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1.
Flora Panteli Athanasia Smirniotou Apostolos Theodorou 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(12):1116-1123
The purpose of the study was to investigate possible changes at step pattern and technical performance of the long jump approach run in seven young long jumpers by modifying the performance environment (long jump runway versus track lane) and the nested actions (run-through with take-off versus complete long jump). Our findings suggest that the step pattern and technical aspects of the approach run are affected by environmental context and nested task constraints. In terms of environmental context, it appears that practising the training routine of run-through followed by take-off on the long jump runway allows athletes to simulate competition conditions in terms of step regulation and technical efficacy. The task of run-through followed by take-off on the track lane failed to initiate visual perception, step regulation and technical efficiency at the steps preceding the instant of take-off. In terms of nested task constraints, when run-ups were followed by jump for distance instead of only a take-off, a higher level of consistency was achieved and step regulation was based on perception–action coupling. Practising long jump run-up accuracy at a setting not containing the informational elements of the performance environment fails to develop the key elements of the skill. 相似文献
2.
龙跃玉 《上海体育学院学报》2008,32(2):76-82
运用文献资料法、特尔菲法、运动生物力学测量法和数理统计法,对男子跳远运动员起跳力量训练方法进行定量研究。结果表明:8步助跑跳远、4步助跑5级单足跳、4步助跑5级跨步跳、起跳腿跳深摸高、起跳腿跳深跳远等5项练习被公认为发展跳远起跳力量的方法;8步助跑跳远、4步助跑单足跳、4步助跑5级跨步跳是与跳远专项非常接近的专项力量训练方法;跳深跳远练习可以促进运动员提高积极着板起跳技术。 相似文献
3.
为了探讨短距离助跑跳远这一练习方法的运动生物力学意义，本文对跳远运动员的短距离助跑和全程助跑跳远进行高速摄影和三维测力的同步测试．并通过对其分析和研究，结果表明：１）短距离助跑与全程助跑的水平速度、跳跃距离之差约为１０％；２）起跳时间和力作用于垂直方向的时间比全程助跑长；３）腾起角度大于全程助跑；４）身体重心腾起高度和滞空时间与全程助跑相同。 相似文献
4.
Research to date has demonstrated the importance of running speed and an accurate take-off on gymnastics vaulting performance (Krug et al., 1998; Bohne et al., 2000). Current training practice for gymnastics vaulting is to stereotype the 15-25 m run-ups to the board, which assumes that a fast and reliable approach is best controlled predominantly without visual feedback. Incidences where gymnasts make errors during their run-ups, often landing onto the back of the board, occur frequently, even at the international level. The standard deviation method (e.g. Lee et al., 1982) for identifying visual regulation in long jump run-ups was employed in this first exploration of gymnastics vaulting to examine whether visual regulation processes are utilised. Secondly, the question of how a small number of gymnasts can run fast during the approach and perform more difficult vaults was addressed. Five elite female gymnasts aged 13-15 years performed five round-off entry vaults. One panning 50 Hz video camera recorded each trial from an elevated platform to evaluate the approach step, hurdle, and round-off characteristics, whilst two 250 Hz cameras recorded vaulting performance. Two qualified judges viewed each vaulting trial and provided a performance score. A precursor for a fast take-off from the board when vaulting is to utilise vision early to control the approach kinematics (p = 0.02). High take-off velocity was directly related to judge's score (p = 0.03). Coaches need to supplement gymnasts' vault training to include exercises that improve the gymnasts' ability to visually regulate their gait pattern whilst running. 相似文献
5.
根据世界男子跳远运动的现状,对当今世界男子跳远运动员的技术特点进行了概括地总结和分析,得出现代优秀男子跳远运动员技术有助跑距离进一步延长,助跑速度进一步加快,攻板阶段步频进一步加快,合理的助跑速度利用率,起跳速度快,摆动作用更为突出,起跳蹬伸时机早,适宜的腾起角度等特征。 相似文献
6.
