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1.
针对不同COMT基因型的被试者,首次利用视觉事件相关电位P3来观测被试者在长时间心算任务中COMT基因多态型与脑皮层电生理的关系。选取20名不同基因型人员作为被试者,在执行9组不同难度的心算任务后即刻,进行5 min的3-back任务,探讨健康成人数字工作记忆能力变化情况。Val/Val基因型的被试者P3波幅显著高于Val/Met基因型（P〈0.01）,但和Met/Met基因型被试者的波幅无差异;Val/Met基因型被试者在不同的工作记忆任务中都显示了最差的成绩。 相似文献
2.
采用PCR和breath by breath方法,对上海汉族55名优秀游泳运动员、60名优秀赛艇运动员和85名汉族普通人的ACE基因I/D多态性和V。O2max进行检测。结果显示1)上海汉族优秀游泳和赛艇运动员ACE基因的基因型和等位基因频率与上海和成都地区汉族普通人组无明显差异(P>0.05);与Caucasian人群相比,均存在非常显著性差异(P<0.0001),表现出明显的民族和地区的差异性;游泳和赛艇项目健将和一级运动员间的基因型和等位基因频率分布,存在明显差异(P<0.05);游泳运动员水平越高,II型所占比例就越高,赛艇运动员中水平越高,ID型的比例越大;2)不同基因型的游泳运动员的O2max、O2max/kg、CO2max、Emax、O2-plusemax、Wmax和Tmax等指标,均表现为II型>DD型>ID型,II型明显优于ID型(P<0.05~0.01),而赛艇运动员则表现为ID型>II型>DD型,ID明显优于DD型(P<0.05~0.01)。结果提示,游泳项目中具有II基因型或I等位基因的运动员,赛艇项目中具有ID基因型或I等位基因的运动员,可能属于运动训练敏感的高反应群体,经过多年系统科学的训练,具有成为优秀运动员的可能。ACE基因I/D多态性可作为运动训练和选材中高敏感的、非常重要的遗传标记之一。 相似文献
3.
上海汉族优秀耐力运动员ACE基因I/D多态性与最大有氧能力(VO2max)的关联研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
采用PCR和breath by breath方法，对上海汉族55名优秀游泳运动员、60名优秀赛艇运动员和85名汉族普通人的ACE基因I／D多态性和VO2max进行检测。结果显示：1）上海汉族优秀游泳和赛艇运动员ACE基因的基因型和等位基因频率与上海和成都地区汉族普通人组无明显差异（P〉0．05）；与Caucasian人群相比，均存在非常显著性差异（P〈0．0001），表现出明显的民族和地区的差异性；游泳和赛艇项目健将和一级运动员间的基因型和等位基因频率分布，存在明显差异（P〈0．05）；游泳运动员水平越高，Ⅱ型所占比例就越高，赛艇运动员中水平越高，ID型的比例越大；2）不同基因型的游泳运动员的VO2max、VO2max／kg、VCO2max、VEmax、O2-plusemax、Wmax和Tmax等指标，均表现为Ⅱ型〉DD型〉ID型，Ⅱ型明显优于ID型（P〈0．05～0．01），而赛艇运动员则表现为ID型〉Ⅱ型〉DD型，ID明显优于DD型（P〈0．05～0．01）。结果提示，游泳项目中具有Ⅱ基因型或Ⅰ等位基因的运动员，赛艇项目中具有ID基因型或Ⅰ等位基因的运动员，可能属于运动训练敏感的高反应群体，经过多年系统科学的训练，具有成为优秀运动员的可能。ACE基因I／D多态性可作为运动训练和选材中高敏感的、非常重要的遗传标记之一。 相似文献
4.
为探讨我国田径运动员的认知风格、竞赛焦虑特征与竞技水平发挥的关系,采用镶嵌图形测验和竞赛状态焦虑问卷的方法,对我国15个省、市优秀田径运动员93人进行调查。结果显示:①我国优秀田径运动员有场依存者和场独立者,个体差异情况较大;田径运动员认知状态焦虑低于田径常模、躯体状态焦虑显著低于常模,状态自信心显著高于常模,场独立运动员躯体状态焦虑显著高于场依存运动员,认知状态焦虑更低而状态自信心更高。②认知风格与认知状态焦虑显著负相关,与躯体状态焦虑、状态自信心正相关,认知风格是影响认知状态焦虑的一个主因素。③两种认知风格运动员与竞技水平发挥率负相关,场独立运动员竞技水平发挥率更高;竞技水平发挥高组的运动员认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑更低,状态自信心更高;竞技水平发挥高组与认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑负相关,竞技水平发挥低组与认知状态焦虑负相关、与躯体状态焦虑正相关,两组运动员与状态自信心正相关;回归分析表明竞赛焦虑的三个维度均不能预测竞技水平发挥程度。 相似文献
5.
