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1.
青藏高原高寒草甸资源的可持续利用 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
在分析青藏高原高寒草甸资源特点的基础上,从自然和人为因素两方面探讨了高寒草甸资源可持续利用中存在问题———草畜矛盾和草地退化;最后,针对问题提出了天然草场的合理利用、人工和半人工草场的建立、草场的用养结合、合理处理畜牧业与其它各业的关系,和加强人才建设等对策。 相似文献
2.
Jörg Spörri Josef Kröll Hermann Schwameder Erich Müller 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(7):911-919
Knowing how to enhance alpine skiing performance is essential for effective coaching. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of path length- and speed-related factors for performance enhancement, while skiing on a homogeneously set/constantly inclined giant slalom course section (average gate distance: 27?m; offset: 8?m; slope inclination: 26°). During a video-based three-dimensional kinematic field-experiment, the data of six athletes who skied a two-gate section on four different types of skis were collected. The performance parameter analysed was section time. The performance predictors analysed were centre of mass (CoM), path length and the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed along the analysed section. Furthermore, since the current study examined alpine skiing performance within short sections, the skier’s entrance speed was also considered. Classified as a high-performance and a low-performance group based on section time, slow and fast trials significantly differed in CoM path length, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed and entrance speed. The entrance speed of all trials analysed ranged between 15.25 and 17.66?m/s. In trials with both high and low entrance speed, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed was found to be more relevant for the prediction of section time than CoM path length. However, further studies should investigate whether such a prioritization can be unrestrictedly generalized to other situations, such as entrance speeds, course sets, slope inclinations and competition disciplines different to those assessed in the current study. 相似文献
3.
For the last 15 years a statistical analysis of distances skied and of alpine skiing accidents has been performed in the Davos‐Klosters skiing area, a ‘closed’ skiing area, where every skier has to return from the top to the bottom station. Distance skied is measured by vertical drop in 106 km determined by calculations from frequency surveys by lift‐operators. About 2.5 million km per season have been skied during the past years, a number remaining constant for the last 15 years. In the same time the requirement for rescue‐transports in this area has shown a decline of 46% to 288 transports per season due to a decrease of the number of injuries with initial immobilization. Therefore the so‐called transport‐quotient (one rescue‐transport per 104 km of vertical drop skied) has decreased from its initial value of 4 to 1 per 104 km. During the same time all winter sport injuries were analysed at the hospital of Davos. About 90% are injuries caused by alpine skiing resulting in a total of 17 246 alpine skiing injuries for the last 15 years. There is a great decline in the incidence of lower leg fractures with a contrary development of knee injuries. Today half of the lower leg injuries are knee injuries (280 knee injuries out of a total of 1250 alpine skiing accidents per season). There is a gradual increase of upper extremity injuries from 17% of all skiing injuries in 1972 to 35% in 1976. A Swiss multicentre study on skiing safety shows comparable injury patterns in other skiing areas. The average injury‐severity measured by several parameters is declining. In a technical investigation of skiing equipment of 1072 persons who sustained an accident, only 32% had ski bindings with tolerable frontal release and 17% with tolerable torsional release. Parallel measurements of bindings of 600 non‐injured skiers gave the same alarming results. More research on the correlation between binding adjustment and knee injuries is needed. 相似文献
4.
利用遥感影像和多源地理信息提取峻河流域高寒灌丛,分析近30年来区域高寒灌丛分布面积的变化,并与峻河流域年平均温度、年降水量、年蒸发量以及蒸发量和降水量的比值进行对比,探讨影响高寒灌丛面积变化的气候因子.研究结果表明:①峻河流域高寒灌丛面积在10年尺度上具有一定的波动性,1977年-1990年高寒灌丛的面积增加14.37km2,1990年-2000年高寒灌丛面积减少了12.61km2,2000年-2009年高寒灌丛面积又增加了8.53km2;②峻河流域高寒灌丛面积变化与该区域的温度和降水变化没有直接的相关关系,但与蒸发量与降水量的比值呈反相关;③峻河流域高寒灌丛面积变化与整个青海湖流域的干旱强度变化相关,干旱强度越大,高寒灌丛分布面积减小,反之,干旱强度减小,高寒灌丛面积增加. 相似文献
5.
草甸退化胁迫下的适应性探讨——以青海省达日县为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在土地退化胁迫下,当前黄河源区牧业存在的主要问题是牲畜结构不合理,草场尤其是冬季草场严重不足,这些问题成为制约区域经济发展与生态建设的突出因素.本文采用分层随机抽样和参与式农村评估等方法,于2004年5月、2006年11月、2007年9月、2008年9月对达日县牧户进行了四期抽样调查,分析了高寒草甸退化胁迫下政府和牧民适应措施的变化.研究结果显示:①在牲畜结构方面表现为牲畜存栏数减少;牦牛母畜比例上升.1976年-2006年藏羊存栏数减少60.90%;马存栏数减少了57.78%;牦牛存栏数减少25.96%.2004年以来,成年母畜在牦牛畜群中比例逐渐增加;②在草场利用方式上,表现为转夏场时间提前.5月前转场牧民比例由2004年的41.50%提高到2007年的61.00%.这暂时平衡了冬夏草场的压力,缓解了冬季牲畜草料供应短缺的问题;但这种调整加大了夏季草场的压力,可能会加速夏季草场的退化.因此,一是要进一步加大草场保护和生态恢复建设,遏止草场持续退化的态势;二要结合区域特点,建议以生态补偿形式从相邻省区或饲草(料)基地购入(/调入)草料,缓解草地压力过大的状况;③生态移民方面,移民户数增长缓慢.调查区2003年有105户迁移,到2008年也仅有115户移出.2005年实施以草定畜后,除上红科、莫坝、特合土、桑日麻等乡镇外,其余乡镇超载严重.牧户经济基础差、移民支配生产的能力差等因素,可能是导致生态移民和以草定畜措施执行效果不佳的主要原因.因此,如何提升生态移民的经济与生态效果,如何构建搬迁牧民的社会保障体系,如何扶持发展畜牧业的替代产业等,仍是近期黄河源区生态建设与退化草地恢复的核心问题. 相似文献
6.
