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1.
Abstract

Head rotation, shoulder extension and rotation, ankle plantar and dorsiflexion, hip flexion, and sit and reach (SR) scores were examined in 41 women and 39 men, aged 45–75 years. The SR gave more reproducible data than the other measurements (intraclass test/retest correlation over 8 months, r = .83). SR scores were independent of standing height (r 2 = .068) but were greater in women (p < .002). The flexibility at all joints was less than reported for young adults. There were age-related decreases of flexibility scores for the head and shoulder joints (p < .01), with a parallel trend (p < .05) for ankle plantar flexion and SR scores (the last only after inclusion of an age-gender interaction term). A principal components analysis identified three factors (tentatively identified as general trunk, ankle, and shoulder flexibility) accounting for 55.9% of total variance. SR scores had a moderate correlation with the first factor (r = .61) but only weak correlations with the second and third. Although the SR test is the most reliable simple instrument, it provides only limited information about the flexibility at other joints in an older population.  相似文献   

2.
The accuracy of video analysis of the passive straight-leg raise test (PSLR) and the validity of the sit-and-reach test (SR) were tested in 60 men and women. Computer software measured static hip-joint flexion accurately. High within-session reliability of the PSLR was demonstrated (R > .97). Test-retest (separate days) reliability for SR was high in men (R = .97) and women R = .98) moderate for PSLR in men (R = .79) and women (R = .89). SR validity (PSLR as criterion) was higher in women (Day 1, r = .69; Day 2, r = .81) than men (Day 1, r = .64; Day 2, r = .66). In conclusion, video analysis is accurate and feasible for assessing static joint angles, PSLR and SR tests are very reliable methods for assessing flexibility, and the SR validity for hamstring flexibility was found to be moderate in women and low in men.  相似文献   

3.
The accuracy of video analysis of the passive straight-leg raise test (PSLR) and the validity of the sit-and-reach test (SR) were tested in 60 men and women. Computer software measured static hip-joint flexion accurately. High within-session reliability of the PSLR was demonstrated (R > .97). Test-retest (separate days) reliability for SR was high in men (R = .97) and women R = .98) moderate for PSLR in men (R = .79) and women (R = .89). SR validity (PSLR as criterion) was higher in women (Day 1, r = .69; Day 2, r = .81) than men (Day 1, r = .64; Day 2, r = .66). In conclusion, video analysis is accurate and feasible for assessing static joint angles, PSLR and SR tests are very reliable methods for assessing flexibility, and the SR validity for hamstring flexibility was found to be moderate in women and low in men.  相似文献   

4.
In this study, we examined the relationship between upper limb joint movements and horizontal racket head velocity to clarify joint movements for developing racket head speed during tennis serving. Sixty-six male tennis players were videotaped at 200 Hz using two high-speed video cameras while hitting high-speed serves. The contributions of each joint rotation to horizontal racket velocity were calculated using vector cross-products between the angular velocity vectors of each joint movement and relative position vectors from each joint to the racket head. Major contributors to horizontal racket head velocity at ball impact were shoulder internal rotation (41.1%) and wrist palmar flexion (31.7%). The contribution of internal rotation showed a significant positive correlation with horizontal racket head velocity at impact (r = 0.490, P < 0.001), while the contribution of palmar flexion showed a significant negative correlation (r = - 0.431, P < 0.001). The joint movement producing the difference in horizontal racket head velocity between fast and slow servers was shoulder internal rotation, and angular velocity of shoulder internal rotation must be developed to produce a high racket speed.  相似文献   

5.
This study examined the effect of diamond deloading tape on medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle behaviour during exercise in healthy adults (n = 27). A randomised cross-over trial assessed the effect of tape (no-tape, sham-tape and deload-tape) on ankle and MG fascicle kinematics during three heel raise-lower exercises [double leg (DL), single leg (SL) and loaded single leg (LSL)]. There was no effect of tape on standing fascicle length (FL) or pennation angle (PA), or ankle or knee joint angle. There was a significant effect of tape on ankle kinematics for all exercises. Both the deload-tape and sham-tape resulted in less ankle plantar flexion but had no effect on dorsiflexion. There was a significant effect of tape on FL change for the SL and LSL exercise. Compared to no-tape, the deload-tape resulted in less fascicle shortening during ankle plantar flexion, and more fascicle lengthening during ankle dorsiflexion. For the LSL exercise, deload-tape caused MG fascicles to operate at longer lengths, for a given joint angle. Diamond taping, with or without added tension, has only a small effect on ankle and MG fascicle kinematics during the heel raise-lower exercise. With the exception of the LSL exercise, both tape conditions resulted in similar changes in the FL-angle relations.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

