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国家实验室建设已成为我国推进创新型国家和科技强国建设的重要举措,迫切需要在管理体制机制上,特别是经费配置与管理方面进行革新。这不仅是我国国家实验室建设需要考虑的基本问题之一,也是国家实验室拟突破现有科研机构瓶颈的重要切入点。我国国家实验室建设的初级阶段迫切需要借鉴国际经验,而美国国家实验室管理与发展已较为成熟,具有重要借鉴意义。本文从财务管理视角切入,通过详细梳理美国国家实验室经费配置与管理特点,对我国拟筹建的国家实验室及科研机构经费配置与管理现状进行深入细致分析,旨在为建设我国国家实验室提出科学可行的建议。研究发现美国国家实验室以联邦政府资助为主的经费分配模式、全程多元监管体系、精准的绩效预算模式等卓有成效。建议我国国家实验室的经费配置遵循以任务为导向的原则,采用弹性制经费分配模式,完善管理程序和立法内容,辅以多元主体共同监督的模式,促使国家实验室经费配置与管理的规范化、制度化,进而提升经费的配置效率。 相似文献
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科技资源配置特别是科研经费配置是科技界、学术界和科研管理部门高度关注和研究的问题,抽签制的提出与应用丰富了科研项目资助的评审方法,有利于促进科研经费的公平分配和科学研究的繁荣发展。利用文献调研法及案例分析法总结归纳抽签制的原理及过程,分析其存在的合理性和使用的局限性,并对新西兰卫生研究理事会、德国大众基金会和瑞士国家科学研究基金会等三个具有代表性的科研机构抽签制进行详细梳理和分析,系统讨论抽签制的理论依据和应用现状。抽签制作为一种创新的科研资助评审方法,具有一定的科学性和适用性,但目前还处于少数国家、特定领域和小范围的试验阶段,未来发展还需广泛开展抽签制试点项目并评估作用效果,研究建立适合经费抽签制的政策制度,合理设置经费抽签制的申请准入门槛。 相似文献
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高等学校科研经费是高校开展科研工作的重要物质基础,是高等预算收入的主要来源之一。本文对高等学校在预算执行过程中存在的问题进行了具体分析,阐述了高等学校研究经费审计的主要内容,最后就如何开展高等学校科研经费审计提出了建议。 相似文献
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国家公共财政新型科学技术投入体系初探 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
针对现行国家公共财政科技投入体系存在基金设立分散、缺乏顶层设计、难以统领全局、效率低下等弊端,本文建议增设公共产品类科研的资金投入的拟成果购买制,使拟成果购买制、课题制和事业拨款制三制一体相互协同、取长补短、互为补充。并建议将国家自然科学基金转型并扩充为国家科学技术基金,以兼并利用公共财政特别是中央财政分散设立的大多数科技基金;将国家自然科学基金会转型并扩充为国家科学技术基金会,统筹公共财政对科技的资金投入、资源配置和管理。本文认为新体制具有统领全局、优势互补、提高效率、促进政府科技行政管理与科技资金专业化配置之间的分离以及促进项目、成果和专家的统一管理与全国共享等优越性。 相似文献
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The aim of this paper is to initiate a discussion about links between epistemic properties and institutional conditions for research by providing an exploratory analysis of such links featured by projects funded by the European Research Council (ERC). Our analysis identifies epistemic properties of research processes and links them to necessary and favourable conditions for research, and through these to institutional conditions provided by grants. Our findings enable the conclusion that there is research that is important for the progress of a field but is difficult to fund with common project grants. The predominance and standardisation of grant funding, which can be observed about many European countries, appears to reduce the chances of unconventional projects across all disciplines. Funding programmes of the ‘ERC-type’ (featuring large and flexible budgets, long time horizons, and risk-tolerant selection processes) constitute an institutional innovation because they enable such research. However, while the ERC funding and other new funding schemes for exceptional research attempt to cover these requirements, they are unlikely to suffice. 相似文献
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转化医学致力于促进基础研究与临床间的双向转化,促进医学的整体发展,提升人民生命健康水平,在国际医学研究中已占据了重要地位。我国发展转化医学还处于探索阶段,构建适宜转化医学的组织模式是亟须解决的问题,需要借鉴国外的成功经验。本文通过文献分析和案例分析的方法,在明确转化医学概念以及转化医学在医学创新链上位置的基础上,以德国健康研究中心、柏林健康研究所两类代表性转化医学机构为例,从组织管理架构、科研活动模式、经费资助模式、评价模式四个维度,深入分析联盟和单体机构两种模式的特征与优势。研究表明德国的两类转化医学机构具有不同的特点,但也具有一些共性：内部治理结构完整有效;科研活动遵循促成不同人员、不同转化环节协作的原则;经费主要来自政府资助,私人基金为重要补充;建立了突出转化医学特点的评价指标体系等。借鉴德国经验,本文从国家分类统筹、管理架构、人员合作、基础设施经费支持和评价机制等几个方面提出推进我国转化医学机构建设的若干建议。 相似文献
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Priority Setting and Resource Allocation in Australian Biomedical Research: Muddling with Some Skill
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(4):373-390
Examined here are models of resource allocation adopted by Australia's premier biomedical research funding council, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), since pressure to make research more 'relevant' has been exerted. For a council that disburses its funds chiefly to high-impact fundamental research, allocating resources to priority-driven research that contributes directly to population health and evidence-based health care is a challenging transition. It is contended that while the NHMRC has attempted to accommodate a 'rationalist' user-driven approach to resource allocation, it has moved only marginally away from a highly decentralised (investigator-driven) model to a mixed-mode system that resembles 'muddling with some skill'. 相似文献
