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小学教学课堂对话的特点：对专家教师与非专家教师的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用课堂观察与录像法,比较分析了55节小学数学课中专家教师与非专家教师在课堂对话方式与内容方面的差异。结果表明,专家教师更倾向于运用分析性与比较性问题,能够探查与运用学生的数学想法,由师生学习的共同体来判断答案的合理性,其课堂对话方式表现为:学生陈述—师生质疑—学生解释;而非专家教师则提了更多简单回忆性与描述过程性问题,能够认可学生的想法但并没有将之纳入到教学中,教师成为答案合理性的决定者,其课堂对话方式典型地表现为:教师提问—学生回答—教师评价。 相似文献
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专家与非专家教师课堂教学差异之比较——课堂教学的话语分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对两节课堂实录运用话语分析,比较专家教师与非专家教师课堂教学的差异。专家教师的课中师生有更多的互动,学生与学生之间也有更多的互动,专家教师的提问或讲解更多地指向学生;而非专家教师的提问或讲解大多指向教师自己,只求自己讲完,较少考虑到学生的实际,学生互动较少。专家教师提问低层次的认知问题的百分比明显高于非专家教师,非专家教师提问高层次的认知问题的百分比明显高于专家教师。专家教师能调动个人经验使学生对学习更感兴趣,使学习内容更容易理解,更能理解、体验并激发学生的经验和情感。 相似文献
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专家教师与新手教师教学行为的比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究者以初中英语专家教师和新手教师的英语课程作为观察对象,以编码体系、记号体系和等级量表为观察记录方式,从课堂师生言语互动、课堂提问、重难点训练和讲解技能、课前导入和课后小结四个方面对专家教师和新手教师的教学行为进行定量分析,得出以下结论:专家教师的师生课堂语言结构、课堂提问策略水平、重难点训练和讲解技能、课前导入和课后小结优于新手教师. 相似文献
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周赞梅 《湖南科技学院学报》2006,27(8):230-233
教师是学校最重要的人才资源，当前，培养专家教师已成为教育领域内部发展的首要任务。专业知识的差异是专家教师与新手教师之间最基本的差异，而认知方式的差异是造成专家教师与新手教师知识差异的主要心理机制。研究专家教师的知识及其认知特征对于理解专家教师出色的教学行为、解开其优质教学之谜和培养专家教师都具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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专家与教师的合作是课程改革顺利实施的关键.在课程改革过程中,由于专家的主导地位和不同专家理念上的不一致,以及教师对稳定生活的追求和所面临的竞争压力等原因使得专家与教师之间难以展开积极有效的合作.本文提出了专家与教师的两种合作策略,即根据"对话文化行动理论",构建专家与教师的合作文化;根据课程改革的规律,重新审视专家与教师的合作关系. 相似文献
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张雄 《陕西教育学院学报》2010,26(4):6-11
教师专业化成长可用函数表示：成长=（信念,学习,积累,反思,研究）。信念、学习、积累、反思、研究是自变量,教师成长是因变量,是自变量的函数。专家学者型教师和一般教师在这五个方面表现出很大的差异,从而形成了完全不同的专业化成长轨迹。 相似文献
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进入20世纪90年代以来,一种新的研究范式--专家与新手的比较研究逐渐成为教师心理研究的一个重要方向.研究者们认为,教师的成长过程是一个由新手教师向专家教师的转变过程.如果能通过研究揭示出专家教师与新手教师的差异及其影响因素,则对新教师的成长具有重要的理论和实践意义.目前国内对此问题的研究主要采用问卷法,揭示出专家教师与新手教师在心理特征[1]、教学效能感与教学监控能力[2]、教学效能感和教学行为[3]、策略性知识的成分与结构[4]上存在着差异. 相似文献
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Using classroom observation and video recording methods, we performed a comparative study on the forms and content of dialogues in the classrooms between expert and novice teachers. Of the 55 lessons surveyed, it was found that expert teachers tend to use analytical and comparative questions more frequently to detect students’ mathematical reasoning. Students and teachers work together to determine the answer to a question and the dialogue in the classroom takes place in a way that students present an answer, the teacher and the other students question the answer, and then the students explain the answer. On the other hand, a novice teacher often tends to give students hints, or utilize simple questions to jog the memory. The novice teacher recognizes students’ logic but does not incorporate them into his/her teaching. In this case, the teacher becomes the sole judge for the appropriateness of the answers and the typical dialogue in the classroom occurs in a way that the teacher asks a question, students answer, and the teacher comments. 相似文献
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随着新课程改革的发展,课堂提问有效性越来越受到人们的关注。课堂提问是师生互动的表现形式之一,教师在提出问题之前要考虑到学生的特点来设计问题;在提问之时要关注与学生的对话;在提问之后要尊重学生的回答并鼓励学生提问。 相似文献
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This paper focuses upon open and distance learning initial teacher education in both primary and secondary sectors and explores the ways in which mentors challenge PGCE students in their professional thinking and classroom practice. It draws upon ethnographic research on mentors and student teachers during one presentation of the course. The data are based on observations of mentors working with students on final student placement, conversations with specialist subject mentor trainers as well as questionnaire and other source material. An analysis of how mentors articulate their knowledge base; the dialogue between mentor and student and the challenge of moving from novice to expert for the student teacher are all considered. Our conclusions have implications for all ITT and will also be a source of valuable practical help for student teachers and mentors. 相似文献
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Classroom teaching is complex. In the classroom, teachers must readily attend to disruptions and successfully convey new tasks and information. Outside the classroom, teachers must organise their priorities that are important for successful student learning. In fact, differing gaze patterns can reveal the varying priorities that teachers have. Teacher priorities are likely to vary with classroom expertise and can conceivably change with culture too. Therefore, the present study investigated expertise related and cultural teacher priorities by analysing their gaze proportions. To obtain this data, 40 secondary school teachers wore eye-tracking glasses during class time, with 20 teachers (10 expert; 10 novice) from the UK and 20 teachers (10 expert; 10 novice) from Hong Kong. We analysed gaze proportions during teachers' attentional (i.e., information-seeking, e.g., teacher questioning students) and communicative (i.e., information-giving, e.g., teacher lecturing students) gaze. Regardless of culture, expert teachers' gaze proportions revealed prioritisation of students, whereas novice teachers gave priority to non-instructional (i.e., not students, teacher materials, or student materials) classroom regions. Hong Kong teachers prioritised teacher materials (e.g., whiteboard) during communicative gaze whereas UK teachers prioritised non-instructional regions. Regarding culture-specific expertise, with Hong Kong experts prioritised teacher materials more than UK experts who, in turn, did so more than UK novices. We thus demonstrate the role of implicit teacher gaze measures as micro-level indicators of macro-level and explicit aspects of instruction, namely teacher priority. 相似文献