The problems of this study were to investigate the interrelationship of selected functional and body form measures, and to examine the differences between groups varying in activity levels. The volunteers for the study, 35 college women, were placed in activity groups termed “most active” and “least active” according to their response on an activity history-recall questionnaire. Functional measures included strength and flexibility. Strength was measured with a cable tensiometer and followed the procedures outlined by H. H. Clarke. Flexibility was measured using a Leighton Flexometer. Body form measures included height, weight, percent body fat, fat free body weight, specific gravity, and ponderal index. The range, mean, and standard deviation were computed for all parameters. The Pearson product-moment correlation was employed to determine interrelationships of all variables. Equality of variances among selected parameters was determined by the F test; Cochran-Cox and two sample t tests were used to determine the equality of means among selected parameters in the activity groups. Significant differences at the .05 level were found between the means of weight, fat free body weight, trunk extension flexibility, with the most active group exhibiting higher values. The least active group showed significantly greater shoulder extension flexibility, shoulder inward rotation flexibility, and ankle flexion flexibility.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine if angular displacement between the calcaneus and the midline of the lower leg while running is related to shin splints. A secondary purpose was to compare the strength and flexibility of ankle-joint plantar flexion, dorsal flexion, inversion, and eversion of shin-splint-injured and non-shin-splint-injured subjects. Two groups of conditioned female athletes were randomly selected to participate in this study. One group had a previous history of chronic shin splints, and the other group had no history of shin-splint injury. Angular displacement between the calcaneus and the midline of the lower leg was measured from motion picture film (100 frames/second) taken while the subjects were running at two speeds, 3m/second and 5m/second. A cable tensiometer was used to measure plantar flexion, dorsal flexion, and inversion and eversion strength at the ankle joint; and a goniometer was used to measure the flexibility of the plantar flexors, dorsiflexors, invertors, and evertors at the ankle joint. The results indicated that a shin-splint-injured leg had greater angular displacement between the calcaneus and the midline of the lower leg than a healthy leg, and that shoes and speed of running had an influence upon the amount of angular displacement. In addition, the muscular strength of the plantar flexor muscle was greater in the shin-splint subjects than in the non-shin-splint subjects.  相似文献   

8.
Kinetics and kinematics analysis of incremental cycling to exhaustion   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Technique changes in cyclists are not well described during exhaustive exercise. Therefore the aim of the present study was to analyze pedaling technique during an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Eleven cyclists performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Pedal force and joint kinematics were acquired during the last three stages of the test (75%, 90% and 100% of the maximal power output). Inverse dynamics was conducted to calculate the net joint moments at the hip, knee and ankle joints. Knee joint had an increased contribution to the total net joint moments with the increase of workload (5-8% increase, p < 0.01). Total average absolute joint moment and knee joint moment increased during the test (25% and 39%, for p < 0.01, respectively). Increases in plantar flexor moment (32%, p < 0.01), knee (54%, p < 0.01) and hip flexor moments (42%, p = 0.02) were found. Higher dorsiflexion (2%, for p = 0.03) and increased range of motion (19%, for p = 0.02) were observed for the ankle joint. The hip joint had an increased flexion angle (2%, for p < 0.01) and a reduced range of motion (3%, for p = 0.04) with the increase of workload. Differences in joint kinetics and kinematics indicate that pedaling technique was affected by the combined fatigue and workload effects.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

We examined the association between footfall pattern and characteristics of lower limb muscle function and compared lower limb muscle function between forefoot and rearfoot runners. Fifteen rearfoot and 16 forefoot runners were evaluated using ultrasonography of the gastrocnemii and tibialis anterior while strike index and heel strike angle quantified footfall pattern. Higher strike index was associated with lower medial gastrocnemius echo intensity (p = 0.05), lower lateral gastrocnemius echo intensity (p = 0.04), smaller tibialis anterior pennation angle (p = 0.05), and longer lateral gastrocnemius fascicle length (p = 0.04). Larger heel strike angle was associated with smaller medial gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (p = 0.04), shorter lateral gastrocnemius fascicle length (p < 0.01), and lower plantar flexion moment (p < 0.01). Larger plantar flexion moment was associated with lesser medial gastrocnemius echo intensity (p = 0.04), lesser lateral gastrocnemius echo intensity (p = 0.03), and greater lateral gastrocnemius fascicle length (p = 0.02). A smaller plantar flexion moment, larger heel strike angle, lower tibialis anterior echo intensity, larger tibialis anterior pennation angle, and smaller lateral gastrocnemius pennation angle were observed in rearfoot compared to forefoot runners (p < 0.05). Lower limb muscle architecture is associated with footfall pattern and ankle mechanics during running.

