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1.
《Research Policy》2022,51(3):104470
Previous research has analyzed the effect of stakeholder orientation on the amount of technological investment firms make but has ignored its effect on the characteristics of that investment. To address this gap, we explored the impact of stakeholder orientation on the degree of generality of a firm's technological investment. More general technologies (i.e., technologies easily deployable in a wider range of industries) are more likely to promote major changes in the firm's scope. However, these changes undermine the value of stakeholders’ past relationship-specific investments, which are tailored to a certain firm scope. Therefore, more stakeholder-oriented firms will invest in less general technological assets to reduce stakeholder concerns and opposition. This negative effect will be stronger in more uncertain industries, where stakeholders are more concerned that firms might use technology generality to change their scope following the realization of previously unforeseen contingencies. However, it will be weaker in more competitive industries, where stakeholders tend to make less relationship-specific investments and are less concerned with changes in firm scope triggered by an increase in technology generality. We test our hypotheses by exploiting the enactment of constituency statutes in 34 U.S. states during the period 1976–2000 as a plausibly exogenous variation in firms’ stakeholder orientation. 相似文献
2.
《Research Policy》2022,51(2):104442
Prior research has focused on how firms use a variety of organizational mechanisms to protect their R&D investments from misappropriation risks in foreign countries. Little is known, however, about how firms can rely on non-market factors to induce preferential treatment by host government authorities, thereby protecting their intellectual property overseas. In this paper, we investigate two such non-market factors, one at the country level, the other at the firm level, that are likely to influence the choice of where firms locate their innovation activities: host country inclination towards the firm's home country and the firm's political capabilities, respectively. We thus examine how IPR policies and non-market factors interact in protecting firm innovation from misappropriation and in making countries more attractive for innovation-related activities. We find support for our predictions in a sample of 1,341 foreign R&D investments made by 163 firms from 14 home countries over the period 2003–2016. 相似文献
3.
《Research Policy》2021,50(10):104346
We evaluate the effect of a pan-European innovation funding program on firm growth and innovative output. Using a difference-in-differences estimation on a sample of matched firms, we find that subsidized firms are able to invest more in tangible and intangible assets, achieve higher growth of turnover and employment, and file more patent applications. We then analyze the dynamic treatment effect and find that the effects of subsidization tend to get stronger over time. Moreover, our findings indicate that the effect of subsidization is highly heterogeneous across sectors with different R&D or knowledge intensity and level of competition. Finally, we explore some economic channels to explain how subsidies generate strong effects on firm performance. We show that subsidized firms are able to generate more internal financing and attract more long-term borrowing after receiving the subsidy, yet we find no evidence that subsidized firms are able to attract more external equity financing than similar unsubsidized firms. 相似文献
4.
《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104601
We study differences in the returns to R&D investment between German manufacturing firms that sell in international markets and firms that only sell in the domestic market. Using firm-level data for five high-tech manufacturing sectors, we estimate a dynamic structural model of a firm's discrete decision to invest in R&D and use it to measure the difference in expected long-run benefit from R&D investment for exporting and domestic firms. The results show that R&D investment leads to higher rates of product and process innovation among exporting firms and these innovations have a larger economic return in export market sales than domestic market sales. As a result of this higher payoff to R&D investment, exporting firms invest in R&D more frequently than domestic firms, and this endogenously generates higher rates of productivity growth. We use the model to simulate the introduction of export and import tariffs on German exporters, and find that a 20 % export tariff reduces the long-run payoff to R&D by 24.2 to 46.9 % for the median firm across the five industries. Overall, export market sales contribute significantly to the firm's return on R&D investment which, in turn, raises future firm value, providing a source of dynamic gains from trade. 相似文献
5.
《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2023,7(1):47-67
In recent decades, with the rapid development of the knowledge economy and science, countries have embraced technical innovation and have gradually increased investment in research and development (R&D). A vast literature indicates that the relationship between R&D and firm performance is highly complex. The evidence suggests that R&D positively influences firm performance, yet findings on the process by which this happens are mixed. Rigorous analyses are required on how R&D investments affect energy consumption. This study explores the impact of R&D investment on the performance and energy consumption of 476 firms in Ethiopia by employing a combination of fixed-effect, propensity score matching, and endogenous treatment effect estimation methods. The empirical results reveal that investment in R&D positively influences both innovation and long-term financial performance but negatively impacts short-term financial performance and energy consumption. The results also show that the impacts of R&D activities vary significantly across different categories of firms, confirming that heterogeneity may be an issue among the firms considered. The results also indicate that the availability of credit is a more important moderating factor in the relationship between R&D investment and firm performance than the legal system is. These results have important implications for firms with growing R&D operations, especially those in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Ethiopian firms should invest more in R&D activities, such as in fundamental and applied research, to improve performance and enhance competitiveness. 相似文献
6.