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The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) strives to shift science learning from the teacher as a single cognitive agent, to a classroom community in which participants are working together in directing the classroom's communal knowledge to figure out questions about how phenomena occur, and building, testing, and refining their ideas to address those questions. To achieve this type of classroom environment, teachers should attend to students' knowledge and ideas and pay attention to how students are located within teacher-led interactions, such as being positioned as active discussants or designated listeners. In this study, we explore if and how this is occurring in the NGSS era. We used a naturalistic inquiry to explore how an experienced first-grade teacher used a new NGSS-aligned unit that called for students to use the science and engineering practices (SEP) to build content knowledge. We used a macro-analytic lens to answer the research question “how are class discussions shaped to address the SEP”? We used a micro-analytic lens to answer the research question “how are students positioned during these science discussions in this classroom?” Evidence suggests that the teachers' whole class discussions incorporated and involved the SEP which were specified in the unit lessons for content learning. However, on a micro-analytic level, we found that few students were positioned as active discussants. The teacher heavily relied on those students who could provide succinct and clearly relevant answers while positioning the remainder of the students as silent spectators. Implications from this research suggest that not only new NGSS curriculum materials need to focus on what students should know and do but they also need to address heuristics for teachers that show them how to position all of their students as active doers of science so all students have opportunities to build deeper, core science knowledge. 相似文献
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Olga Schihalejev 《British Journal of Religious Education》2009,31(3):277-288
This paper discusses the limitations and potentials for dialogue in religious education (RE) classes on the basis of observations of Estonian RE lessons. I investigated how the way of asking questions contributes to the dialogue in the classroom. Additionally I investigated how students’ readiness to engage in dialogue is influenced by others’ responses to their contributions. I examined what happens in a classroom, by observing and analysing patterns of interaction in RE lessons in two schools. Video‐ethnographic data collection was combined with stimulated recall. Incident‐analysis stemming from conversational analysis was used to interpret the data. On the basis of these analyses and interpretations, we can conclude that the teacher‐centred habit of instruction is a main impediment to dialogue. A teacher’s positive reinforcement of answers does not contribute to dialogue between students but rather to the assumption that the correct answer has already been given and to reliance on the teacher’s arguments. Also, open questions do not work always as facilitators of dialogue, but rather can be felt as intimidating. 相似文献
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We assessed the impact of expert students' instructional quality on the academic performance of novice students in 12th-grade physics classes organized in an expert model of cooperative learning (‘jigsaw classroom’). The instructional quality of 129 expert students was measured by a newly developed rating system. As expected, when aggregating across all four subtopics taught, regression analysis revealed that academic performance of novice students increases with the quality of expert students' instruction. The difficulty of subtopics, however, moderates this effect: higher instructional quality of more difficult subtopics did not lead to better academic performance of novice students. We interpret this finding in the light of Cognitive Load Theory. Demanding tasks cause high intrinsic cognitive load and hindered the novice students' learning. 相似文献
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Differences in teachers’ comments on classroom events as indicators of their professional development 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study aims at identifying indicators of schoolteachers’ professional development by learning teachers’ perceptual and thinking capabilities of classroom events as reflected in their comments. The analysis of comments produced by novice and expert teachers on videotaped lesson activities, based mainly on the grounded theory strategy, revealed that expert teachers are more sensitive towards certain instructional events and to general teaching strategy used by the model teacher than novice teachers. The findings of this study might be useful for promoting student teachers’ professional sensitivity towards relevant features of classroom instruction and atmosphere in pre-service teacher education programs. 相似文献
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This eye-tracking study investigates how novice and expert teachers' noticing of classroom management events differs in two formats of instruction. 20 novices and 20 experts participated in the study, watching short video clips of whole-group and partner work teaching situations. Their retrospective verbal reports were analyzed for events identified as note-worthy along with their allocation of visual attention as indicators of their noticing. Experts noticed more classroom management events in the partner work format than novices. Furthermore, their noticing was characterized by a focus on student-related events. Similarly, their gaze prioritized students more than novices', particularly in the partner work format. In contrast, novice teachers' attention was more drawn to the teacher in both formats of instruction. The results show that expertise in teachers’ noticing of classroom management is characterized by a focus on students with the partner work format being more challenging for novice teachers. 相似文献
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对话教学是基于课堂教学改革背景下提出的一种新的教学理念,问答教学是对话教学理念下的一种主要的教学方式。通过分析对话教学概念和对话教学理念下的问答教学的概念,形成问答教学的基本框架。通过这种框架,分析目前教师在使用问答教学时存在的不足,提出解决偏差的相关对策：注重问题的真实性;教师和学生形成良好的角色定位;教师无条件信任学生;教师对学生的问题进行追问;延长答问的等待时间。 相似文献