Abbreviation: EMG: electromyographic; MG: medial gastrocnemius; LG: lateral gastrocnemius; TA: tibialis anterior; EI: echo intensity; CSA: cross-sectional area; PA: pennation angle; FL: fascicle length; FT: fat thickness  相似文献   

10.
The purpose of this study was to measure the contributions of the motions of body segments and joints to racquet head speed during the tennis serve. Nine experienced male players were studied using three-dimensional film analysis. Upper arm twist orientations were calculated with two alternative methods using joint centres and skin-attached markers. The results showed that skin-attached markers could not be used to calculate accurate upper arm twist orientations due to skin movement, and that the use of joint centres produced errors of more than 20 degrees in the upper arm twist orientation when the computed elbow flexion/extension angle exceeded 135 degrees in the final 0.03 s before impact. When there were large errors in the upper arm twist orientation, it was impossible to obtain accurate data for shoulder or elbow joint rotations about any axis. Considering only the contributors that could be measured within our standards of acceptable error, the approximate sequential order of main contributors to racquet speed between maximum knee flexion and impact was: shoulder external rotation, wrist extension, twist rotation of the lower trunk, twist rotation of the upper trunk relative to the lower trunk, shoulder abduction, elbow extension, ulnar deviation rotation, a second twist rotation of the upper trunk relative to the lower trunk, and wrist flexion. The elbow extension and wrist flexion contributions were especially large. Forearm pronation made a brief negative contribution. Computed contributions of shoulder internal rotation, elbow extension and forearm pronation within the final 0.03 s before impact were questionable due to the large degree of elbow extension. Near impact, the combined contribution of shoulder flexion/extension and abduction/adduction rotations to racquet speed was negligible.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

In this study, a strength test for boys 9 through 12 years of age in grades 4, 5, and 6 was constructed based upon cable tension strength tests. From 18 cable tension strength tests, the following four were selected by multiple correlation procedures: shoulder extension, trunk extension, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion (ankle extension). The total of these four tests was designated the strength composite. Norms were prepared based on age and weight, utilizing Roger's method in the construction of Strength Index norms; the subjects were 826 boys from ten communities located in various parts of Oregon. A strength quotient was derived by dividing the achieved by the norm strength composite and multiplying by 100.  相似文献   

12.
An articulated boot design is commonly used in skiing and skating sports because it allows sagittal plane ankle mobility while still providing critical frontal plane stability. Although articulated boots have been in use for several decades, current manufacturers of these boots differ in their articulation placement. In this study we determined an optimal position of the ankle articulation axis. We also calculated the amount of anterior skin movement that a boot tongue must account for during a full range of ankle motion. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected and analyzed from 40 participants moving their right foot through a full range of sagittal plane motion. The calculated horizontal position of the articulation axis was found to be highly predictable from foot length (r = 0.87, standard error of estimate = 3.44 mm), while its vertical component displayed less predictability (r = 0.49, standard error of estimate = 7.46 mm). The expansion required by the boot tongue had a moderate association with foot length and low variability (r = 0.58, standard error of estimate = 0.07 mm). An accurate axis placement will minimize relative motion between the boot cuff and the ankle, reducing friction and motion resistance. An expandable tongue will accommodate full plantar flexion and reduce pressure on the anterior ankle during dorsiflexion, eliminating common pressure-related injuries.  相似文献   