Analyzing the strategic significance of a firm's intellectual capital separates tangible assets from intangible assets, and demands close attention to how the latter are valued. Conventional methods based on cost or market value are of little relevance. Ultimately, the analysis turns on who makes the estimate and to what end. We argue for a third source of estimates, the same managers whose application of strategic assets sets the value-adding processes of the firm in motion. This is a constructivist approach that raises important theoretical and methodological questions about the nature of the firm and its value-creating capabilities. Objective measures cannot grasp these capabilities, and current efforts to establish such metrics are deeply counter-productive. We propose the ‘business model’ as the firm-specific natural language within which the future value of the intangible assets can be estimated. 相似文献
7.
考虑两个竞争企业的研发投资存在非对称溢出效应时的最优研发投资策略问题。运用博弈论构建有无研发投资的模型并求解分析,揭示不同强度的研发投资溢出、吸收能力和研发成功概率等因素对竞争企业研发投资博弈均衡的影响。结果表明：两个企业的研发投资溢出均较弱时,它们都会投资;一方的溢出较弱而另一方的较强时,双方将分别成为唯一的投资方和搭便车者;溢出效应中等时,它们或者都投资,或者都不投资;溢出效应均足够强时,二者都不投资。敏感性分析显示,企业会依据不同水平的产品差异度、吸收能力和研发成功概率调整最优研发投资策略。此外,消费者剩余和社会福利在两个企业都投资时最优,单一企业投资时次之,无研发投资时最差。 相似文献
8.
We investigate how outside directors on supervisory boards influence innovative activities of the firms they advise and monitor. Based on panel data on the largest German companies, the econometric analysis shows a positive influence of external executives on innovative firm performance, measured by patent applications. Differentiating between outside directors from innovative and non-innovative companies reveals that only outside directors from innovative firms increase patenting activities at the firms they advise and monitor. This effect increases with the technological proximity between the appointing firm and the outsider's home firm. Outside directors from non-innovative firms are negatively associated with the appointing firm's innovativeness. The results indicate that external executives with an appropriate professional background can provide valuable specific knowledge and expertise to the board. 相似文献
9.
《Research Policy》2023,52(7):104787
The ability to access specialized complementary assets has been key to explaining how firms benefit from their technological innovations. When firms lack complementary assets the more likely they have to rely on markets for technology to profit from their R&D investments. We extend this view documenting the emergence of a new type of industry intermediary, Contract Development & Manufacturing Organizations (CDMOs), which provide access to complementary assets on a per-use basis. CDMOs allow firms to contract for complementary assets at variable costs without the need to invest in such assets internally. This opens up new product development paths, in which firms do not out-license their products to firms with complementary assets but sustain their development in-house using CDMOs. We highlight that the expansion of services offered by CDMOs changes the nature of the industry's source of competitive advantage and provide empirical evidence that the expansion of CDMOs is associated with a decline in the number of out-licensing deals among US biopharmaceutical firms. In so doing, the study explains how innovation intermediaries like CDMOs can have a profound effect on an industry's specialized complementary assets and the market for technology. 相似文献
10.
11.
Biotechnology firms operate in a high-risk and high-reward environment and are in a constant race to secure venture capital (VC) funds. Previous contributions to the literature show that the VC firms tend to invest locally in order to monitor their investments and to provide operating assistance to their target firms. Further, biotechnology is a knowledge-based industry that tends to exhibit spatial clusters, and the firms in such industries may collocate to benefit from gaining access to local markets for specialized inputs (e.g., skilled researchers) and from local knowledge spillovers and network externalities. If such gains exist, we expect that the collocated firms should exhibit positively correlated performance, including in their ability to attract venture capital funds. The purpose of this paper is to empirically measure the strength and spatial extent of the relationships among the amount of funds raised by proximate biotechnology firms. We model these relationships with a spatial autoregression (SAR) model, and we control for characteristics of the biotechnology firms and the VC firms that provide their funds as well as site-specific factors. Based on our fitted SAR model, we find that the amount of venture capital raised by a particular biotechnology firm is significantly influenced by the number of VC firms and the VC funding levels raised by biotechnology firms located within a 10-mile radius, but these relationships are not statistically significant beyond this range. 相似文献
12.