Koyama H Muraki Y Ae M 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2006,5(2):139-153
We investigated the immediate effects of the combined use of inclined and raised flat boards on the take-off motion of the long jump. Eight male long jumpers were videotaped with two high-speed video cameras (250 Hz) set perpendicular to the runway. The athletes jumped with three modified take-off boards: upward-inclined boards of two different inclinations (2.5 and 5.0 degrees), and a raised flat board (50 mm high). The jumpers performed pre- and post-jumps using their own techniques before and after use of the boards to test their effects. The post- jump revealed significantly less reduction in the horizontal velocity during the take-off than the pre-jump, and the effectiveness of converting the velocity from horizontal to vertical increased significantly in the post-jump. The post-jump demonstrated significantly less knee flexion of the take-off leg during take-off. The reduced knee flexion and slower extension velocity of the take-off leg in the second phase of the post-jump contributed to increasing the knee extension torque in the second phase and resulted in the increases in vertical ground reaction force and vertical velocity. These results suggest that the combined use of the inclined and raised flat boards induced immediate effective changes in the kinematics and kinetics of the take-off motion and represent appropriate training tools for take-off techniques of the long jump. 相似文献
7.
我国男子跳远运动水平落后原因剖析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对中外优秀男子跳远运动员的比较分析发现,我国优秀跳远运动员身高普遍偏低;助跑绝对速度能力存在一定的差距;起跳瞬间水平速度损失较小,但垂直分速度过低,导致腾起角太小,影响了起跳效果.选材中注意选拔身材较高且具有较大速度潜力的运动员,同时在训练中倾向于发展跳远运动员在快速助跑中的起跳能力,是我国男子跳远运动在理论和实践中努力的方向. 相似文献
8.
目的:通过分析我国优秀男子跳台滑雪运动员实地起跳阶段运动学、起跳运动模式等指标,探究影响我国男子跳台滑雪运动员飞行距离的主要起跳因素。方法:1)选择8名我国男子跳台滑雪运动员作为研究对象,在日本长野县白马村K90跳台训练基地采集3次起跳阶段二维运动学数据,采用广义估计模型(GEE)分析影响飞行距离的实地起跳阶段运动学因素。2)截取平昌冬奥会排名前10的男子跳台滑雪选手决赛起跳阶段视频数据,采用单因素方差分析研究国内外运动员起跳阶段特定时刻肢体角度差异。3)实验室内使用1台Z camera高速摄像机和1块Kistler 9281EA测力台采集运动员静蹲跳(squat jump,SJ)、反向跳(countermovement jump,CMJ)、模拟跳跃(imitation jump,IJ)、下落跳(drop jump,DJ)的动力学及运动学数据,采用Pearson相关分析检验实验室内运动学及动力学指标与飞行距离间的相关性。结果:1)在实地起跳阶段运动学方面,起跳起始时刻躯干与助滑道夹角、小腿与助滑道夹角、髋关节角、膝关节角,以及起跳阶段的髋关节峰值角速度、膝关节平均角速度、起跳结束时刻膝关节角及髋关节角为飞行距离的影响因素(P<0.05)。2)在起跳阶段运动模式及力量特点方面,IJ重心最低处膝外翻指数(r=0.731)、DJ膝外翻最小值(r=0.713)、CMJ起跳阶段地面反作用力峰值(r=0.710)、CMJ蹬伸冲量(r=0.752)、SJ(r=0.723)及CMJ起跳峰值功率(r=0.762)均与飞行距离呈正相关。3)对比国内外运动员起跳阶段特定时刻肢体角度发现,国外优秀运动员起跳起始时刻小腿与助滑道夹角(53.54°±3.14°)显著小于我国运动员(57.62°±4.62°),出台瞬间小腿与助滑道夹角(58.22°±2.13°)显著小于我国运动员(65.59°±3.84°),大腿与助滑道夹角(73.28°±6.15°)显著大于我国运动员(58.77°±3.16°),起跳阶段结束时刻髋关节角度(175.23°±1.96°)显著大于我国运动员(156.37°±13.13°)。结论:我国跳台滑雪运动员起跳阶段起跳起始时刻应尽量降低身体重心以减少阻力,并适当提高膝关节角来提高出台后肢体伸展程度。起跳过程中提高膝关节蹬伸力量,同时适当降低髋关节伸展速度,避免风阻对躯干造成不利影响。室内及实地训练过程中,应在提升蹬伸爆发力的同时避免膝关节过度外翻,提高蹬伸力量及传递效率。 相似文献
9.
10.
