Performance Enhancement and Politicisation of High-Performance Sport: The West German ‘air clyster’ Affair of 1976     

Henk Erik Meier  Marcel Reinold 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(12):1351-1373

While the politicisation of high-performance sport is perceived to represent one of the driving forces behind doping, we know not much how exactly the cold war in sports has affected sporting misconduct in western societies. Therefore, we propose here to distinguish between ideological and institutional politicisation and explicit and implicit acceptance of dubious practices. We apply our framework to analyse the West German ‘air clyster’ affair of 1976 in order to examine to what extent the politicisation of high-performance sport during the cold war affected the search for innovation in performance enhancement. We find that political pressure for improved competitiveness in West German sport had served to create a semi-autonomous high-performance sport sector in West Germany where blurred lines of accountability allowed questionable practices to prosper. While the public despised the use of questionable methods, sportive nationalism served to eclipse dubious practices. West German sport leaders adopted insofar a permissive attitude towards questionable practices as sporting misconduct was not sanctioned. Thus, our results strongly suggest that sport's politicisation during the cold war facilitated the search for performance-increasing methods in western societies.  相似文献   

The Health Risks of Doping during the Cold War: A Comparative Analysis of the Two Sides of the Iron Curtain     

Thomas M. Hunt  Paul Dimeo  Florian Hemme  Anne Mueller 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(17):2230-2244

This article compares East Germany's Cold War-era approach to doping to that of the USA's in terms of their respective impacts on medical risk. Although deserving of criticism on many levels, the GDR doping programme featured a number of safeguards designed to minimise medical dangers. Unlike their East German counterparts, American governmental units were not directly involved in the administration of performance-enhancing substances. The US approach to doping was not ideal in terms of medical risk, however. As a result of the country's regulatory approach to doping, the country's athletes frequently turned to black market sources for doping agents. It was also relatively common for American athletes to use performance-enhancing drugs without the benefit of medical supervision. The US approach to doping was in these ways inferior to that of East Germany's on the subject of medical risk.  相似文献   

凝胶燃烧法制备镍掺杂氧化锌及其光致发光性能     

陈建华  程好  赵俊锋 《常熟理工学院学报》2012,(4):6-9

采用凝胶燃烧法制备了粒径为100 nm~300 nm 的 Zn1-xNixO (x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)纳米粉末.使用 SEM、 XRD、荧光分光光度计对产物的结构、形貌及光学性能进行表征.研究结果表明,氧化锌中镍的最大掺杂量为 x=0.03,超出以后会析出氧化镍晶体.随着镍掺杂量的增加,镍掺杂氧化锌的紫外吸收限发生红移,能带宽度逐渐降低,紫外光区的吸收减弱而可见光区的吸收增强;镍掺杂氧化锌发射光谱发射峰强度减弱、宽化,并出现一些新的发射峰  相似文献   

论体育领域宗教歧视的法律规制          下载免费PDF全文

周青山 《体育科研》2014,(5):79-82

体育与宗教经常交织在一起,体育领域的宗教歧视客观存在,但受到法律和体育规则的严厉规制。人们的宗教信仰自由在体育领域也应该得到同等的保障,不能以体育的特殊性为由而进行克减,但运动员不能因为宗教信仰而获得使用兴奋剂豁免。文章对宗教歧视在体育领域的表现进行了描述,对宗教歧视的规制进行了探讨,并分析了若干典型的体育领域宗教歧视案例。  相似文献   

THG带来的启示     

袁飚 《河北体育学院学报》2008,22(1):81-84

运用文献资料法和理论分析法分析THG（tetrahydrogestrinone）出现的原因,探讨反运动兴奋剂措施的完善。提出应进一步增加赛外检查的比例;对出现使用运动兴奋剂征兆、运动素质或成绩迅速提高的运动员,应加强抽检;加强关键性检测步骤的保密,引进更准确的基于受体结合原理的生物芯片检测技术,进一步提高初筛同化激素类药物的灵敏度。同时,依据运动兴奋剂制造者和运动员可能得到的经济和社会利益来制定适宜的处罚尺度,也可以在一定程度上解决运动兴奋剂滥用问题。  相似文献   