将颠覆性技术采纳过程中企业的财富和决策者的风险态度纳入技术采纳的影响因素中,构建基于企业财富和风险态度的企业集群在颠覆性技术采纳问题上的演化博弈模型,研究企业之间采纳颠覆性技术的进化稳定策略,并通过MATLAB仿真分析探索企业财富和风险态度对企业采纳颠覆性技术意愿的影响。研究表明:企业财富一定、企业决策者的风险态度不同时,企业最终都会趋向于采纳颠覆性技术,但是风险偏好的企业显著地比风险规避和风险中立的企业更快地采纳颠覆性技术;企业决策者风险态度相同时,财富多的企业和风险容忍度高的企业采纳颠覆性技术的意愿更为强烈。 相似文献
13.
现金流和成长机会作为影响企业长期投资决策的两大核心要素,已是不争的事实。然而,当我们进一步思考,二者之中,谁是主导企业投资的关键要素？学界尚缺乏讨论。进而,鉴于无形资产与有形资产对企业经营发展意义的差异性,本文将区别研究两种投资的主要驱动因素,是现金流,还是成长机会？同时,企业的生存与发展不可能脱离其所处的外部环境,本文还将进一步探讨宏观经济状况与投资者情绪对两类投资对其主要驱动要素的敏感程度。为使研究结果更为准确且有意义,我们通过查找科技部官方网站公布2006-2013年度的国家级创新型企业名录,逐一确定其中的上市公司,以此为样本,借鉴McLean和Zhao(2014)的投资决定模型进行研究。（注意：此处公式见文中P3的公式(4)）本文将资产投资率I/A区分无形资产投资率与有形资产投资率分别研究,将成长机会q与内部现金率CF/A作为主要解释变量,且体现宏观经济状况E与投资者情绪S对两种驱动要素与投资间关系的调节作用。结合我国金融市场实际,本文参照Baker与Wurgler(2006)投资者情绪指数的构建方法,以封闭式基金折价率、交易量、IPO数量、上市首日收益、新增投资者开户数、消费者信心指数六个指标为基础,并与工业生产增加值、居民消费价格指数、工业品出厂价格指数和宏观经济景气指数四个宏观经济状况的代理变量正交化,以此消除宏观经济状况的影响,利用主成分分析方法审慎地构建了适合中国现实背景的投资者情绪指数。同时,为了更真实地反映企业无形资产的投资实际,本文将其界定为“无形资产投资”、“开发支出”资产账户的本期增量与费用化的本期研发支出的总和。运用多元回归方法,实证检验了企业无形资产投资与有形资产投资的主要驱动因素是现金流,还是成长机会。本研究得到了有意义的结论：无形资产投资受成长机会驱动的敏感度几近或者胜过其受内部现金流驱动的敏感度;而有形资产投资则相反,其首要地受内部现金流驱动,然后才是成长机会;总资产投资主导要素仍为内部现金流,这与我国企业投资仍以有形资产投资为主的事实相符。此外,在考虑企业环境状况时,本研究还发现,投资者情绪强化了成长机会对企业无形资产投资决策的影响作用,而向好的宏观经济状况却强化了企业有形资产投资决策对现金流依赖的敏感性。本研究从一个新颖而独特的视角提出企业投资决策中主导要素问题的思考,借鉴并创新性地应用了国际学术前沿模型,区别关注无形资产投资与有形资产投资,并综合宏观经济状况与投资者情绪外部影响,研究中国企业投资问题,夯实了企业投资理论,充实了投资驱动的相关研究成果,有着较大的学术参考价值。同时,在这个创新驱动发展的时代,无形资产日益成为企业决胜市场的关键,确定其主要驱动因素至关重要,本研究对企业创新及研发活动投资决策行为具有重要的现实指导意义。 相似文献
14.
We analyze the influence of a regional economic integration agreement (REIA) on a firm's investments in research and development (R&D). A country's entry into a REIA creates two competing influences on the firm's R&D investments. On the one hand, increased competition in product markets after the REIA would induce the firm to invest in internal R&D to improve its distinctive technological competitiveness. On the other hand, better access to sources of inputs in factor markets after the REIA would induce the firm to purchase external R&D because it can outsource technology more easily. Surprisingly, the empirical analysis shows that the REIA's impact on R&D investment is driven primarily by product markets rather than by factor markets. After the REIA, product markets induce firms not only to invest more in internal R&D but also purchase more external R&D. In contrast, after the REIA factor markets have limited influence on internal or external R&D investments. 相似文献
15.