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为提高我国生物医药科技成果转化率，缩短与美欧等国家和地区差距，推动生物医药产业快速向高能级发展，基于科技创新成果转化理论，从科技成果转化的流程、模式及其相关发展要素等方面对我国生物医药科技成果转化的制约因素进行全面分析，发现创新研发导向偏差、全国性知识网络转化不畅、专项资金支撑不足等是当前影响最为深刻的三大制约因素；据此提出应增强政府政策的针对性和实效性、提升国家创新体系的成果转化效能、全方位打造多层次科技成果转化金融体系等战略规划建议。 相似文献
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技术转移作为高校社会服务职能的重要体现形式，对高校科研活动究竟产生了何种影响是学术界关注的热点问题。本文以2008-2014年中国106所“211”及省部共建高校为样本，研究了高校技术转移对其论文产出和专利产出的影响效应，并对不同来源的科研资助（政府资助和企业资助）在高校技术转移与科研产出关系中的中介作用和调节作用分别进行了实证检验。结果表明：（1）高校技术转移对论文产出的影响不显著，而对专利产出具有显著正向影响；（2）高校技术转移对其获取政府资助和企业资助均具有显著的正向影响，政府资助和企业资助在高校技术转移与专利产出关系中发挥积极的中介作用；（3）政府资助对高校技术转移与论文产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用，而企业资助对高校技术转移与专利产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用。 相似文献
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为适应当前科研院所项目经费管理多元化和复杂化趋势,基于经费管理但并不局限于经费管理,设计研发一套以预算管理为目标、贯穿整个项目管理过程的科研经费管理系统,为科研院所的项目管理和经费管理实践提供方法参考。该系统包含业务模块、工作流引擎、定时任务、权限控制等功能模块。其中,可自定义工作流引擎作为整体系统的一部分,以状态控制流程、关联每个业务,具有根据业务数据模型建立审批模型并进行流程扩展、执行等系统功能。并以某研究院使用该系统作为案例分析,其通过系统的项目管理、预算控制、支出应用三大业务模块功能,大幅度提高科研项目审批效率,通过统一数据标准提高用户查询结果的准确率,并有助于多部门协同运作,使得项目进度得到实时监控,从而显著改善科研经费管理效果。 相似文献
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In many countries the scientific funding system is shifting from an internal block funding model toward a competitive project funding model. However, there is growing concern that the competitive project funding system favors relatively safe, conventional projects at the expense of risky, novel research. It is important to assess different funding models in order to design better funding systems for science. This paper empirically tests for differences in the novelty of funded outputs between internal block funding and competitive project funding, in the setting of Japan, where both funding models play a significant role. Combining survey data from a large sample of research projects in Japan and bibliometric information about the publications produced from these projects, we find that projects funded by competitive funds on average have higher novelty compared to those funded by internal block funds. However, such positive effects only hold for researchers with high status, such as senior and male researchers. In contrast, compared to internal block funding, competitive project funding has a negative relation to novelty for low status scientists (especially junior and female researchers). The findings suggest that the competitive project selection procedure is less receptive to novel ideas from researchers with low academic status and therefore discourages their novel research. These findings can serve as a warning about potential biases in competitive funding allocation procedures and suggest the importance of secure stable funding for allowing researchers with low status to pursue their novel ideas. 相似文献
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科技园的创新环境对园内企业绩效的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过阅读相关文献、企业访谈和参阅中国科技园的工作报告,设计研究量表,根据问卷调查后的数据挖掘过程,把中国科技园所提供的创新环境要素概括为四个方面,分析了科技园内技术型企业运行绩效评价的特殊性,得出评价维度的六个方面,最后探讨了科技园区创新环境要素与固内企业绩效的因果关系并给出政策建议. 相似文献