Koyama H Muraki Y Ae M 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2005,4(2):113-129
In this study, we investigated the effects of inclined and raised flat boards on the take-off motion of the long jump to determine the effectiveness of these boards as training tools. Eight male long jumpers were videotaped with two high-speed video cameras (250 Hz) set perpendicular to the runway. Four different jumps were performed with in four conditions, all with their medium length run-up: a long jump with their normal technique, long jumps on upward inclined boards of two different inclinations (2.5 and 5.0 degrees), and a long jump on a raised flat board (0 degrees, 50 mm). The raised flat board enhanced the pivot of the body over the take-off foot, and reduced flexion of the take-off leg knee. However, the inclined boards did not produce the same effects as the raised flat board. The use of the inclined boards increased the vertical velocity of the centre of mass of the body at toe-off, resulting in increased airborne time. These results suggest that the raised flat board and inclined boards would be effective in improving long jumpers' techniques during the take-off and airborne phases. 相似文献
11.
运用多刚体模型及现代计算机仿真技术,探讨人体在不同姿势下踏板所引起的跳远远度的变化特征,以寻找最佳的起跳着板姿势。结果表明:着板时小腿的姿态角、膝关节角不同组合可以使人体获得相同的远度,故仅凭着板角的大小来衡量着板技术的优劣显然是不合理的;跳远踏跳着板时刻、人体各环节姿态角对跳远距离的影响作用大小并不一致,其重要性排序依次为踏跳腿小腿的姿态角最重要,其次是踏跳腿的膝角,而躯干斜角、大腿夹角及摆动腿的膝角对跳远距离的影响相对较小;运动员在跳远踏跳着板时刻,一定存在一个最佳的踏跳腿膝关节角和小腿与地面的夹角,以这种方式上板,可获得最大的跳远距离。 相似文献
12.
中外优秀男子跳远选手起跳阶段技术对比 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
张新 《上海体育学院学报》2000,24(3):67-69,72
运用文献资料和比较分析的研究方法,对中外优秀男子跳远选手起跳阶段的技术进行研究。结果表明,我国选手的技术差距并非是水平速度损失率大,相反速度的利用率明显优于外国优秀选手;而起跳角度偏小。起跳腾起垂直速度慢等问题,是影响我国优秀男子跳远选手提高成绩的关键。 相似文献
13.
张妮 《西安体育学院学报》2005,(Z1)
深入探讨远运动最佳腾起角的运动生物力学公式,分析了身体垂直速度、水平助跑速度利用率与最佳腾起角和跳远成绩的关系。以理论和大量技术数据为依据,指出起跳时身体垂直速度利用率对跳远成绩起着至关重要的作用。 相似文献
14.
背越式跳高助跑起跳衔接技术原理及其训练 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
阳国诚 《武汉体育学院学报》2005,39(6):87-88,95
运用背越式跳高运动学参数,构建了国内外优秀背越式跳高运动员助跑起跳动作技术模型。借鉴力学理论,对背越式跳高助跑起跳及其衔接技术原理进行了分析研究,并提出了背越式跳高快速助跑起跳训练的练习手段。 相似文献
15.
通过对参加2004年5月在石家庄举行的全国田径锦标赛暨奥运会选拔赛女子跳远决赛中成绩前6名运动员起跳技术影片的解析,并与世界优秀跳远运动员起跳有关环节运动学参数的对比发现,我国运动员在起跳中具有良好的弹性,起跳蹬伸技术比较成熟,但起跳扇面角不够理想。在助跑中绝对速度较低,而垂直速度和腾起角接近世界水平,说明我国运动员起跳时垂直分速度占腾起初速度的份额较世界优秀运动员大,她们的腾起角与腾起初速度并不完全匹配,原因是一味追求腾起角度而忽略了水平速度的作用。 相似文献
16.
助跑技术是跳远技术的重要组成部分之一,助跑的准确性又是影响跳远成绩稳定发挥的关键因素。采用文献资料、实验、数据统计等研究方法,从助跑距离的确定,改善初始助跑节奏,对提高中学生跳远助跑准确性进行了研究,结果显示跳远助跑运用标记法教学效果优于传统教学法,为中学生跳远的教学和训练提供参考依据。 相似文献
17.
