技术进步对中国火力发电部门要素偏向与能源强度的影响     

孙可哿  周冯琦  尚勇敏 《资源科学》2022,44(6):1119-1137

在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,中国电力部门的碳减排一方面依赖于能源结构的优化,另一方面也需要火力发电部门能源强度的降低。本文基于中国火力发电企业层面数据,在超越对数成本函数的框架中纳入企业研发投入、外商直接投资、环境规制3种技术进步来源,采用似不相关回归法估计成本函数系数,进而估算要素替代弹性,分析不同来源技术进步对要素投入及能源强度的影响,讨论技术进步的要素偏向性。研究结论发现：①企业研发投入、外商直接投资的技术溢出效应带来显著的中性技术进步和要素节约,均对能源强度下降有显著贡献;相较于东部企业和大型企业,中西部企业、小型企业的技术进步效应较弱。②环境规制主要通过设备更新等直接效应实现能源偏向性技术进步,而通过企业研发投入的间接机制实现技术进步的影响并不显著。因此,有必要通过促进创新成果推广应用、建设区域间企业交流合作平台、完善环境规制政策组合等措施,激励不同来源技术进步对中国火力发电行业能源要素节约、能源强度下降的作用。  相似文献   

Government research evaluations and academic freedom: a UK and Australian comparison     

Ann Martin-Sardesai  Helen Irvine  Stuart Tooley  James Guthrie 《高等教育研究与发展》2017,36(2):372-385

Performance management systems have been an inevitable consequence of the development of government research evaluations (GREs) of university research, and have also inevitably affected the working life of academics. The aim of this paper is to track the development of GREs over the past 25 years, by critically evaluating their adoption in the UK and Australian higher education sector and their contribution to the commodification of academic labour, and to highlight the resultant tensions between GREs and academic freedom. The paper employs a literature-based analysis, relying on publicly available policy documents and academic studies over the period 1985–2010. GREs are a global phenomenon emanating from new public management reforms and while assessments of university research have been welcomed, they have attracted critique based on their design, the manner in which they have been applied, and the unintended consequences of their implementation on academic freedom in particular. Consistent with international research on the impact of GREs, Australian research assessments appear to be undoing the academic freedom that is central to successful research. Further empirical research on the impact of GREs on academics is urgently needed.  相似文献   

Students in Australian Catholic and Independent Schools Have More Positive Learning Environments: Evidence From the 2012 PISA Study     

Gary N. Marks 《Journal of School Choice》2017,11(3):426-441

Critics of Catholic and independent (nongovernment) schools in Australia contend that the higher levels of performance of students in nongovernment schools can be dismissed as simply a function of student- and especially school-level socioeconomic status (school-SES). A recent article extends this critique to school-sector differences in students’ evaluations of their teachers and schools, arguing that the observable school-sector differences are because of differences in school-SES, not because of school-sector differences in their teachers and schools. In response, this article reviews these arguments and focuses on school-sector differences in students’ evaluations of their teachers and schools using the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation’s (OECD) measures in the PISA 2009 study. On eight of the 10 attitudinal measures, students attending Catholic and independent schools have more positive evaluations and these school-sector differences survive controls for students’ SES, their overall level of achievement and school-SES, which has no substantive influence. Although the effect sizes are generally small (0.06–0.26) their combined influence means that nongovernment school students enjoy superior learning environments which is likely to contribute to their generally higher levels of academic performance in senior secondary school.  相似文献   

Public procurement and innovation—Resurrecting the demand side     

Jakob Edler  Luke Georghiou 《Research Policy》2007,36(7):949-963

Demand is a major potential source of innovation, yet the critical role of demand as a key driver of innovation has still to be recognised in government policy. This article discusses public procurement as one of the key elements of a demand-oriented innovation policy. The paper starts by signaling the new significance of public procurement for innovation policy strategies at the EU level and in a range of European countries. It then defines the concept of public procurement and embeds this concept within a taxonomy of innovation policies. The rationales and justifications of public procurement policies to spur innovation are discussed, followed by a consideration of the challenges and potential pitfalls as well as appropriate institutional arrangements and strategies, including some recent empirical examples of good practice. It concludes by confronting the public procurement approach with two of the most common objections to it and by considering future prospects.  相似文献   

Mapping innovation dynamics in hospitals     

Faridah Djellal  Faïz Gallouj 《Research Policy》2005,34(6):817-835

This article draws on a notion of the hospital as a complex service provider and healthcare system hub in order to examine the question of innovation in hospitals. It puts forward a relatively simple framework for analysing hospital output, in which the medical function is incorporated into a complex system of other constituent services that make use of different types of technologies. This analytical framework is used to reveal the multiple sources of innovation and the main organising principles driving innovation within hospitals.  相似文献   

The Winds of Change in Russian Higher Education: is the East moving West?     

