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Nikolai D. Nikandrov 《比较教育学》1989,25(3):275-282
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In this research, we performed radiographic experiments exploiting polychromatic phase-contrast imaging, a method for contrast enhancement in transmitted neutron beams by measuring a sample made with a homogeneous material but exhibiting a different microstructure induced by mechanical actions. We were able to reveal the armourers’ marks now obscured by polishing that are present in these examples of medieval armour. 相似文献
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Rita Nikolai 《History of education》2019,48(3):374-394
In the last two decades, many German states have enforced a partial integration of school types and have transformed their school systems into a two-tier model. The traditional tripartite school model, for which Germany has long been known, is thus no longer a characteristic of their school systems. This article analyses the determinants of the structural changes in Berlin and Saxony by applying concepts of historical institutionalism. In both states, the reform of the schools’ structures can be described as path dependent, but also a specific constellation of interests, strategies and actors led to a partial erosion of the respective traditional structures. 相似文献
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Anne-Marie Elbe Camilla P. Rasmussen Glen Nielsen Nikolai B. Nordsborg 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(3):344-349
This study investigated the effect of increased high-intensity interval training (HIT) at the expense of total training volume on the stress and recovery levels of elite swimmers. Forty-one elite swimmers participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either a HIT or a control group (CON). Eleven swimmers did not complete the questionnaires. For 12 weeks both groups trained ~12 h per week. The amount of HIT was ~5 h vs. 1 h, and total distance was ~17 km vs. ~35 km per week for HIT and CON, respectively. HIT was performed as 6–10 × 10–30 s maximal effort interspersed by 2–4 min of rest. The Recovery Stress Questionnaire – Sport was used to measure the swimmers’ stress and recovery levels. After the 12 week intervention, the general stress level was 16.6% (2.6–30.7%; mean and 95% CI) lower and the general recovery level was 6.5% (0.7–12.4%) higher in HIT compared to the CON, after adjusting for baseline values. No significant effects could be observed in sports-specific stress or sports-specific recovery. The results indicate that increasing training intensity and reducing training volume for 12 weeks can reduce general stress and increase general recovery levels in competitive swimmers. 相似文献
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In this paper, a simple relation between the Leimkuhler curve and the mean residual life is established. The result is illustrated with several models commonly used in informetrics, such as exponential, Pareto and lognormal. Finally, relationships with some other reliability concepts are also presented. 相似文献
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Daniel M. Paredes Kyoung Mi Choi Maria Dipal Arline R. A. C. Edwards-Joseph Nikolai Ermakov Ana T. Gouveia Sachin Jain Chieko Koyama J. Scott Hinkle James M. Benshoff 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》2008,30(3):155-166
The concept of globalization elicits a wide range of reactions among the public, policy makers, and academics (Bennhold 2007; Bradsher 2006; Cheng 2005; Dobbs 2004; Friedman 2005; Gilbert 2006; Oppenheimer 2005; Stiglitz 2006; Winestock 2001; World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization 2004). Increased understanding of globalization can help counselors recognize their influential role as one of the few groups
of professionals that operate in schools, mental health, and career counseling settings. Because the consequences of globalization
impact every aspect of life, counselors have a responsibility to understand globalization systemically, including how it impacts
the practice of counseling and how to help their clients function effectively in the context of globalization. In this article,
which is intended as a primer for continued dialogue, globalization is introduced as an issue to be further studied and responded
to by professional organizations around the world. Examples of globalization are offered and a case is made for continued
collaboration between quality assurance and membership organizations in addressing globalization. 相似文献
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Nikolai D. Nikandrov 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1990,36(2):251-260
It has always been difficult to distinguish between tradition and innovation in teaching methods, not least because of the absence of clear-cut criteria. Definitions of teaching methods are also loose rather than binding. Nevertheless a trend towards active participation by studients is noticeable and very often taken as marking progressive teaching. Starting from the basic relationship of method and objective, an attempt is made to further relate cognitive activity of students to specific levels of achievement which are considered as teaching objectives. It is suggested, too, that a loose notion of method can for practical purposes be replaced by a more reliable notion of teaching text whether presented orally or given in written form. Then the problem of innovation in teaching methods can be stated a bit more precisely as that of creating a good teaching text. Some suggestions of how this can be achieved are discussed.
Zusammenfassung Es war immer schwierig, auf dem Gebiet der Lehrmethoden zwischen Tradition und Innovation zu unterscheiden, nicht zuletzt mangels klar umrissener Kriterien. Ebenso fehlen klare Definitionen der Lehrmethoden. Es läßt sich jedoch ein Trend zu aktiver Beteiligung der Lernenden festellen, worin oft ein Merkmal progressiven Lehrens gesehen wird. Von der grundsätzlichen Beziehung von Methode und Ziel ausgehend, wird auf die Verhältnisse zwischen kognitiven Aktivitäten der Studenten und bestimmten Leistungsniveaus als Lehrziele näher eingegangen. Außerdem wird vorgeschlagen, eine zu lockere Auffassung der Methoden aus praktischen Gründen durch einen zuverlässigeren Begriff des Lehrtextes, ob in mündlicher oder in schriftlicher Form unterrichtet, zu ersetzen. Erst dann kann die Frage der Innovationen auf dem Gebiet der Lehrmethoden etwas präziser gestellt werden als die der Erstellung eines guten Lehrtextes. Einige Vorschläge zur Lösung dieses Problems werden erläutert.
Résumé Il a toujours été difficile de faire une distinction entre tradition et innovation dans les méthodes pédagogiques, surtout à cause de l'absence de critères clairement définis. Les définitions des méthodes d'enseignement sont aussi libres plutôt qu'obligatoires. Néanmoins, la tendance à une participation active des élèves est sensible et elle est très souvent considérée comme la marque d'un enseignement progressiste. En partant de la relation fondamentale qui existe entre la méthode et l'objectif, on s'efforce de rapprocher l'activité cognitive des élèves et les niveaux d'instruction spécifiques qu'on considère comme les objectifs pédagogiques. Par ailleurs, on suggère, pour des raisons pratiques, qu'une vague notion de méthode soit remplacée par celle plus exacte d'enseignement de textes, qu'ils soient présentés oralement ou par écrit. Le problème d'innovation dans les méthodes pédagogiques pourra alors être formulé un peu plus précisement que comme la simple création d'un texte d'enseignement. On examine quelques suggestions relatives à la manière dont cette tâche peut être réaliséc.相似文献