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技术转移作为高校社会服务职能的重要体现形式，对高校科研活动究竟产生了何种影响是学术界关注的热点问题。本文以2008-2014年中国106所“211”及省部共建高校为样本，研究了高校技术转移对其论文产出和专利产出的影响效应，并对不同来源的科研资助（政府资助和企业资助）在高校技术转移与科研产出关系中的中介作用和调节作用分别进行了实证检验。结果表明：（1）高校技术转移对论文产出的影响不显著，而对专利产出具有显著正向影响；（2）高校技术转移对其获取政府资助和企业资助均具有显著的正向影响，政府资助和企业资助在高校技术转移与专利产出关系中发挥积极的中介作用；（3）政府资助对高校技术转移与论文产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用，而企业资助对高校技术转移与专利产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用。 相似文献
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随着生物制药、纳米、新材料等领域的崛起,一种新的基于科学的创业企业随之诞生。这类企业与基础科学研究紧密相连,推动着科学的创新。本文以诺奖科学家参与创建,旨在商业化其研究成果的企业为案例,从管理团队、资金来源、企业合作及产品研发四个纬度研究了基于科学的创业企业发展与演化特征。通过分析此类企业管理团队发现,基于科学的创业企业管理层通常由“前沿科学家+商业人士”的组合,既能使企业处于科研前沿面,又有效地保障了企业资源获取及运营管理;从资金来源看,创业初期的资金来源主要有政府基金和风险投资,政府资助支持了企业早期研发并降低了私人投资的风险;企业发展阶段的主要资金来源主要有风险投资、公开募股、商业合作以及运营知识产权等,多元化的资金来源有效支撑了企业巨大的研发支出;企业合作主要有学术合作与商业合作两类,学术合作保持企业处于科学前沿同时获得最新专利;商业合作缩短了产品的研发周期,加快产品上市,巩固了市场地位;基于科学的创业企业其产品研发周期长,风险大;此外这类企业不仅研发面向消费者的商业产品,还研发商业技术,为科研机构或企业提供技术平台。 相似文献
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Yi D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(3):446-474
This essay analyzes how academic institutions, government agencies, and the nascent biotech industry contested the legal ownership of recombinant DNA technology in the name of the public interest. It reconstructs the way a small but influential group of government officials and university research administrators introduced a new framework for the commercialization of academic research in the context of a national debate over scientific research's contributions to American economic prosperity and public health. They claimed that private ownership of inventions arising from public support would provide a powerful means to liberate biomedical discoveries for public benefit. This articulation of the causal link between private ownership and the public interest, it is argued, justified a new set of expectations about the use of research results arising from government or public support, in which commercialization became a new public obligation for academic researchers. By highlighting the broader economic and legal shifts that prompted the reconfiguration of the ownership of public knowledge in late twentieth-century American capitalism, the essay examines the threads of policy-informed legal ideas that came together to affirm private ownership of biomedical knowledge as germane to the public interest in the coming of age of biotechnology and genetic medicine. 相似文献
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de Chadarevian S 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(4):601-633
Monoclonal antibodies played a key role in the development of the biotechnology industry of the 1980s and 1990s. Investments in the sector and commercial returns have rivaled those of recombinant DNA technologies. Although the monoclonal antibody technology was first developed in Britain, the first patents were taken out by American scientists. During the first Thatcher government in Britain, blame for the missed opportunity fell on the scientists involved as well as on the National Research and Development Corporation, which had been put in place after World War II to avoid a repeat of the penicillin story, when patent rights were not sought. Instead of apportioning the blame, this essay suggests that despite past experiences and despite the new channels that were in place, Britain was not in a "patent culture" in the 1970s. It traces the long and painful process that made a commercial attitude among publicly funded British research scientists and in a civil service institution like the Medical Research Council both possible and desirable. In this process the meaning of the term "public science" also changed dramatically. 相似文献
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以专利侵权诉讼为代表的司法活动通过对企业创新活动合法性的判断，实现了对企业创新活动的规范与引导。与此同时，面对企业技术创新与商业模式创新所引发的新社会关系与社会需求，司法活动必须通过适当的途径与方式克服法律规范性的滞后性，以适应社会经济发展的客观变化。因此，知识产权司法保护与企业创新之间并非是单向的影响与被影响关系，而是相互影响与相互制约的关系。揭示两者之间的互动机制对于规范企业创新活动、完善相关法律制度等问题均具有重要意义。 相似文献