Konstantin Timoshenko 《European Journal of Education》2011,46(3):397-414

In the last 30 years, major changes have taken place in the public sector worldwide under the rubric of New Public Management [NPM]. The education sector is perhaps one of the key areas drawing an intense interest and discussion in the wake of NPM. The Russian State seems to be no longer an exception to this global trend. In line with this, the Russian education sector was declared as a large-scale top priority national project in the late summer of 2005, which was aimed to help raise the living standards of each Russian citizen. This empirical paper seeks to reveal the major institutional and legal changes taking place in Russian higher education over time. This insight is vital as it points to the contexts in which Russian public universities operate. To make the acquaintance of a system of Russian higher education, this research sketches its evolution. It commences from the Soviet era to the present time, highlighting the most significant government initiatives.  相似文献   

非营利体育组织研究述评   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

黄旭  程林林 《体育与科学》2011,32(5):1-5

在加强社会管理和建设体育强国的背景下,非营利体育组织作为社会系统中与政府、企业平行的"第三部门",将发挥越来越重要的作用。本文通过相关文献的回顾,旨在梳理非营利体育组织与体育社团、体育协会、体育志愿者组织、体育事业单位、体育慈善基金会等在认识、概念、理论等方面的相互关系,针对现有研究中存在的4个不足,提出了进一步研究需要探讨的8个重要选题。  相似文献   

Public Broadcasting in Europe: Rationale, Licence Fee and Other Issues   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

John O'Hagan  Michael Jennings 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2003,27(1):31-56

This paper deals with some key issues arising in the current debate in Europeover public sector broadcasting (PSB). It asks what is understood by PSB andexamines critically the arguments for PSB. The latter is done under fiveheadings, namely diversity, democracy/equality, network externalities,innovation and investment and public braodcasting as ``insurance'. The paperthen provides some statistical analysis of the extent, funding and programmemix of Eurepean PSB. Finally it examines in some detail the issues surroundingthe licence fee as an instrument for funding PSB. These include thedetermination of the level of the fee, collection costs and evasion and thefairness of the instrument.  相似文献   

侨乡泉州体育场地经济成分特征研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

许月云  许红峰  叶建芬 《中国体育科技》2006,42(2):132-136

采用文献资料调研、比较分析法等,依据第5次全国体育场地普查资料,在全面分析侨乡泉州体育场地总量、占地面积、建筑面积、场地面积、投资金额等基础上,就泉州及各县市区体育场地经济成分进行了比较研究。结果表明:集体经济成分比例较高,各种民间资本以单位自筹和社会捐赠形式存在于国有经济和集体经济体育场地之中是侨乡泉州体育场地经济成分的主要特征;区域经济模式、乡族观念、侨缘禀赋是侨乡泉州体育场地经济成分特殊性的“内源因子”;单位自筹是侨乡泉州体育场地建设资金的主要来源,社会捐赠是体育场地建设资金的重要补充,民营企业和华侨捐赠是社会捐赠的主渠道;集体经济成分体育场地经济和社会效益明显;经济水平、产业特色、地理位置、侨区分布等是影响侨乡泉州各县市区体育场地经济成分比重的主要因素。  相似文献   

Factors affecting attitudes and intentions towards knowledge sharing in the Dubai Police Force     

Ibrahim Seba  Jennifer Rowley  Sian Lambert 《International Journal of Information Management》2012

This study contributes to the limited research base on knowledge sharing in public sector organisations, specifically police forces, and organisations in the Middle East through a case study investigation into the factors that affect knowledge sharing in the Dubai Police Force. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted with staff in key departments in the Dubai Police Force. Informed by the literature and by interviews conducted in a previous phase, the core of the questionnaire was a bank of Likert-style questions covering the dependent variables intention to knowledge share, and attitude towards knowledge sharing, and the independent variables, trust, organisational structure, leadership, reward, time, and information technology. Data was analysed using structured equation modelling, in order to test the measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis, and to test the structural model. The structural model suggests a strong relationship between attitude to knowledge sharing, and intention to share knowledge. Hypotheses regarding the influence of leadership, trust, organisational structure, time, and information technology on attitude to knowledge sharing were upheld. Rewards did not to influence attitude to knowledge sharing. Recommendations are offered for practice and further research.  相似文献