. Selective representation refers basically to the promotion and reinforcement of certain ways of thinking (Fairclough 1995b, Lull 1995). This paper examines, by way of linguistic analysis, particular representations of the school experience in three popular English teenage magazines in Singapore. It concentrates on the implicit ‘commonsense’ assumptions about school which underlie common teenage discourse on such popular topics as having fun, being cool, looking good, etc.  相似文献   

The Hecht vault performed at the 1995 World Gymnastics Championships: Deterministic model and judges' scores     

Yoshiaki Takei  Erik P. Blucker  Hiroshi Nohara  Noriyoshi Yamashita 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):849-863

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical variables that govern success of the Hecht vault. The participants were 122 male gymnasts from 30 countries performing the vault at the 1995 World Gymnastics Championships. The vaults were filmed using a Photosonics 16-mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz. Approximately 80 frames were digitized for each vault analysed. The method of Hay and Reid was used to develop a theoretical model to identify the mechanical and physical variables that determine linear and angular motions of the vault. Correlational analysis was used to establish the strength of the relationship between the causal mechanical variables identified in the model and the judges' scores. Significant correlations (P ? 0.005) indicated that the following were important determinants of success: large horizontal and vertical velocities at take-off from the board and the horse; large vertical and angular distances of pre-flight; large vertical impulses of high force and short duration exerted on the horse and the resulting large changes in vertical velocity on the horse; and large horizontal and vertical distances and long times of post-flight. Of the 18 significant variables identified in the present study, the angular distance of pre- and post-flights, the horizontal velocity and angular momentum at take-off from the horse, and the average moment of inertia and duration of post-flight collectively accounted for 57% of the variation in the judges' scores.  相似文献   

Contraction and extension of Vorticella and its mechanical characterization under flow loading     

Moeto Nagai  Hiroshi Asai    Hiroyuki Fujita 《Biomicrofluidics》2010,4(3)

We have studied the contraction and extension of Vorticella convallaria and its mechanical properties with a microfluidic loading system. Cells of V. convallaria were injected to a microfluidic channel (500 μm in width and 100 μm in height) and loaded by flow up to ∼350 mm s⁻¹. The flow produced a drag force on the order of nanonewton on a typical vorticellid cell body. We gradually increased the loading force on the same V. convallaria specimen and examined its mechanical property and stalk motion of V. convallaria. With greater drag forces, the contraction distance linearly decreased; the contracted length was close to around 90% of the stretched length. We estimated the drag force on Vorticella in the channel by calculating the force on a sphere in a linear shear flow.  相似文献   

Classical conditioning of an “avoidance” response in goldfish using a linear presentation procedure     

Sumio Imada  Keiji Hagimoto  Hiroshi Imada 《Learning & behavior》1984,12(2):171-174

The present study examined the nature of the “avoidance” response in goldfish under the linear presentation procedure (Zerbolio, 1981). With this procedure, shuttling behavior occurring during the presentation of the trial stimulus produces either CS? or CS+, and further occurrence of shuttling within the trial interval (10 sec) changes the value of CS from negative to positive, or vice versa. If the fish remains in the compartment when the prevailing cue state is CS? at the end of the interval, shock can be avoided. With this procedure fish responded to the CS+ more than to the CS? and avoided shock. But fish in one of two control groups, in which responses had no effect in changing the cue state from CS+ to CS?, or vice versa, also showed a clear differentiation. The results were generally in line with the view that the “avoidance” response in fish is acquired through classical conditioning. The contribution of classical conditioning to the acquisition of avoidance response is discussed.  相似文献   

Educational integration for persons with handicaps: a conceptual discussion     

Hiroshi Katoda  Gary Miron 《欧洲特需教育杂志》2013,28(2):126-135

ABSTRACT

Presented is a discussion of the trend toward educational integration of persons with handicaps and a review of some of the concepts and definitions relevant to this pursuit. Persons with handicaps have systematically been denied their human rights and privileges throughout history. Today the main issue in education for persons with handicaps is integration, which is a means by which to forward the goals of normalization. Education for persons with handicaps, if we consider the philosophy of normalization, and adhere to the notion of educational integration, should reflect and be based upon extensive interaction among pupils with handicaps, their teachers, support staff, peers and families.  相似文献   

HLA Gene in 5 Cases of Liver Injury Related to Baikal Skullcap     

Naoki Mantani  Hiroshi Oka  Takashi Watanabe  Kyohei Miyakawa  Yoko Kimura 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2021,36(3):375

HLA association with drug-induced liver injury has recently been pointed out about multiple medicines. The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between HLA gene and liver injury related to Baikal skullcap-containing Kampo medicines (BSCK). We previously examined HLA genes in 3 cases of BSCK-induced liver injury. Recently we could encounter 2 cases diagnosed as “definitely-related case” of BSCK-induced liver injury. HLA genes of the 2 cases were analyzed by Sequencing Based Typing method with Next Generation Sequencer at HLA Laboratory in Kyoto. HLA-DPA1*02:02:02 and DPB1*05:01:01 were observed in the 2 cases: concordance was not observed in HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DRB4, DQA1, or DQB1. The previous 3 cases of BSCK-induced liver injury had the same allele type to the 2 cases only in HLA-DPA1. Putting all these together, HLA-DPA1*02:02:02 was observed in common among 5 cases of BSCK-induced liver injury. HLA-DPA1*02:02:02 is possibly associated with BSCK-induced liver injury.  相似文献