PearlAnn Reichwein 《国际体育史杂志》2017,34(14):1501-1520
AbstractFounded in 1906, the Alpine Club of Canada (ACC) was a key proponent of mountain adventure and advocacy. This paper examines the club’s annual camps, physical culture, and conservation involvement as indicators to understand the integration of mountaineering and parks in Canada in the twentieth century. It surveys the club’s origins and highlights its shifting agendas. The ACC mountaineering camps and classic alpine ascents invented a tradition for middle-class sport and tourism in mountain parks, particularly in the Rockies and Columbia Mountains. The club advocated for climbers but also for conservation in wild places. It participated in contested debates on parks and resource use as a stakeholder on public lands. The paper argues the ACC was a leading proponent of mountain pursuits, conservation, and tourism in a complex political ecology of engaged land use for sport and recreation intertwined with physical spaces and the social production of mountain parks in Canada. Adventure and advocacy were its legacy as well as education on the land. Based on archives, alpine journals, and other published sources, the paper illustrates an integration of people and places in landscapes of sport as well as contemporary mountain adventure, tourism, and conservation issues in Canada and internationally. 相似文献
7.
以近三届冬奥运会高山滑雪中回转、大回转、超级大回转比赛中前6名男女运动员为研究对象,运用文献资料法、专家访谈法、对比研究法、数理统计法探讨国内外高山滑雪运动员年龄、体重、身高、克托莱指数的差异。结果表明：国外高山滑雪运动员的最佳运动年龄为25岁左右,运动员身材高大强壮;国外优秀的高山滑雪回转、大回转、超级大回转男女运动员的身高、体重、克托莱指数之间并不存在显著性差异。 相似文献
8.
放牧压力下五台山高山、亚高山草甸的退化特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
放牧通过家畜的啃食、践踏、排泄干扰草甸环境,使草甸的物种组成发生改变,植物种群的优势地位发生更替。在样带和样地调查基础上,获取草地群落组成和样地环境数据,通过CCA排序对五台山高、亚高山草甸在经历放牧后的退化状况进行数量化评价,辨识草甸退化的不同等级。结果表明：共划分出5个退化等级,随着退化加剧：①群落环境因子牛马粪数量增加、土壤紧实度加大,土层厚度降低。极度退化草甸与其他4个退化等级之间的环境因子差异显著;②群落数量特征总盖度、生物量、物种丰富度、多样性指数降低,同时一二年生植物所占百分比升高;③放牧干扰草甸的优势种是嵩草、高原嵩草和直梗高山唐松草,轻度干扰草甸中嵩草、高原嵩草(亚高山草甸)/珠芽蓼、高山嵩草、发草(高山草甸)为优势种,中度退化草甸高原嵩草依然为优势种,重度和极度干扰草甸中优势种被鹅绒委陵菜和平车前取代。放牧已对五台山高山、亚高山草甸群落外貌造成了严重的不良影响,是草甸退化的重要影响因素。为防止草甸资源进一步退化,促进草甸植被恢复,实现资源的可持续利用,建议对中度退化以上草甸采取严格限制家畜数量、分期围封和人工建植乡土植被等措施。 相似文献
9.
拉萨河流域湿地生态系统服务功能价值变化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于三期遥感影像解译数据和地理信息系统空间分析方法研究了拉萨河流域湿地30年(1976年-2006年)的动态变化过程,并评价分析了湿地生态系统服务功能的价值变化。研究结果表明:30年来拉萨河流域湿地总面积减少了2.02×104hm2,达8.8%,其中水域、高寒草甸以及沼泽湿地呈减少趋势,森林湿地和滩地呈增加趋势;湿地生态服务功能总价值损失41.20×108元,年均损失1.37×108元,以气体交换功能价值损失量最大。生态价值的损失主要是由对环境调节起主要作用的水域、草甸和沼泽湿地的减少造成的。 相似文献
10.
拉萨河流域湿地系统景观格局多尺度分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
以2006年中巴遥感影像为数据源提取拉萨河流域湿地类型矢量数据,在此基础上计算湿地景观格局指数。在ArcGIS支持下,基于景观类型、生态系统类型和地貌区3个不同尺度开展湿地景观格局分析。结果表明:不同尺度的湿地景观格局特征不同,高寒草甸湿地景观是流域湿地基质景观,占湿地总面积的77.74%。藏北嵩草沼泽草甸是高原湿地的核心生态系统类型(占65.45%),其斑块面积、斑块数目、斑块密度、斑块形状指数、斑块的聚散程度等景观指数都具有极大值。河源区湿地类型简单,仅5种,斑块破碎度较高。河谷区湿地景观类型丰富(13种),景观多样性指数最大(1.841),生态系统稳定性较弱。当雄盆地区优势度指数最大(1.288),以藏北嵩草沼泽草甸为主,分布较集中,抗干扰能力较强。 相似文献