从对上海运动员(包括引进运动员)在历届奥运会上的成绩的分析,总结上海在奥运会上获得金牌、奖牌及参加人数最多的游泳项目的发展特点,提出上海竞技体育发展应该以国际化的视野、先进的训练理念、科学的训练方法,培养既有国际影响力、又能成为未来社会栋梁的新型运动员。并探析上海竞技体育的可持续发展之路:以奥运会为主要发展目标,在提高上海体育国际影响力的同时,辐射、引领中国竞技体育的良性发展。 相似文献
6.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate to perceptions of the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety in a sample of university athletes representing various team sports. Although some studies have demonstrated that task orientation and mastery climate are associated with adaptive emotional patterns and ego orientation and performance climate are linked to less adaptive emotions, others have not verified these findings. In the present study, structural equation modeling was used to test these links. The results showed that perceptions of a performance climate were associated with ego orientation, whereas perceptions of a mastery climate were linked to task orientation. Furthermore, no significant links were found between task orientation and direction of competitive anxiety, while it was shown that the impact of ego orientation on the intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety was exerted through self-confidence. No significant direct links were found between motivational climates and competitive anxiety, thus implying that motivational climates may have an indirect impact on affective responses through the different goal orientations. The findings of the present study are discussed along with suggestions for examining situational and individual difference variables that may explain the relationships between intensity and direction of competitive anxiety and achievement goals and motivational climates. 相似文献
7.
随着体育全球化的推进,各种体育赛事层出不穷。游泳是奥运会的重要比赛项目,奖牌多,影响力大。新形势下,世界泳坛百花争艳,各国选手都极具竞争力,而我国游冰运动员的运动寿命短暂,平均年龄低于国外选手,忽视了许多大器晚成的优秀运动员。因此,本文通过介绍“运动寿命”的定义,分析我国优秀游泳运动员的培养现状,讨论造成优秀游泳运动员运动寿命短暂的因素,寻找延长优秀游泳运动员运动寿命的策略。 相似文献
8.
获取最佳运动成绩是运动员训练的最终目标。最佳成绩的取得、提高及维持都需要通过训练过程来实现。训练过程是运动员具有的潜在能力向现实竞技水平转化的时间和空间载体。运动员竞技能力水平的不断发展和训练水平相对滞后这一对矛盾的存在与不断破立,推动着训练过程不断由低级向高级发展。训练过程空间性的特征反映了竞技能力动态平衡的重要性。运动训练中运动员最佳竞技状态的时间越长,最佳运动成绩出现的机率最大。在训练过程中要以最佳成绩为导向,科学规划训练过程。探索最佳成绩出现的特征,推动训练过程发展创造最佳成绩。 相似文献
9.
规划、获取、培育、保留、激励5个环节构成了游泳运动员后备人才培育过程体系。本文运用文献资料法、逻辑分析等方法,总结出游泳运动员后备人才培养体系结构,简要分析了5个组成部分之间的内在联系。据此讨论了游泳运动员人才体系出现的问题,并针对这些问题对竞技游泳项目未来发展状况提出有利建议。 相似文献
10.
A. Rui Gomes A. Manuela Gonçalves Olga Dias Catarina Morais 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2019,90(1):80-94
Purpose: This study tested two hypotheses relating young athletes’ sports motivations to parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal: (1) young athletes’ motivation in sports is related to their parents’ behavior; and (2) this relationship is mediated by cognitive appraisal, even after controlling for competitive level and sports records. Method: This cross-sectional study included 673 young athletes and it measured the athletes’ perceptions of parental behaviors, cognitive appraisal, and sports motivation. Results: Structural equation modeling confirmed Hypothesis 1–the mother’s behaviors accounted for 15 to 16% of the variance in sports motivation, and the father’s behaviors accounted for 12 to 21% of the variance. The correlation patterns differed according to whether the athletes were evaluating the mother’s or father’s behaviors. Hypothesis 2 also was confirmed, for cognitive appraisal partially mediated the relationship between the perception of parental behaviors and sports motivation (34% of the variance was accounted for by the perception of the mother’s behavior; 30% by the father’s). The mediating model did not vary with competitive level or sports records. Conclusion: Parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal need to be taken into account to understand young athletes’ sports motivations. 相似文献
11.