The concept of persistence is generally used to define the positive relationship between past and present innovations, which is explained by feedback and accumulation processes triggered by the firm's past results. This paper states that changes in the economic or institutional conditions of the environment impact on the type of profitable innovations, and past innovations might not be suitable for the new environment. As a result, firm's innovative behavior might change, which means that the firm's set of decisions about engaging in the seek for innovations or not and, if so, the set of investments and capabilities it allocates to innovate could be modified. Empirical evidence is provided to reject the persistence hypothesis and to show that past innovations do not necessarily impact present ones. This paper examines the relationship between past and present innovations for a group of Argentinean firms during 1998–2006, which coincides with a period of macroeconomic instability. Results suggest that persistence has to be analyzed in terms of a dynamic firm's innovative behavior—regardless of its results—and how it allows the firm to accumulate competences and resources, which increases the odds of successfully responding to changes in the environment and continuing to innovate. 相似文献
16.
《Research Policy》2023,52(5):104744
What motivates some firms to hire star academics? This paper provides a theoretical framework that combines several factors known to influence a firm's hiring decision of scientists capable of conducting both, research and development activities. The targeted type, reflecting the scientist's academic ability, is endogenous. When research and development activities are not strong substitutes, the optimal contract induces the scientist to engage in multitasking and the firm targets applicants with either the highest or the lowest type. Scientist with the lowest ability to conduct academic research are hired in environments where investments in absorptive capacity have low returns, academic publications generate substantial negative externalities for the firm, and/or the academic sector offers desirable outside options. When academic ability is not verifiable, the contract must only appeal to scientists with the targeted ability. Top scientists may need to be overcompensated for their research outcomes while low ability scientists may be overly compensated for their development outcomes. This, in turn, leads the hiring decision to be biased in favour of high-ability scientists when research and development activities exhibit a strong complementarity. By opposition, scientists with the lowest ability are more frequently targeted when the cost of conducting both activities increases. 相似文献
17.
本文结合高科技企业的特点，全面梳理、系统总结了各类无形资产评价的方法及其应用条件，对相关方法作了对比研究，为国内高科技企业无形资产的评价提供了方法论上的参考借鉴,从而促进高科技企业强化无形资产管理意识，充分发挥无形资产的增值效用，建立企业的持久竞争优势，获得超额收益。 相似文献
18.
Management literature has identified high-skilled human capital as a crucial dimension of innovation processes at the firm level. In this study, we introduce an alternative view of human capital based on the tasks that firms’ workers perform. We propose a measure of cognitive analytical and interpersonal tasks: the degree of abstractism. We argue that the level of abstractism of a firm has an effect on a firm's propensity to innovate and on its product innovation performance. We hypothesize that while the degree of abstractism has a linear positive relationship with the propensity to innovate, the relationship between abstractism and product innovation performance follows an inverted u-shaped relationship. We find partial support to our hypotheses using data from more than six thousand Portuguese firms. We discuss how these results change our understanding of the relationship between human capital and innovation at the firm level. 相似文献
19.
Most firms use secrecy to protect their knowledge from potential imitators. However, the theoretical foundations for secrecy have not been well explored. We extend knowledge protection literature and propose theoretical mechanisms explaining how information visibility influences the importance of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument. Building on mechanisms from information economics and signaling theory, we postulate that secrecy is more important for protecting knowledge for firms that have legal requirements to reveal information to shareholders. Furthermore, we argue that this effect is contingent on the location in a technological cluster, on a firm’s investment in fixed assets and on a firm’s past innovation performance. We test our hypotheses using a representative sample of 683 firms in Germany between 2005 and 2013. Our results support the moderation effect of a technological cluster and a firm’s investment in fixed assets. Our findings inform both academics and managers on how firms balance information disclosure requirements with the use of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument. 相似文献
20.
Venture capital financing and the growth of high-tech start-ups: Disentangling treatment from selection effects 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The financial and innovation literature generally claims that venture capital (VC) investments spur the growth of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). However, it has proved difficult so far to separate the “treatment” effect of the VC investment from the “selection” effect attributable to the ability of the VC investor to screen high growth NTBFs. The aim of this work is to test whether VC investments have a positive treatment effect on the growth of employment and sales of NTBFs. For this purpose we consider a 10-year longitudinal data set for 538 Italian NTBFs, most of which are privately held. The sample includes both VC-backed and non-VC-backed firms. We estimate Gibrat-law-type dynamic panel-data models augmented with time-varying variables that capture the VC status of firms. To control for the endogeneity of VC investments we use several GMM estimators. The econometric results strongly support the view that VC investments positively influence firm growth. The treatment effect of VC investments is of large economic magnitude, especially on growth of employment. Most of it is obtained immediately after the first round of VC finance. Conversely, the selection effect of VC appears to be negligible in the Italian context. 相似文献