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本文基于金融市场中存在的金融错配现象为现实依据，利用2003-2015年我国民营上市公司微观数据，在测算金融错配指数和外部融资依赖的基础上，采用动态面板模型系统GMM方法，从政治关联的视角对上述命题进行验证.研究结果发现，金融错配显著抑制企业的创新产出，特别是对含金量比较高的发明专利抑制作用更为显著，民营企业的政治关联会对二者之间的关系产生显著的负向调节作用。通过进一步探讨民营企业政治关联活动的调节机制发现，政治关联的调节作用是通过影响企业外部融资约束进而影响金融错配与企业创新产出之间的关系。结论表明，合理配置金融资源、建立良好的政企关系，能够有效缓解企业创新活动的融资约束，对提升企业的创新产出具有重要的现实意义 相似文献
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<正>随着世界新科技革命的迅猛发展和全球贸易的激烈竞争,发达国家为形成持续的强势竞争力和保持持续增长的空间,普遍运用专利制度激励保护职工发明创造。日本为实现知识产权立国的国策和增强企业的竞争力,近年来进一步重视激励保护职工发明创造。中日两国因国情不同,专利制度表现迥异,但日本重视运用专利法律激励保护职工发明创造的经验,令人深思,值得借鉴。 相似文献
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专利权质押中专利出质企业指标体系构建初探 《科学学研究》2017,35(7):1026-1031
摘要：专利权质押是一种缓解中小企业融资难的风险比较大的金融产品。中国专利权质押涉及主体有国有五大商业银行、股份制银行、 城市商业银行以及融资担保公司等金融机构和出质企业。如何帮助这些金融机构地控制专利权质押风险,建立专利权质押出质企业指标非常重要,文章初步构建专利权质押出质企业指标体系为这些金融机构开展业务时作为参考。 相似文献
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创新型企业知识产权质押贷款风险评估 《科学学研究》2017,35(8):1253-1263
创新型企业知识产权质押贷款对创新型企业发展和金融产品创新具有重要的促进作用。创新型企业知识产权质押贷款在实务中发展缓慢的重要原因是商业银行面临巨大风险,却缺乏对其风险的客观评估。本文基于商业银行视角,依据“双构面”有限理性理论,通过市场调查方法,构建了创新型企业知识产权质押贷款风险影响因素的结构框架,并通过因子分析法构建了商业银行打分表,确定了创新型企业知识产权质押贷款风险评估指标体系及其权重,以提高商业银行对创新型企业知识产权质押贷款风险评估的客观性和科学性,加强其对贷款风险的控制,推动创新型企业知识产权质押贷款顺利实现。文章为化解企业实务中的“创新型企业信贷配给困境”提供了必要的理论借鉴,并为完善和改进中国创新型企业知识产权质押融资政策提供了现实依据。 相似文献
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基于控股权性质差异视角,本文首先理论分析金融错配对国有与民营企业技术创新产出及其模式选择的差异性影响,以及政府补贴在缓解金融错配影响企业技术创新时的政策效应;然后再以我国A股市场2012—2019年期间上市企业为样本并基于面板数据模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明：虽然金融错配有助于增加国有企业技术创新产出,但它在降低民营企业创新产出水平的同时,会严重阻碍国有与民营企业原始发明创新能力的提升;政府补贴能有效缓解金融错配对民营企业技术创新产出与原始发明创新能力的不利影响,并对其研发投入产生正向“挤入效应”,但它对国有企业技术创新投入与产出的政策效果均不显著。 相似文献
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财政性知识产权国有资产管理与权利下放研究 《科学学研究》2021,39(5):814-821
本文运用创新和创新生态体系理论研究了财政资金科技成果的知识产权私权属性、知识产权资产特性、权利合理配置下放、知识产权准确评估等热点问题。国有资产管理不是阻碍科技成果转化和知识产权运用的主要问题,高校科研机构内部技术转移和知识产权运营机构能够有效解决科技成果转化过程中的供需不对接问题和信息与风险不对称问题,以及专利权利碎片化问题,应建立技术转移、知识产权管理和投资功能三类部门和人才团队,建立“相互支持、相互约束”的机制,建立种子投资基金。对于单位在一定时间内没有转化实施,不涉及公益性,或者知识产权较少的科技成果,可以将科技成果所有权或长期使用权下放给职务科技成果完成人。 相似文献
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Larson EJ 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(1):34-59
It is well known to historians of science that, early in the nineteenth century, terrestrial magnetism became both a popular science and a significant research enterprise in Europe. For Britain, as a maritime power, it offered benefits for navigation. Theoretical physicists claimed that, with enough observations of magnetic variation, intensity, and dip taken throughout the world over time, they could deduce regular mathematical laws to explain the phenomena. Because of the lack of data from the region, particular attention focused on field research in deep southern latitudes. Finding the precise location of the South Magnetic Pole became a prime goal for some enthusiasts. With burgeoning colonies in Africa and the Antipodes, Britain assumed a leading role in this effort. British scientists looked to their government for funding and called on the Admiralty to dispatch expeditions. It is less well known that both popular and scientific interest in terrestrial magnetism continued throughout the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century. The H.M.S. Erebus and H.M.S. Terror (1839-1843), H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876), and R.Y. Discovery (1901-1904) sailed to the Antarctic as part of Britain's extended "Magnetic Crusade," which culminated with Royal Society geologist T. W. Edgeworth David of the Nimrod expedition reaching the South Magnetic Pole in 1909. 相似文献
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本文分析了知识产权能力的内涵外延,建立了知识产权的当量关系,提出了知识产权能力的测度指标体系与测度方法,并以我国某国立科研机构为例进行了实证研究,结果表明,该国立科研机构知识产权能力增长较快,但知识产权运用能力增长较慢。为提升科研机构知识产权能力,需要完善知识产权创造、运用、保护和管理的政策。科技投入要面向知识产权产权运用,要提高知识产权创造质量,要引导知识产权战略布局。为促进知识产权运用,要支持科研机构设立内部技术转移办公室并管理知识产权,发展技术标准下的专利池和专利组合技术转移模式,强化科研机构发明披露,企业委托研究项目要掌握知识产权所有权,要允许职务发明人占有一定比例的知识产权权益。还要大力支持科研机构提升知识产权保护和管理能力。 相似文献
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Fry I 《Endeavour》2006,30(1):24-28