运动心理学研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
概述竞技运动心理、大众锻炼心理和体育教育心理3个领域的研究进展,并提出今后的研究展望.在竞技运动领域,运动心理学家最关注3个领域:运动员认知特征和人格特征、运动员心理状态的检测和评价、运动员心理调节能力的提高.锻炼与心理健康的关系是大众锻炼心理领域关注的重点.体育教育心理研究突出表现在重视对学生体育学习心理的研究,应用性研究增多,对重要的基础理论探索更加深入.但在学生体育学习心理特点和体育教学心理建设功能领域低层次重复性研究较多.运动心理学研究将主要围绕运动员心理训练、各种生理指标在监测与评价运动员心理状态或心理机能时的信度与效度、运动员的运动认知和身体锻炼与心理健康关系4个方面展开. 相似文献
12.
以第十一届全运会和近两年全国游泳比赛浙江游泳选手的主要战绩为研究对象。根据游泳比赛成绩进行趋势预测、专家预测、优秀选手基本条件对比、成绩对比等方面做了评估与分析。通过对运动员的调查得知,不同的运动成绩决定着不同的竞技动机和目标定向。最后运用预测信息对2013年全运会浙江游泳竞技水平做出综合评价。 相似文献
13.
Much research has examined shoulder range of motion adaptations in overhead-unilateral athletes. Based on the void examining overhead-bilateral athletes, especially competitive swimmers, we examined shoulder external rotation, isolated internal rotation, composite internal rotation, and total arc of motion range of motion of competitive swimmers. The range of motion of registered competitive swimmers (n = 144, age = 12-61 years) was compared by limb (dominant, non-dominant), sex, and age group (youth, high school, college, masters). Significantly (P < 0.05) greater dominant external rotation was observed for both men and women high school and college swimmers, youth women swimmers, and men masters swimmers compared with the non-dominant limb. The isolated internal rotation (glenohumeral rotation), composite internal rotation (glenohumeral rotation plus scapulothoracic protraction), and total arc of motion (external rotation plus composite internal rotation) of the non-dominant limb was significantly greater than that of the dominant limb by sex and age group. Youth and high school swimmers demonstrated significantly greater composite internal rotation than college and masters swimmers. Youth swimmers displayed significantly greater total arc of motion than all other age groups. These data will aid in the interpretation of shoulder range of motion values in competitive swimmers during preseason screenings, injury evaluations and post-rehabilitation programmes, with the results suggesting that differences exist in bilateral external rotation, isolated internal rotation, composite internal rotation, and total arc of motion range of motion. 相似文献
14.
血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与运动能力关系的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用文献资料法,总结和分析了ACE基因多态性与人体有氧代谢能力、肌肉力量及对人体运动能力机制等方面影响的研究成果。结果提示:ACE基因多态性与人体运动能力存在一定关联,但其通过何种途径影响运动能力尚有争议。因此,ACE基因能否作为人类运动能力的遗传标志,用于训练和运动员的科学选材,有待进一步研究。 相似文献
15.
In order to determine the role of body build characteristics in modern pentathletes, 65 female participants at the IXth World Modern Pentathlon Championships, 1989 (Wiener Neustadt, Austria) were investigated. Of these, 54 participated in the competition; the other 11 were reserves. Their mean ( + S.D.) age was 22.34 ± 3.97 years (range 16.08–32.58 years). Anthropometric characteristics (body mass, lengths, breadths, girths and skinfolds), somatotype and body composition estimates were determined. Compared with other female athletes (e.g. swimmers, runners, fencers), the elite modern pentathletes were rather tall (x = 168.1 cm) and, as indicated by the body mass index (x = 21.6), they had a high mass relative to their stature. Based on skinfolds, body fat was estimated as 16%, and anthropometrically determined somatotype was on average 2.5–3.9–2.8. The relationship between the athletes’ anthropometric characteristics and modern pentathlon performance was investigated by means of Pearson zero‐order correlations between the physical traits and the competitive performance scores. Significant correlations were found mainly for the ‘fat’ variables, such as skinfolds, percent fat and the endomorphy component, r varying from –0.34 to –0.58, which indicated an inverse relationship between the amount of fatness and modern pentathlon performance. To investigate this relationship further, Pearson zero‐order correlations were calculated between the respective factor scores, derived from a rotated factor pattern (Varimax) carried out on selected somatic variables, and the performance scores. The results demonstrated that, in relation to anthropometric characteristics, modern pentathlon performance in females is mainly associated with the ‘fat development’ factor, and to a lesser degree with the ‘bone‐muscle development’ factor. Variables representing linearity of physique seem to be unrelated to modern pentathlon performance. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that 42.4% of the variance in modern pentathlon performance can be explained by the following anthropometric variables: sum of 10 skinfolds, biacromial breadth and humerus diameter. To obtain a high level of modern pentathlon performance, it would seem that a female athlete must above all have a low level of body fatness and, to a lesser degree, a relatively high level of lean body mass. 相似文献
16.
