| 科研不端行为从团队至个人的传染机制研究 |
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| 引用本文： | 赵君,鄢苗,魏炜.科研不端行为从团队至个人的传染机制研究[J].科研管理,2019,40(8):156-165. |
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| 作者姓名： | 赵君 鄢苗 魏炜 |
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| 作者单位： | 中南财经政法大学公共管理学院,湖北武汉,430073;北京大学汇丰商学院,广东深圳,518055 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金;国家自然科学基金;国家自然科学基金;国家自然科学基金;湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队项目;湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队项目 |
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| 摘 要： | 通过41个高校科研团队的176名博士生样本进行问卷调查，本文构建了一个科研不端行为从团队传染至个体的被调节的中介作用模型。结果发现：团队科研不端行为正向影响个体科研不端行为；团队科研不端行为正向影响第三人效果；第三人效果正向影响个体科研不端行为；第三人效果在团队科研不端行为与个体科研不端行为之间具有部分中介作用；默许沉默正向调节对第三人效果对个体科研不端行为的影响；默许沉默正向调节团队科研不端行为透过第三人效果影响个体科研不端行为的中介作用。最后，讨论了研究的理论贡献和实践启示。
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| 关 键 词： | 科研不端行为 第三人效果 默许沉默 |
| 收稿时间： | 2016-07-08 |
Contaminating mechanism of scientific misconducts from team to individual |
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| Zhao Jun,Yan Miao,Wei Wei.Contaminating mechanism of scientific misconducts from team to individual[J].Science Research Management,2019,40(8):156-165. |
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| Authors: | Zhao Jun Yan Miao Wei Wei |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Public Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China;
2. HSBC Business School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China |
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| Abstract: | As an important means to acquire and create knowledge, scientific research has gradually formed ethical norms and codes of conduct. However, with the socialization and marketization of the scientific research, the binding force of normative standards tends to weaken. Some researchers can’t resist the temptation of interest, leading to frequent occurrence of scientific misconduct . The current academic atmosphere of research organizations becomes worrisome with various scientific misconducts being commonplace. These publicized scandals are just a tip of the iceberg, and there may be much more scientific misconducts. Prior studies have shown that more than half of the respondents said that there were some kinds of scientific misconducts around them. Various evidences indicate that scientific misconducts have become a generalized, normalized, and collectivized development trend in the organization.Scientific misconducts refer to the behaviors of individuals or teams engaged in scientific research that violate scientific norms or social morality. It brings a series of negative effects, such as a waste of research resources, the disrupted academic order, the reduced quality of personnel training, and even the corrupted social atmosphere and various deviant behaviors. Why are scientific misconducts so prevalent in research organizations? Prior studies tried to explore from multi-level perspectives, such as psychological motivation and moral quality at the individual level, academic climate and evaluation systems at the organizational level, and legal absences and honest environments at the social level. To a certain extent, these studies revealed how scientific misconducts were formed. However, the interaction between actors, especially the social interaction effects of the unethical behavior have been largely ignored. The social interaction effect is mainly manifested in two aspects: one the one hand, the unethical behaviors of the focal individual spreads in the team, which ultimately leads to unethical behaviors of the team or team corruption; on the other hand, most team numbers engage in unethical behaviors, in turn, contaminates other individuals. Therefore, we infer that team scientific misconducts can cause individual emotional changes or cognitive imbalances, thus induce individuals to engage in scientific misconducts.Based on the Third Person Effect Theory and the Situational Power Theory, this study aims to explore how scientific misconducts contaminate from team to individual. First, we explore the impact of team scientific misconducts on individual scientific misconducts. Prior studies have revealed that the individual’s unethical behaviors or deviances may be affected by team behaviors, because the team is often regarded as a role model that will affect the individual’s attitudes and cognitions, which in turn will affect the individual’s decision-making and behavior. If the team engages in scientific misconducts, the individual would imitate. Second, we examine the mediating effects of the third person effect. The Third Person Effect Theory holds that when information is negative or socially excluded, people tend to think that others will be affected more than themselves, and this cognitive disorder can lead to individual deviances. The team scientific misconducts may stimulate the individual’s third person effect cognition, so that individuals would take similar actions to protect their own interests. Third, we explore the moderating effect of acquiescent silence. In order to maintain a harmonious atmosphere, team members may exhibit acquiescent silence, resulting in the proliferation of misconducts in the organization. According to Situational Power Theory, organizational situation can promote or inhibit the transformation of individual cognition into certain behaviors. Acquiescent silence may become a strong situation that promotes the transformation of individual cognition into scientific misconducts.With a sample of 176 doctoral students from 41 research teams in universities, the study develops a moderated mediation model explaining how scientific misconducts contaminate from team to individual. The results are as follows: team scientific misconducts have a significant positive relationship with individual scientific misconducts, team scientific misconducts have a significant positive relationship with third person effect; third person effect has a significant positive relationship with individual scientific misconducts; third person effect mediates the relationship between team scientific misconducts and individual scientific misconducts; the positive relationship between third person effect and scientific misconduct is moderated by acquiescent silence, such that the relationship will be stronger when acquiescent silence is higher. Acquiescent silence moderates the mediating effect of third person effect on the relationship between team scientific misconducts and individual scientific misconducts, such that the mediating effect will be stronger when acquiescent silence is higher.The theoretical contributions are as follows: first, it confirms the contagion effect of scientific misconducts from team to individual. On the one hand, individuals can adjust their behaviors through social learning to better integrate into the team; On the other hand, team situations can provide information for individual’s behavioral decisions and help them to better understand team behavioral expectations and consequences of behavior implementation. Second, based on the Third Person Effect Theory, we verify the mediating role of the contagious effect. Scientific misconducts not only violate social expectations, but also lead to some damage to personal interests. Therefore, team scientific misconducts can stimulate individual third person effect cognition. By then, individual scientific misconducts become rational choices. Third, based on the Situational Effect Theory, we discuss the role of acquiescent silence. The third person effect of individual is strengthened with the strong situational effect of acquiescence silence, which triggers individual to carry out more scientific misconducts, which in turn strengthens our cognition of the boundary conditions of the formatting mechanism of scientific misconducts.The practical implications of this study are mainly reflected in the following two aspects. First, it’s necessary to beware that scientific misconducts are contagious in the team. Although teamwork is efficient, there is certain management risks. For example, scientific misconducts will spread rapidly within the team. Therefore, managers should always pay attention to the ethical atmosphere and behavioral orientation, establish a discipline against scientific misconduct, and adopt timely measures. Second, it’s necessary to break the silence within team. Acquiescence silence is not conducive to team development, and it will aggravate the spread of scientific misconducts. Therefore, managers should be willing to accept negative information feedback, so as to provide the necessary conditions for breaking the silence. |
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