The long jump has been widely studied in recent years. Two models exist in the literature which define the relationship between selected variables that affect performance. Both models suggest that the critical phase of the long jump event is the touch-down to take-off phase, as it is in this phase that the necessary vertical velocity is generated. Many three dimensional studies of the long jump exist, but the only studies to have reported detailed data on this phase were two-dimensional in nature. In these, the poor relationships obtained between key variables and performance led to the suggestion that there may be some relevant information in data in the third dimension. The aims of this study were to conduct a three-dimensional analysis of the touch-down to take-off phase in the long jump and to explore the interrelationships between key variables. Fourteen male long jumpers were filmed using three-dimensional methods during the finals of the 1994 (n = 8) and 1995 (n = 6) UK National Championships. Various key variables for the long jump were used in a series of correlational and multiple regression analyses. The relationships between key variables when correlated directly one-to-one were generally poor. However, when analysed using a multiple regression approach, a series of variables was identified which supported the general principles outlined in the two models. These variables could be interpreted in terms of speed, technique and strength. We concluded that in the long jump, variables that are important to performance are interdependent and can only be identified by using appropriate statistical techniques. This has implications for a better understanding of the long jump event and it is likely that this finding can be generalized to other technical sports skills. 相似文献
18.
跳远助跑速度变化对起跳效果的影响——国内外优秀运动员与我院选手的比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
程万才 《西安体育学院学报》2003,20(2):78-79
笔者采用高速摄影、影片解析、数理统计等方法对西安体育学院男子跳远运动员和国内外优秀选手助跑速度变化而影响起跳效果的因素进行比较研究。结果表明:跳远助跑各段落速度的变化对起跳效果及成绩产生很大影响;西安体育学院男子跳远运动员绝对速度低,起跳前两步速度、速度利用率呈下降趋势,影响起跳初速度;跳远起跳前一步的速度、速度利用率对提高起跳效果要比起跳前9—10m段的速度、速度利用率更具有实际意义。 相似文献
19.
The aims of this study were to determine: (1) the modes of action of selected muscles of the supporting leg during the take-off of a running long jump; (2) whether the instant at which maximum knee flexion is recorded is a valid indicator of the instant these muscles change their modes of action; and (3) the relationships between the actions of these muscles and the change in the vertical velocity of the centre of mass during the take-off. Eleven elite, female long jumpers performed six jumps from a full-length approach. A model of selected muscles of the jumping leg was developed to estimate muscle-tendon lengths from segment positions obtained using cinematography. Only half of the muscles exhibited a lengthening-shortening sequence of activity. The instant at which maximum knee flexion was recorded was a poor indicator of when the muscles changed from eccentric to concentric activity. The more the vasti muscles were stretched, the larger the gain in vertical velocity; the longer the triceps surae muscles at touchdown, the more they were stretched, and the faster they were stretched, the larger the gain in vertical velocity. Enhancement through use of the stretch-shortening cycle did not make a significant contribution to vertical velocity via the actions of the vasti and triceps surae muscles. 相似文献
20.
In this study, we investigated the adjustments to posture, kinematic and temporal characteristics of performance made by lower limb amputees during the last few strides in preparation for long jump take-off. Six male unilateral trans-femoral and seven male unilateral trans-tibial amputees competing in a World Championships final were filmed in the sagittal plane using a 100-Hz digital video camera positioned so that the last three strides to take-off were visible. After digitizing using a nine-segment model, a range of kinematic variables were computed to define technique characteristics. Both the trans-femoral and trans-tibial athletes appeared to achieve their reduction in centre of mass during the flight phase between strides, and did so mainly by extending the flight time by increasing stride length, achieved by a greater flexion of the hip joint of the touch-down leg. The trans-tibial athletes appeared to adopt a technique similar to that previously reported for able-bodied athletes. They lowered their centre of mass most on their second last stride (-1.6% of body height compared with -1.4% on the last stride) and used a flexed knee at take-off on the last stride, but they were less able to control their downward velocity at touch-down (-0.4 m x s(-1)). Both this and their restricted approach speed (8.9 m x s(-1) at touch-down), rather than technique limitations, influenced their jump performance. The trans-femoral athletes lowered their centre of mass most on the last stride (-2.3% of body height compared with -1.6% on the second last stride) and, as they were unable to flex their prosthetic knee sufficiently, achieved this by abducting their prosthetic leg during the support phase, which led to a large downward velocity at touch-down (-0.6 m x s(-1)). This, combined with their slower approach velocity (7.1 m x s(-1) at touch-down), restricted their performance. 相似文献