David L. Costill 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):378-384
Abstract This paper examines the contribution of exercise physiology research to improvements in sports performance. By using illustrations from studies on competitive swimmers, attempts have been made to show the need to develop tests that evaluate the factors essential for success in sports. Such testing should be used to describe the strengths and weaknesses of the athlete, and to offer the athlete and coach valid information to gauge the benefits of training. Aside from the value of monitoring the adaptations to sports training, the primary role of physiological research in sports should be to solve problems that will ultimately aid athletes to achieve their full potential. This paper will conclude with examples of problem solving research and its contribution to performance. 相似文献
17.
目的:探讨基因多态性对速度类项目成绩的影响,以期为寻找适用于我国优秀运动员相关运动基因型提供理论依据,从而使运动选材更趋向科学性和准确性。方法:根据基因多态性所表现的个体差异,通过信息技术方法,对各洲际国家之间在速度类项目中,前八名总数进行比较分析,剖析运动员在世界体坛上创造一个又一个神话的根本原因。结论:基因多态性可以作为运动员选材分子生物学标记。建议:开展我国不同地区人群的基因多态性与运动的关联性研究,对我国寻求优秀运动员具有重要的研究价值。 相似文献
18.
射击作为技心能为主的项目,在基本技术动作过硬的基础上,十分要求心理状态的稳定性,尤其是在新规则的实施后,更短的竞赛时间,特别是决赛阶段,可以说不允许队员有丝毫的精力分散。但是,作为＂单兵作战＂的运动项目,因赛程长、弹数多、发与发（或组与组）之间存在时间间隔,总会因为运动员的认知和情绪的变化波及后续比赛行为进而影响成绩的发挥。为了解决这一问题,射击运动员的心理技能训练被提上了日程。主要从有关射击运动员核心心理技能,即注意力控制训练出发,并始终贯穿心理咨询工作,探讨心理技能训练对射击运动员的作用与影响,结果显示通过一定的心理干预在一定程度上提高了射击运动员的竞技能力。 相似文献
19.
Abstract The overall purpose of this two-part study was to examine factors that influenced fatigue status in university level swimmers. Participants were 25 swimmers (14 male, 11 female) from one university swim team. A mixed methods approach was used. Quantitative data were collected using an orthostatic heart rate test and self-report questionnaire at multiple time points throughout a competitive season. Qualitative data were collected via focus groups conducted at the end of the season. Analysis of the quantitative data indicated high levels of accumulated physiological and psychological fatigue that improved with increased recovery. Specifically, heart rate indices, form, feeling, and energy level improved during taper periods and worsened during and immediately after intensive training blocks. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed that one factor (flexible structure of training programme) had a positive influence on athletes’ fatigue while two factors (teammate expectations and balancing school, work, and sleep) had a negative influence on athletes’ fatigue. 相似文献
20.
This paper explores three female swimmers’ relationships with their male coaches and the body practices they were exposed to within Australian swimming. Particular attention is given to how the relationships and practices might relate to gender. Additionally, the article examines how (if at all) the conduct contributed to the social construction of an accepted female swimmer body. Through narrative accounts, the three adolescent female athletes articulate hierarchical male coach–female athlete relationships and specific body encounters they were exposed to and/or engaged with. Their experiences reveal how a sexually maturing body (growing breasts, female body shape and menstruating) was deemed unsuitable for performance and the swimmers were thus encouraged to transform their bodies and behaviours towards that of the boys. Using a feminist Foucauldian perspective, these accounts points to how the three swimmers came to regulate their diet, training and appearance in order to fulfil expectations. This self-regulation is problematic in two ways: first, no scientific evidence shows that a boy like physique is essential for best performance. Second, the stress from being pressured to achieve a particular body, as well as the shame that resulted from being unable to achieve the idealised physique, eventually caused the swimmers to develop an unhealthy relationship with their developing bodies. We highlight how those immersed in sporting contexts should recognise the serious implications of gender practices and power relations underpinning the male coach–female athlete dynamic in competitive sport. 相似文献