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AbstractOn April 1, 2018, the new standards of compliance to the code of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) came into force. The new standards impact all sports. An important amendment has been made to an article of the existing code ‘Additional Roles and Responsibility of the Parties’. Now, all international federations and the unions in agreement with WADA are obliged to reject applications for holding all sporting events from countries that do not comply with the WADA code. By then, Russian elite sport remained in isolation because the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) had no license from WADA until a compromise agreement allowed Russia back into international sports in September 2018. The probability of obtaining permanent return to international sport was extremely low. In order to obtain the license, Russian sport authorities were asked to agree with the reports of Professor McLaren and to admit the existence of doping support in the country at the state level, which seemed improbable. In Russia, although the new standards of the World Anti-Doping Agency code have not caused special concerns it directly impact Russian elite sport. Unless certain conditions were met by 2019, there was a high probability that Russia would not be able to attend large international competitions in the near future, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The situation dictates the choice of the new strategy of development for Russian sport and new model for the fight against doping, which can be not dependent on WADA. To date, there have been no real checks on WADA’s authority other than occasional decisions in the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Academics who are critical of WADA’s functions often find themselves marginalized when the purported global doping “crisis” should bring “all hands on deck” to provide a humanistic and scientific approach that is best for athletes past, present and future. The functions of WADA in investigating, charging and punishing athletes do not contribute to sustainable development of sport and the sports industry around the world, and create unipolar environment of influence on sports development. Therefore, in this article, we describe some alternative forms and new order of regulation of the anti-doping relations in sport. 相似文献
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Mohamad El Merheb 《Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean》2016,28(3):282-301
This article examines the portrayal of Louis IX in medieval Arabic historiography to show the importance of cross-cultural Mediterranean interaction. It argues that the image of Louis was influenced by information originating from the Sicilian Hohenstaufen court and reports that Frederick II sent to Egypt. Arab historians connected to the courts of Frederick and Manfred disseminated a “Sicilian narrative” that shaped Louis's portrayal in Arabic historiography. This argument on the importance of cross-cultural transfer in understanding Arabic historiography is buttressed by reports about the King, the Pope, and the Emperor that are traced back to the entourage of prominent Muslims closely linked to Sicily. Moreover, it is argued that Arab authors were aware of Louis's proto-sanctity and pious reputation. This led to the infusion of medieval Arabic historiography with Western ideas about sacrosanctity. Finally, this research assesses how the portrayal of King Louis during his captivity was used in internal Muslim rivalries. 相似文献
155.
中外体育彩票业政策法规比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
李怡 《武汉体育学院学报》2008,42(2):39-44
采用彩票运作机制比较完善的美、法两国相比,我国体育彩票业存在着一系列问题,亟待加快立法进程,尽快出台我国《彩票法》.从彩票发售方式、管理方式、法制建设和彩票种类等方面预测了我国体育彩票业的发展趋势. 相似文献
156.
关于伯克的传统观,国内学术界论述较少。其实从伯克所处的时代及英国历史对他的影响和他本身的社会契约观三个方面,我们可以分析出伯克传统观的主要内容及其来源。他虽主张尊重传统达到了宗教般的虔诚,但他并不是一个顽固的"传统主义者",他主张社会变革,但这个变革的目的是为了更好地尊重传统,同时借助于独特的传统观彻底反对理性主义,进而反对激进的社会变革。 相似文献
157.
法国在18世纪末成为世界数学乃至科学的中心,其百年兴衰史与法国大革命后所进行的高等教育体制和科学体制改革有着密切联系,其经验和教训值得我们深思和借鉴. 相似文献
158.
刑事诉讼原则在刑事诉讼法律规范体系中处于重要的地位。法国刑事诉讼法典是世界上最优秀的法典之一,其刑事诉讼原则如控辩平衡、起诉便宜主义、无罪推定等对中国刑事诉讼法的发展具有一定的启迪作用。各原则采取隐性的表现形式也值得我们思考学习。 相似文献
159.
苏昕 《青岛职业技术学院学报》2004,17(1):62-65
西班牙王位继承战争(1701~1714年)是由西班牙王位继承问题而引起的一场国际性战争。英国反对法国在欧洲的霸权扩张,要求维持欧洲的均势,加入了这场战争,与法国展开了激烈的斗争。这场战争持续了13年,整个欧洲几乎都被卷入进去。对于这场战争,以往的研究并不多,本文试通过论述在此战争中英国对法国政策演变的过程及其原因,认清此次战争的实质,这对我们客观地把握当今的国际斗争是很有现实意义的。 相似文献
160.
留法勤工俭学运动是中国近代史上的一件大事,是一个有着广泛而深远影响的运动。由于在地域上、文化程度上以及年龄上存在着诸多差异,留法勤工俭学生的总体理论水平不高,思想比较混杂。但是,经过勤工俭学的实践和斗争,他们中的大部分人最终抛弃了教育救国的幻想,逐渐接受并选择了马克思主义,并初步形成了马克思主义教育思想。 相似文献