Most scientists at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century chose to ignore the question of the origin of life on Earth, regarding it as too mysterious and complex to handle. Yet, in the early 1950s an experimental field devoted to the study of the problem made its first steps. The pioneering theories of several scientists in the first decades of the 20th century played a major role in this transformation, notably those of the Russian biochemist Alexander I. Oparin and the British geneticist and biochemist J.B.S. Haldane. The ideas of the lesser-known American psycho-physiologist Leonard Troland also made a significant contribution to subsequent developments in origin-of-life research. Therefore, it is well worth taking a look at the professional, philosophical and ideological commitments that shaped the approaches of the three scientists to origin-of-life research. 相似文献
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Christoph Grimpe 《Research Policy》2012,41(8):1448-1460
Although competitive funding of public research has been characterised as providing output incentives that raise efficiency and productivity, we know very little about whether the quality of a scientist's research is in fact the primary award criterion on which funding bodies base their grant decision. This paper provides insights into scientists’ strategies for obtaining project-based research funding in the presence of multiple funding opportunities. It draws a distinction between four types of grants, including the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP6), government, foundation, and industry grants. Based on a sample of more than 800 scientists at universities and public research institutes in Germany, the results indicate that scientist productivity measured in terms of publication and patent stock is a statistically significant determinant only for obtaining foundation and industry grants while the award of an FP6 or government grant is influenced by other characteristics. The results further show that the different grants are not complementary, i.e. scientists specialise in certain grants. In this respect, the analysis informs science, technology and innovation policy about potential discrepancies between policy rhetoric, stipulated award criteria, and actual funding outcomes which makes it possible to fine-tune the debate on how public research should be financed. 相似文献
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本文研究了财税激励和研发投入交互作用下，企业创新绩效是否会受到影响。本文构建固定效应模型，选取西部地区59家上市高新技术企业2014-2018年的面板数据，以此检验财税政策支持、企业研发投入与企业创新绩效三者之间的关联。结果显示:从所有制和行业视角分析，税收优惠和财政补贴都通过研发投入这一中介变量对制造业企业的创新绩效产生显著影响，但享受税收优惠的民营企业，其研发投入对创新绩效的提升存在挤出效应。深入考察企业研发投入的作用路径，发现：税收优惠与企业费用化研发投入交互作用更加有利于提升企业创新绩效，而财政补贴与资本化研发投入相融后对创新绩效的提升也存在积极影响。最终本文根据以上研究结果，提出进一步合理运用财税政策来优化研发投入的作用路径，以提升企业创新绩效的建议。 相似文献
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Scientific breakthroughs coming from universities can contribute to the emergence of new industries, such as in the case of biotechnology. Obviously, not all research conducted in universities leads to a radical change from existing technological trajectories. Patents and patent dynamics have long been recognized as critical in understanding the emergence of new technologies and industries. Specifically, patent citations provide insight into the originality of a discovery that has received patent protection. Yet while a large body of literature addresses the impact of patent originality on various firm performance measures, we address the question of what conditions drive patent originality in the process of knowledge creation within the university. Using data on patented cancer research, we examine how research context – as reflected by the funding source for each scientist – is associated with patent originality. We find that when university scientists are partly funded by their own university, they have a higher propensity to generate more original patents. By contrast, university scientists funded either by industry or other non-university organizations have a lower propensity to generate more original patents. The significance of our findings in the cancer research setting call for further research on this question in other research fields. 相似文献