Online diaries: Reflections on trust,privacy, and exhibitionism     

Paul B. de Laat 《Ethics and Information Technology》2008,10(1):57-69

Trust between transaction partners in cyberspace has come to be considered a distinct possibility. In this article the focus is on the conditions for its creation by way of assuming, not inferring trust. After a survey of its development over the years (in the writings of authors like Luhmann, Baier, Gambetta, and Pettit), this mechanism of trust is explored in a study of personal journal blogs. After a brief presentation of some technicalities of blogging and authors’ motives for writing their diaries, I try to answer the question, ‘Why do the overwhelming majority of web diarists dare to expose the intimate details of their lives to the world at large?’ It is argued that the mechanism of assuming trust is at play: authors simply assume that future visitors to their blog will be sympathetic readers, worthy of their intimacies. This assumption then may create a self-fulfilling cycle of mutual admiration. Thereupon, this phenomenon of blogging about one’s intimacies is linked to Calvert’s theory of ‘mediated voyeurism’ and Mathiesen’s notion of ‘synopticism’. It is to be interpreted as a form of ‘empowering exhibitionism’ that reaffirms subjectivity. Various types of ‘synopticon’ are distinguished, each drawing the line between public and private differently. In the most ‘radical’ synopticon blogging proceeds in total transparency and the concept of privacy is declared obsolete; the societal gaze of surveillance is proudly returned and nullified. Finally it is shown that, in practice, these conceptions of blogging are put to a severe test, while authors often have to cope with known people from ‘real life’ complaining, and with ‘trolling’ strangers.  相似文献   

Sport and doping: from WADA’s monopoly to collective arrangements and new model of anti-doping     

Sergey Altukhov  Hongxin Li 《Sport in Society》2019,22(11):1834-1847

Abstract

On April 1, 2018, the new standards of compliance to the code of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) came into force. The new standards impact all sports. An important amendment has been made to an article of the existing code ‘Additional Roles and Responsibility of the Parties’. Now, all international federations and the unions in agreement with WADA are obliged to reject applications for holding all sporting events from countries that do not comply with the WADA code. By then, Russian elite sport remained in isolation because the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) had no license from WADA until a compromise agreement allowed Russia back into international sports in September 2018. The probability of obtaining permanent return to international sport was extremely low. In order to obtain the license, Russian sport authorities were asked to agree with the reports of Professor McLaren and to admit the existence of doping support in the country at the state level, which seemed improbable. In Russia, although the new standards of the World Anti-Doping Agency code have not caused special concerns it directly impact Russian elite sport. Unless certain conditions were met by 2019, there was a high probability that Russia would not be able to attend large international competitions in the near future, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The situation dictates the choice of the new strategy of development for Russian sport and new model for the fight against doping, which can be not dependent on WADA. To date, there have been no real checks on WADA’s authority other than occasional decisions in the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Academics who are critical of WADA’s functions often find themselves marginalized when the purported global doping “crisis” should bring “all hands on deck” to provide a humanistic and scientific approach that is best for athletes past, present and future. The functions of WADA in investigating, charging and punishing athletes do not contribute to sustainable development of sport and the sports industry around the world, and create unipolar environment of influence on sports development. Therefore, in this article, we describe some alternative forms and new order of regulation of the anti-doping relations in sport.  相似文献   

Hear Greer: voices in the archive     

Kate Hodgetts 《档案与原稿》2018,46(1):40-44

In the 1990s Germaine Greer began recording her audio diaries. At the same time the author was attempting to find a suitable buyer for her archive. While the intention of the audio diaries was to record Greer’s past doings, she was also revealing a more private domestic side of her everyday life. The Germaine Greer Archive sits at the intersection of history and invention and tells the many stories of Germaine Greer, herself stating, ‘The archive will put matters right for posterity… supposing posterity should be interested’.  相似文献   

非金属元素掺杂TiO2可见光催化剂     

刘长虹 《唐山师范学院学报》2007,29(2):17-19

非金属掺杂是在不降低紫外光活性的同时实现二氧化钛可见光响应的较好方法。对TiO2掺杂氮、硫、氟、碳的研究进行了评述。  相似文献   

Analgesics use in competitive triathletes: its relationship to doping and on predicting its usage     

Pavel Dietz  Robert Dalaker  Stephan Letzel  Rolf Ulrich  Perikles Simon 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(20):1965-1969

The two major objectives of this study were (i) to assess variables that predict the use of analgesics in competitive athletes and (ii) to test whether the use of analgesics is associated with the use of doping. A questionnaire primarily addressing the use of analgesics and doping was distributed among 2,997 triathletes. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the use of analgesics. Moreover, the randomised response technique (RRT) was used to estimate the prevalence of doping in order to assess whether users of analgesics have a higher potential risk for doping than non-users. Statistical power analyses were performed to determine sample size. The bootstrap method was used to assess the statistical significance of the prevalence difference for doping between users and non-users of analgesics. Four variables from a pool of 16 variables were identified that predict the use of analgesics. These were: “version of questionnaire (English)”, “gender (female)”, “behaviour in case of pain (continue training)”, and “hours of training per week (>12 h/week)”. The 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances (overall estimate 13.0%) was significantly higher in athletes that used analgesics (20.4%) than in those athletes who did not use analgesics (12.4%). The results of this study revealed that athletes who use analgesics prior to competition may be especially prone to using doping substances. The predictors of analgesic use found in the study may be of importance to prepare education material and prevention models against the misuse of drugs in athletes.  相似文献