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我国已形成类型多样、功能较齐全的自然保护地体系,在保护重要自然生态系统和生物多样性中发挥了重要作用。但长期以来,我国保护地基本上实行的是"抢救式保护"策略,注重保护地数量和面积的扩张,忽视管理质量和能力的提升。保护地的建设与管理,已跟不上新时代加快推进生态文明建设的步伐。党的十九大报告提出要建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,对推动我国自然保护地体系改革提出了迫切需求。本研究在分析当前我国自然保护地体系面临的缺乏顶层设计、法律体系不健全、多方参与不足、资金短缺、土地权属不清、保护与发展矛盾突出、管理能力薄弱等一系列问题的基础上,提出了推动自然保护地体系的顶层设计、系统规划和立法安排,完善保护地产权制度,建立保护地治理体系,实现多元共治,拓展保护地空间治理范围,促进保护地与周边区域协调发展,建立保护地生态产品价值实现机制等建议。 相似文献
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青藏高原是我国乃至亚洲的重要生态安全屏障区和全球生物多样性保护的热点地区，保障生态安全是青藏高原生态保护的核心任务。青藏高原物种丰富但受威胁物种多。近15年来青藏高原生态安全屏障生态系统格局稳定，生态系统质量整体趋好，水源涵养、土壤保持和防风固沙服务均得以提升，生态退化趋势得到遏制，自然保护地建设和生态保护建设工程对提升生态屏障功能发挥了关键作用。然而，受气候暖湿化和人类活动影响，青藏高原生态安全屏障仍然面临退化草地面积大，以及冻土面积萎缩、沼泽湿地减少、部分生物栖息地退化、外来物种入侵、局部生态系统退化等生态风险。为了进一步保护青藏高原生态安全屏障功能，建议优化调整自然保护地空间格局，建立以国家公园群为主体的自然保护地体系和加快实施青藏高原生态安全屏障保护修复工程。 相似文献
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健全国家公园治理体系，是中国高质量建设世界最大国家公园体系的必然要求。文章基于多年国家公园、国家公园体制试点区和候选区调研，剖析了当前中国国家公园治理面临的主要挑战和问题；在中国国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的总体逻辑下，借鉴国际上区域性、流域性公共物品和国家公园善治经验，提出建立统筹决策机制、管理执行机制、科学决策与咨询机制、社会参与机制“四位一体”的中国国家公园治理体系理论框架。在此基础上，提出了深化中国国家公园治理体系改革的5项建议：（1）建立统筹决策机制，破解国家公园建设面临的统筹协调难题；（2）深化管理体制改革，建立职责明确、依法行政国家公园政府治理体系；（3）健全多方全过程参与国家公园治理的制度体系，促进共建共治共享；（4）健全科学决策与咨询机制，促进科学决策、民主决策、依法决策；（5）拓宽国家公园空间治理范围，建立和谐共赢的园地关系。 相似文献
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我国国家公园体制试点的进展、问题与对策建议 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
建立国家公园体制是党的十八届三中全会提出的重点改革任务,是我国生态文明制度建设的重要内容。党的十九大提出"建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系",进一步明确了国家公园体制在我国生态文明体制改革中的重要地位。为了建立符合我国国情的国家公园体制方案,2015年起,我国陆续在10个试点区开展国家公园体制试点工作。文章是在深入调研的基础上,对试点区取得的进展进行了初步评估。结果显示,我国国家公园体制试点在保护地整合、国家公园立法、日常管理制度、集体土地的用途管制和社区发展机制等方面进行了积极探索,积累了一批可复制、可推广的经验。但由于试点承担着综合配套改革重任,同时受现行法律法规、管理体制、人才和科技支撑能力等制约,各试点区在自然资源确权登记、跨行政区管理机制、多元化资金保障机制、特许经营和协议保护制度等方面体制试点进展滞后。未来国家公园体制构建,一方面要进一步推动试点方案中未完成各项改革任务的落实,破解各方面制约;另一方面,为了建立健全体制机制,需启动相关配套改革,包括推动自然保护地体系优化和制度创新,开展自然保护地和国家公园立法,构建国家公园全民共建共享、多元共治、品牌增值和科学决策机制与治理体系。 相似文献
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中国国家公园体系构建方法研究——以自然保护区为例 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
中国保护地体系庞杂类型丰富,存在保护对象交叉、管理主体多头、功能定位不合理等诸多问题,因此理顺保护地体系是协调好保护与发展关系的重要内容。国家公园是一种承担自然生态资源保护和利用双重任务,能够有效协调保护与利用矛盾的保护地类型。基于国家公园内涵与功能定位的梳理,本文认为世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)保护地体系中的II类国家公园是对全球国家公园较为完整和准确的概括。将IUCN界定的国家公园入选条件归纳为面积适宜性、资源代表性、人类影响度和功能全面性,以此作为构建中国国家公园的基本标准。以中国自然保护区为例,逐条按照构建标准筛选出了55处面积不小于1 000hm2的国家级自然保护区作为中国国家公园备选单位。其中,对于人类影响程度的判定借助了Arc GIS工具与人类足迹指数数据集。 相似文献
