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The tems surface and deep are widely used to describe student approaches to studying and learning. Different writers have attributed different shades of meaning to the terms, as the categories have resulted from the work of a number of groups or individual researchers. There are greater divergences of opinion on the question of how students can be influenced to adopt either a surface or a deep approach. This paper attempts to synthesise some of the divergent positions into a simple model of student approaches to learning which concentrates on the ways that students may be influenced to adopt either surface or deep approaches. The model recognises the existence of predispositions to either deep or surface approaches, and the use of strategies for particular tasks. A number of contextual variables seem to influence students with a deep predisposition to adopt surface strategies. The transition between surface and deep predispositions is seen as difficult to influence, but three types of intervention are discussed. 相似文献
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信息媒体数字视频图书馆（TheINFORMEDIADigitalVideoLibrary,简称IDVL）项目是美国数字图书馆创始计划（DigitalLibrariesInitiative,简~,DLI）最初的六个项目之一,由卡内基·梅隆大学于1994年创建。该项目一直在深入地开发数字视频及其相关技术和工具,致力于建立一个庞大的在线数字视频图书馆,为用户提供多媒体信息服务。文章对该数字图书馆的项目概况、资源组织、技术特征和服务特点等进行了综合介绍和评价。 相似文献
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亚历山大数字图书馆项目（Alexandria Digital Library,ADL）是美国最大的、持续时间最长的数字图书馆研究项目之一,自1994年起连续得到了美国国家科学基金会（NSF）的美国数字图书馆倡导计划（Digital Library Initiative,DLI）长达十年的资助。该项目的重点在于设计并运行其颇有特色的地理参考数字图书馆。ADL是一个分布式参考资料数字图书馆,以各种数据来源的地图、图像和地理定位文献为主要收集对象,实现公众对地理空间信息对象的访问和搜索,是互联网上的地理信息资源中心。文章对该数字图书馆的项目背景、信息资源组织、服务和技术特点等进行了介绍和评价。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT This paper discusses issues attendant on the practice of identifying pupils with special educational needs in advanced educational systems. Current practices in Australia and Scotland are described and attention is drawn to the problems generated by the abandonment of a category‐based approach to children with special educational needs, the variability of practice between authorities and the absence of reliable data on incidence of special educational needs. Placement outcome data derived from a Scottish study are presented and discussed. The paper concludes with discussion of Australian and Scottish practice set against United States’ experience in the light of Public Law 94‐142 and identifies areas for future research. 相似文献
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