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ABSTRACTThis article identifies the visual representation of Europe’s “refugee crisis” in the media as a key dimension of the communicative architecture of the crisis and its aftermath. Effectively, it argues, the powerful, even iconic, imagery that the media produced and shared during the 2015 “crisis” affirmed ideological frames of incompatible difference, perpetually dividing European citizens and refugees. The article focuses on some of the fundamental elements of the 2015 crisis’s visual grammar to demonstrate how they have (re-)produced popular fears of strangeness and the need for containment and control of foreign bodies. This visual grammar, we argue, imitated and procreated recognizable representations of popular culture to exaggerate newcomers’ strangeness and incompatible difference from the national subject. On the one hand, many news media simulated zombies’ threatening strangeness in images of refugee massification; on the other, many news media images reaffirmed the decisive power of the national subject over refugees’ fate, not unlike the video game player who unilaterally controls a game and takes action when confronted by zombies. This grammar, we argue, symbolically predetermines encounters between citizens and refugees, by emphasizing their incompatible difference and newcomers’ strangeness. 相似文献
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Paul Howard‐Jones Skevi Demetriou Rafal Bogacz Jee H. Yoo Ute Leonards 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2011,5(1):33-41
Reinforcement learning involves a tight coupling of reward‐associated behavior and a type of learning that is very different from that promoted by education. However, the emerging understanding of its underlying processes may help derive principles for effective learning games that have, until now, been elusive. This article first reviews findings from cognitive neuroscience and psychology to provide insight into the motivating role of uncertain reward in games, including educational games. Then, a short experiment is reported to illustrate the potential of reward‐based neurocomputational models of behavior in the understanding and development of effective learning games. In this study, a reward‐based model of behavior is shown to predict recall of newly learned information during a simple learning game. 相似文献
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Lang QL Zhou XC Zhang XL Drabek R Zuo ZX Ren YL Li TB Chen JS Gao XL 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2011,12(2):116-125
A large number of plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are now documented in the miRBase, among which only 30 are for Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Clearly, there is a far-reaching need to identify and profile the expression of miRNAs in this important crop under
various physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, we used an in situ synthesized custom microarray of plant
miRNAs to examine the expression and temporal presence of miRNAs in the leaves of tomato plants infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Following computational sequence homology search and hairpin structure prediction, we identified three novel tomato
miRNA precursor genes. Our results also show that, in accordance with the phenotype of the developing leaves, the tomato miRNAs
are differentially expressed at different stages of plant development and that CMV infection can induce or suppress the expression
of miRNAs as well as up-regulate some star miRNAs (miRNA*s) which are normally present at much lower levels. The results indicate
that developmental anomalies elicited by virus infection may be caused by more complex biological processes. 相似文献
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Rafal Piwowarski 《International Journal of Early Years Education》1998,6(2):165-176
This article examines the developments and direction of change of the education systems which have taken place in the Vishehrad countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) during the past decade. Comparisons are made between the four countries focusing on the following areas: school reforms, change of the structure and non‐public schools. 相似文献
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