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中国国家公园发展的路径选择:国际经验与案例研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国国家公园发展处于拐点时期,借鉴国际经验,剖析典型案例,探寻发展路径具有突出现实意义.从管理理念、管理体制、资金机制、经营机制四方面对世界上三种代表性国家公园模式的共同理念与“中国大陆首个国家公园”的比较表明,其管理制度和运行机制尚不是国际公认的国家公园模式.未来中国国家公园的发展,需要借鉴IUCN标准,重塑全国保护地体系;建立三级自然保护理事会及其法人治理模式,重构行政管理的条块格局;建立国家公园特许经营制度和相关者的利益保障机制;加大公共财政投入,分步实施,自然遗产逐步回归公益. 相似文献
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2021年,我国正式建立了第一批国家公园,标志着我国国家公园建设进入快速发展阶段。然而,我国国家公园基本上在已有自然保护地的基础上建立,仍存在治理模式单一、社区参与度较低、保护与发展矛盾较为突出等问题。“人与生物圈”计划是联合国教科文组织实施生物多样性和文化多样性保护的第一个旗舰项目,世界生物圈保护区是该计划的重要实施平台,在生物多样性保护、社区可持续发展、管理治理模式探索、定期评估等方面积累了大量有益经验。文章系统总结了世界生物圈保护区的理论和实践,并结合我国国家公园实际情况提出加强传统文化融合运用、提高社区参与、探索多元治理、推进可持续发展、规范综合评估等方面的对策建议,以期为我国国家公园建设、管理提供参考与借鉴。 相似文献
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中国国际保护地资源代表性与国家公园建设 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
国际保护地是在国际上具有独特价值或突出意义的区域,其保护的资源在国际上具有代表性,而中国国家公园建设的主要目的是保护具有国家代表性的自然生态系统,两者在保护对象上存在一定的相似性,研究国际保护地的代表性资源,可为国家公园的建设提供资源层面的参考。本文以中国的联合国教科文组织世界生物圈保护区、世界地质公园、世界遗产地为研究对象,从建设目的和保护对象方面剖析其资源属性,并对122处国际保护地的建设现状、代表性资源进行梳理,分析资源代表性应具备的特征。研究结果表明：国际保护地的资源代表性体现在生态系统的典型性、特有物种的唯一性、地质资源的科学价值、景观的美学价值、文化遗产的象征性5个方面,在资源管理上通过定期评估考核的方式保障资源的公益性利用。国际保护地的代表性资源可为国家公园的建设和选取提供参考,具有国家代表性的文化资源可作为国家公园建设的特色内容,在资源管理上应注重培养和提高公众的国家公园公益性意识。 相似文献
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欧盟Natura 2000自然保护地网络覆盖欧盟近19%的陆地与10%的海洋,在保护生物多样性和提升区域社会经济福祉中发挥了重要作用,被誉为全球最成功的跨国自然保护地网络。其成功经验主要体现在5个方面：（1）通过区域性生物多样性保护立法,促进成员国依法履约、推动自然保护地网络建设;（2）在欧盟决议流程基础上,建立了多元主体全过程参与的决策执行机制,提升了决策的科学性和多方参与的积极性;（3）基于全域视角推动战略规划,提高了保护地网络的连通性和空间布局的合理性;（4）统筹区域发展目标,开发多元资金渠道,以资金申请考核制度促进保护地管理计划的科学制定与有效执行;（5）标准化记录保护地数据并公开共享,助力科学研究及管理模式创新。这些经验对全球生物多样性合作治理路径和模式的选择、中国引领推动全球生物多样性治理战略和政策的制定、中国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设和优化具有重要借鉴意义。 相似文献
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Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
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A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
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Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
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Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
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Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
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Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
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Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
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Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):83-96
The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests. 相似文献