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本文运用合作博弈的相关理论建立了资金分配模型,并运用Shapley值法对该模型求解。通过对哈尔滨工业大学图书馆1000名读者进行调研,获取数据,求解出模型的最优解,进而求得外文期刊所应分配的采购资金。最后,通过与其他高校及研究机构的成果做比较分析,对资金分配模型的适用性做了分析和讨论。Abstract： This paper constructs the fund allocation model by using the relevant theory of cooperative game,and uses Shapley value method to solve the problem.By investigating 1000 readers of Harbin Institute of Technology Library,the paper obtains the data,finds the optimal solution of the model,and further finds the purchasing funds which should be allocated to foreign periodicals.Finally,by comparing and analyzing the achievements of the other universities and research institutes,the paper analyzes and discusses the applicability of the fund allocation model. 相似文献
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Assessments of quality and productivity of academic research programs become more and more important in gaining financial support, in hiring and promoting research staff, and in building academic reputation. Most assessments are based on peer review or on bibliometric information. In this paper we analyze both bibliometric data and peer review assessments of 169 research groups in economics, econometrics and business administration. The evaluations are achieved in two independent rounds in 1995 and in 2001, permitting replication of our study.The purpose of this study is twofold. In the first part we want to see to what degree bibliometric information relates to peer review judgments. The results convey how evaluators weight different output categories in their final overall judgment of academic quality. The results also have practical meaning, since they indicate what the predictive ability of bibliometric data is for future peer review outcomes. In the second part of this study we aim at explaining differences in research output quality and productivity by organizational factors, like size of the research group, composition of staff, sources of research funding and academic discipline. In this part, a composite indicator is used to represent the review committees’ overall assessment. The bibliometric data most strongly related to the peer reviews’ overall assessment are used to construct data envelopment analyses’ efficiency scores as measure of research productivity.The main conclusions from our study are that the number of publications in international top journals is the best predictor of peer review assessment results. Changes in the classification of bibliometric information, as introduced in the second evaluation round, do not alter this conclusion. Size of the research group appears to be the only permanent characteristic associated with research quality and productivity. Size is positively related to research quality but negatively related to research productivity. Larger groups appear to have the potential to improve quality, but as groups become larger, they also experience problems in maintaining the research productivity of the research team's members. The remaining organizational characteristics appear to be temporarily related to research quality and productivity. In the first evaluation round, research productivity and quality are associated with the discipline variable: research programs in more quantitative areas and characterized by a higher level of paradigm development like econometrics and operations research achieved higher levels of research quality and productivity than programs in more diverse and less quantitative areas like business administration. This relation however is not permanent, since it becomes insignificant in the second evaluation round. Instead, funding relations become more apparent in the second review round. The relative amount of national funding in the research group's funding becomes positively related to academic quality, whereas the portion of income from committed research is negatively related to academic quality of the programs’ research output. This may have been caused by the increased importance of alternative sources of research funding in the period of the second review. 相似文献