13.
目的:探讨我国优秀花样游泳运动员功能性动作能力与力量素质的相关性,分析功能动作筛查测试与力量素质测试结果存在的内在联系,从专项视角探讨花样游泳运动项目的训练策略并提出建议。方法:选取国家花样游泳队14名健将级运动员为研究对象,对其进行FMS、握力、上肢力量、股内收肌群力量、躯干核心耐力、下肢爆发力测试,并对测试结果进行相关性分析。结果:1)14名花样游泳运动员FMS测试平均得分为15.21分,有5人测试得分低于运动损伤高风险的临界值(14分);2)FMS测试总分与Keiser坐姿上推(偏相关系数=0.622,P<0.05)、45°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(偏相关系数=0.652,P<0.05)、90°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(偏相关系数=0.746,P<0.01)均呈正相关;3)直线弓步蹲与Keiser坐姿上推(偏相关系数=0.711,P<0.05)、无反向纵跳(偏相关系数=0.661,P<0.05)、有反向纵跳(偏相关系数=0.614,P<0.05)和40 cm跳深跳高(偏相关系数=0.754,P<0.01)均呈正相关;肩部灵活性测试得分与Keiser下蹲上推(偏相关系数=0.575,P<0.05)、45°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(偏相关系数=0.585,P<0.05)以及90°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(r=0.867,P<0.01)均呈正相关,与仰桥耐力呈负相关(偏相关系数=0.701,P<0.05);旋转稳定性与40 cm跳深跳高呈正相关(偏相关系数=0.575,P<0.05)。结论:我国优秀花样游泳运动员髋关节主动灵活性和臀大肌-髂胫束联合等肌群的主动柔韧性较好,但存在膝关节、髋关节稳定性差、躯干核心区肌群控制力不足等问题,受主导臂和主导腿均为右侧影响,运动员身体两侧不平衡明显。运动员FMS测试得分并不能全面反映其力量素质的高低,FMS测试得分与部分力量素质测试结果存在相关性,可能与两种测试均涉及同一动力链结构系统肌群的协同工作和动作存在做功类型的相似性有关。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine if critical parameters for elite performance could be identified among a population of female shot putters. The performance of seven of the top women shot putters competing at the 2002 USA National Championships was examined. Video data were captured using two Panasonic 60 Hz cameras and the best throws of each athlete were digitized and analyzed using a Peak Motus three‐dimensional motion analysis system. Thirty variables were examined for their effect on the distance of the throw. Correlation analysis indicated that measured distance was positively correlated with release speed (r = 0.97, p < 0.0003) and shoulder‐hip separation (r = 0.72, p < 0.06) and negatively correlated with release angle (r = ‐0.74, p < 0.056), rear knee angle at rear foot touchdown (r = ‐0.93, p < 0.003) and rear knee angle at release (r = ‐0.76, p < 0.047). Greater knee flexion angle at both rear foot touch down and release along with a neutral shoulder‐hip angle at release were identified as the most critical parameters for success among this sample of elite women shot putters. The unique observation about the knee positions at specific events should assist in new training and coaching developments.  相似文献   

15.
Skiing‐Skating     
An articulated boot design is commonly used in skiing and skating sports because it allows sagittal plane ankle mobility while still providing critical frontal plane stability. Although articulated boots have been in use for several decades, current manufacturers of these boots differ in their articulation placement. In this study we determined an optimal position of the ankle articulation axis. We also calculated the amount of anterior skin movement that a boot tongue must account for during a full range of ankle motion. Three‐dimensional kinematic data were collected and analyzed from 40 participants moving their right foot through a full range of sagittal plane motion. The calculated horizontal position of the articulation axis was found to be highly predictable from foot length (r = 0.87, standard error of estimate = 3.44 mm), while its vertical component displayed less predictability (r = 0.49, standard error of estimate = 7.46 mm). The expansion required by the boot tongue had a moderate association with foot length and low variability (r = 0.58, standard error of estimate = 0.07 mm). An accurate axis placement will minimize relative motion between the boot cuff and the ankle, reducing friction and motion resistance. An expandable tongue will accommodate full plantar flexion and reduce pressure on the anterior ankle during dorsiflexion, eliminating common pressure‐related injuries.  相似文献   

16.
Kinematic measurements conducted during bike set-ups utilise either static or dynamic measures. There is currently limited data on reliability of static and dynamic measures nor consensus on which is the optimal method. The aim of the study was to assess the difference between static and dynamic measures of the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow. Nineteen subjects performed three separate trials for a 10-min duration at a fixed workload (70% of peak power output). Static measures were taken with a standard goniometer (GM), an inclinometer (IM) and dynamic three-dimensional motion capture (3DMC) using an eight camera motion capture system. Static and dynamic joint angles were compared over the three trials to assess repeatability of the measurements and differences between static and dynamic values. There was a positive correlation between GM and IM measures for all joints. Only the knee, shoulder and elbow were positively correlated between GM and 3DMC, and IM and 3DMC. Although all three instruments were reliable, 3D motion analysis utilised different landmarks for most joints and produced different means. Changes in knee flexion angle from static to dynamic are attributable to changes in the positioning of the foot. Controlling for this factor, the differences are negated. It was demonstrated that 3DMC is not interchangeable with GM and IM, and it is recommended that 3DMC develop independent reference values for bicycle configuration.  相似文献   

