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In the Netherlands, as in most other European countries, closed captions for the deaf summarize texts rather than render them verbatim. Caption editors argue that in this way television viewers have enough time to both read the text and watch the program. They also claim that the meaning of the original message is properly conveyed. However, many deaf people demand verbatim subtitles so that they have full access to all original information. They claim that vital information is withheld from them as a result of the summarizing process. Linguistic research was conducted in order (a) to identify the type of information that is left out of captioned texts and (b) to determine the effects of nonverbatim captioning on the meaning of the text. The differences between spoken and captioned texts were analyzed on the basis of on a model of coherence relations in discourse. One prominent finding is that summarizing affects coherence relations, making them less explicit and altering the implied meaning. 相似文献
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This study examined two levels of media agenda effects on aggregatepublic opinion from different news sources. The effects wereinvestigated immediately and cumulatively. Content analysisdata from the 2000 U.S. presidential election coverage by fournational news organizations were related to the Gallup pre-electionpoll standings of each candidate. Regression analyses foundthat both the salience of a candidate and the salience of theattributes of a candidate cumulatively, but not immediately,influenced his standing in the polls. An analysis of news sourcessupported the finding that the two levels of agenda-settingeffects seemed mostly cumulative rather than immediate. Newsfrom different sources, however, tended to have effects of differentdegrees and sometimes different directions on candidate pollstandings. Cumulative effects of candidate salience on aggregateopinion change were found for non-partisan and neutral newssources—reporters, poll reporting and public documents—whereasthe effects of candidate attribute salience mostly came frompartisan sources—the candidate himself and members ofthe competing political party. Possible political implicationsof these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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Some schools and teachers in Korea and Japan have begun practicing classroom-based reform according to similar visions of
a learning community. The purpose of this study was to investigate reform efforts made by teachers in Korea and Japan toward
turning classrooms into learning communities. Two elementary schools, School K in Korea and School T in Japan, were selected
as major school sites. Research data was collected from two classrooms in each school through teacher interview and classroom
observation. The results of our study showed that efforts made by teachers from the two countries, though aimed at similar
goals to create learning communities and change classroom practices, produced different results. Teachers from both countries
displayed differences in their views or attitudes toward the learning materials and the ways in which they build relationships
with their students. These differences seemed to be derived from the different social and cultural contexts of the teachers
in the two countries. 相似文献
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Ji-Won Son 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2013,84(1):49-70
Interpreting and responding to student thinking are central tasks of reform-minded mathematics teaching. This study examined preservice teachers’ (PSTs) interpretations of and responses to a student’s error(s) involving finding a missing length in similar rectangles through a teaching scenario task. Fifty-seven PSTs’ responses were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Analysis results revealed that although the student’s errors came from conceptual aspects of similarity, a majority of PSTs identified the errors as stemming from procedural aspects of similarity, subsequently guiding them by invoking procedural knowledge. This study also revealed two different forms of address and teaching actions in PST interventions along with three categories of acts of communication barriers. The broader implications of the study for international communities are discussed in accordance with the findings. 相似文献
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A major decision that must be made during study pertains to the distribution, or the scheduling, of study. In this paper, we review the literature on the benefits of spacing, or spreading one's study sessions relatively far apart in time, as compared to massing, where study is crammed into one long session without breaks. The results from laboratory research provide strong evidence for this pervasive “spacing effect,” especially for long-term retention. The metacognitive literature on spacing, however, suggests that massing is the preferred strategy, particularly in young children. Reasons for why this is so are discussed as well as a few recommendations regarding how spacing strategies might be encouraged in real-world learning. While further research and applicability questions remain, the two fields—education and cognitive science—have made huge progress in recent years, resulting in promising new learning developments. 相似文献
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Research Findings: We examined relations among preschoolers' behavioral regulation, gender, and school readiness outcomes in preacademic and classroom skills using a sample of South Korean preschoolers aged 3–5 (N = 229). Behavioral regulation was assessed using a direct measure, the Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task, which requires children to switch rules by responding in the opposite way to 4 different oral commands. Results demonstrated nonsignificant gender differences in behavioral regulation and academic skills but significant gender differences in classroom work-related skills and social skills, with higher scores for girls. Multilevel path modeling revealed that behavioral regulation predicted none of the preacademic skills and classroom behaviors after child age, gender, verbal intelligence, maternal education, and classroom nesting were controlled. However, there was an interaction effect of behavioral regulation and gender for early reading; the contribution of behavioral regulation to early reading was positive and stronger for boys. Practice or Policy: These results suggest that behavioral regulation is not an overall strong predictor of school readiness in South Korean children. Early educators need to support the development of behavioral regulation skills, especially for boys, as these skills may work as an important path to school readiness when children lack other classroom social strategies and resources. 相似文献
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In this paper, we propose a text matching method for document image retrieval without any language model. Two word images are first normalized to an appropriate size and image features are extracted using the local crowdedness method. Similarity between the two features is then measured by calculating a Hausdorff distance. We performed three experiments. The first experiment proves the effectiveness of the proposed method for text matching, and the other two experiments verify the language independence and font size independence of the proposed method. 相似文献
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Learners of all ages face complex decisions about how to study effectively. Here we investigated three such decisions made
in concert—time allocation, ordering, and spacing. First, college students were presented with, and made judgments of learning
about, 16 word-synonym pairs. Then, when presented with all 16 pairs, they created their own study schedule by choosing when
and how long to study each item. The results indicated that (a) the most study time was allocated to difficult items, (b)
relatively easy items tended to be studied first, and (c) participants spaced their study at a rate significantly greater
than chance. The spacing data, which are of particular interest, differ from previous findings that have suggested that people,
including adults, believe massing is more effective than spacing. 相似文献