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We compared the reading development of 77 deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) Japanese children, aged 5–7 (40 females), with 139 of their hearing peers (74 females) in 2018. We assessed each group's phonological awareness (PA), grammar, vocabulary, and reading of hiragana (Japanese orthography children learn first). DHH children showed significant delays in grammar and vocabulary but only a slight delay in PA. Younger DHH children scored better than their hearing peers in reading. Although PA predicted reading for hearing children, reading predicted PA for DHH children. PA partially explained grammar skills for both groups. The results suggest educational intervention for reading acquisition should be based on not only general linguistic features but also each language's unique characteristics. 相似文献
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Keisuke Fujii Shinsuke Yoshioka Tadao Isaka Motoki Kouzaki 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):28-44
We previously demonstrated the relationship between sidestepping performance and the preparatory state of ground reaction forces (GRFs). The present study investigated the effect of the preparatory state of GRFs on defensive performance in 1-on-1 subphase of basketball. Ten basketball players participated in 1-on-1 dribble game of basketball. The outcomes (penetrating and guarding) and the preparatory state of GRFs (non-weighted and weighted states, i.e. vertical GRFs below and above 120% of body weight, respectively) were assessed by separating the phases. In the non-weighted state and the weighted state to determine the outcome, the probability of successful guarding was 78.8% and 29.6%, respectively. The non-weighted state prevented delay of the defensive step in the determination phase. Both the non-weighted and weighted states, immediately before the determination phase, were likely to change to the weighted state in the determination phase; during this time, the defender's preparatory state would be destabilised, presumably by the dribbler's movement. These results revealed that the preparatory GRFs before the defensive step help to explain the outcome of the 1-on-1 subphase, and suggest a better way to prevent delaying initiation of the defensive step and thereby to guard more effectively against a dribbler. 相似文献
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中国的 2 0世纪 ,历经清朝、中华民国、中华人民共和国三个时代 ,上海的 2 0世纪亦复如是。以一个日本人的眼光来看上海的百年 ,则有必要列举几个贯穿于这些时代的“关键词。”自治从集政治、经济、文化等所有中心于东京一身的中央集权国家日本来看 ,上海的那种远离中央的自治风尚着实引人注目。尤其是 ,一直到民国时代 ,构筑上海的主角仍然是以地方士绅为中心的市民们。辛亥革命在上海的成功 ,勿宁说是他们努力的结果。此后 ,自治运动之风依然承继 ,包括仿效租界来建设华界城市的做法在内。我认为 ,上海的自治运动与中央集权的日本有显著的… 相似文献
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Mitsuo Otsuka Wolfgang Potthast Steffen Willwacher Jan-Peter Goldmann Toshiyuki Kurihara Tadao Isaka 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(3):229-244
The purpose of this study was to validate the calculation of reaction time (RT) and normalised power in block starts without considering arm ground reaction forces (GRFs) or using two kinematics-only methods. The RT and normalised power in the action phase were calculated using four different methods: using GRFs of arms and legs by force plates (whole F-based method), which can be regarded as the most valid method, using GRFs of legs captured by force plates (legs F-based method), using position of the centre of mass of the entire body captured by high-speed cameras (whole P-based method), and using only a partial subset of segment position (partial P-based method). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated that the RT of the legs F-based method was not similar to that of the whole F-based method: the mean difference was 7.4 ms and the 95% limits of agreement was?45.1 to 59.8 ms, and it was the least valid method for the calculation among the four methods. In contrast, the normalised power was more valid in the legs F-based method, followed by whole and partial P-based methods. This information will help researchers and practitioners to decide upon their analysis methods when analysing block start performance. 相似文献
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Strategies for defending a dribbler: categorisation of three defensive patterns in 1-on-1 basketball
Keisuke Fujii Daichi Yamashita Shinsuke Yoshioka Tadao Isaka Motoki Kouzaki 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2014,13(3):204-214
To clarify the defending-dribbler mechanism, the interaction between the dribbler and defender should be investigated. The purposes of this study were to identify variables that explain the outcome (i.e. ‘penetrating’ and ‘guarding’) and to understand how defenders stop dribblers by categorising defensive patterns. Ten basketball players participated as 24 dribbler–defender pairs, who played a real-time, 1-on-1 sub-phase of the basketball. The trials were categorised into penetrating trials, where a dribbler invaded the defended area behind the defender, and guarding trials, where the defender stopped the dribbler's advance. Our results demonstrated that defenders in guarding trials initiated their movements earlier and moved quicker than the defenders in penetrating trials. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis revealed that the differences in initiation time and medio-lateral peak velocity between the defenders and dribblers were critical parameters for explaining the difference between penetrating and guarding trials. Lastly, guarding trials were further categorised into three process patterns during 1-on-1 basketball (i.e. ‘early initiation’ trials, ‘quick movement’ trials, and ‘dribbler's stop’ trials). The results suggest that there are three defending strategies and that one strategy would be insufficient to explain the defending-dribbler mechanism, because both players' anticipation and reactive movement must be considered. 相似文献
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Tadao Murata 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1980,310(1):41-50
This paper is concerned with the applicability of network theory to those aspects of distributed/parallel processing that can be modeled by marked graphs. First, several examples are given to illustrate that a wide variety of computation schemes can be modeled by marked graphs. Subsequently, the following topics are discussed: application of KVL to fault detection and isolation, KCL and Tellegen's Theorem applied to marked graphs, and the relationship between the maximum (minimum) storage requirement and the minimum (maximum) power. 相似文献
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