17.
Twenty male judo players (10 black belt; 10 novice) executed the major outer leg reap, osoto-gari, with maximal effort. Each throw was recorded within the two-dimensional sagittal plane using a 60 Hz video camera. Kinematic data that best described the power of the 'tori's' (thrower's) sweeping leg and the velocity of the 'uke's' (recipient's) falling body were analysed using a Peak Performance Technologies Inc. Motus system. Data from black belt and novice groups were statistically analysed using a one-way MANOVA (p = .05). Statistical analysis found only two variables for the 'tori' (peak angular velocity of the trunk; TTRK, and peak angular velocity of the ankle; TANK) to be significantly different. Large TTRK values for the black belt group indicated a proficient ability to create large momentum on the upper body of the 'uke'. Significantly larger differences in trunk rotation velocities of the 'uke' by the black belt group reinforced this notion. These differences were attributed to good upper body to upper body contact or impact, which is considered an important aspect of the 'osoto-gari'. Significant differences in TANK values stressed the importance of executing plantar flexion near sweep contact. The results emphasised the importance of using the sweeping leg in a sequential kinetic link motion rather than as a single rigid segment.  相似文献   

18.
跳远运动员专项成绩与专项身体素质相关关系的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
对我国 10名男子跳远运动员的专项成绩、专项身体素质以及下肢髋、膝和踝 3大关节等速屈伸肌力矩等指标进行测试。通过相关分析探讨了跳远运动员专项身体素质、下肢力量水平与专项成绩之间的关系 ,发现髋关节屈伸肌肌力、膝关节屈伸肌肌力和伸肌的离心肌力以及踝关节的跖屈肌力与跳远成绩相关  相似文献   

19.
采用德国IsoMed 2000等速肌力测试仪,对17名健将（健将组）和18名一级（一级组）男子举重运动员进行双侧髋、膝和踝关节60°/s、120°/s、180°/s和240°/s向心、离心（每种角速度5次）测试。探讨优秀男子举重运动员下肢关节不同角速度等速肌力的特征,比较健将与一级组间差异,对健将组下肢关节相对峰力矩与相对专项成绩进行Pearson相关分析,并建立抓、挺举与峰力矩多元线性回归方程。结果显示,优秀男子举重运动员的髋关节相对伸爆发力与相对抓举呈高度显著正相关,髋关节中速（120°/s）、膝踝关节相对伸爆发力与相对抓举呈中度显著正相关,而踝关节相对屈绝对力呈中度显著负相关;髋关节相对伸爆发力与相对挺举呈高度显著正相关,左膝（挺举弓步腿）相对中速（120°/s）、爆发力和踝关节相对爆发力与相对挺举呈中度显著正相关。  相似文献   

20.
Muscle utilisation in squat exercise depends on technique. The purpose of this study was to compare net joint moments (NJMs) and muscle activation during squats without and with restricted leg dorsiflexion. Experienced men (n = 5) and women (n = 4) performed full squats at 80% one repetition maximum. 3D motion analysis, force platform and (EMG) data were collected. Restricting anterior leg rotation reduced anterior leg (P = 0.001) and posterior thigh (P < 0.001) rotations, resulting in a smaller knee flexion range of motion (P < 0.001). At maximum squat depth, ankle plantar flexor (P < 0.001) and knee extensor (P < 0.001) NJM were higher in unrestricted squats. Hip extensor NJM (P = 0.14) was not different between squat types at maximum squat depth. Vastus lateralis (P > 0.05), vastus medialis (P > 0.05) and rectus femoris (P > 0.05) EMG were not different between squat types. Unrestricted squats have higher ankle plantar flexor and knee extensor NJM than previously reported from jumping and landing. However, ankle plantar flexor and knee extensor NJM are lower in restricted squats than previous studies of jumping and landing. The high NJM in unrestricted squat exercise performed through a full range of motion suggests this squat type would be more effective to stimulate adaptations in the lower extremity musculature than restricted squats.  相似文献   

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