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1.
The objective of this study was to determine which chemical treatment used for disinfecting water in indoor swimming pools had the least impact on users' perceptions of health problems, and which generated the greatest satisfaction with the quality of the water. A survey on satisfaction and perceived health problems was given to 1001 users at 20 indoor swimming pools which used different water treatment methods [chlorine, bromine, ozone, ultraviolet lamps (UV) and salt electrolysis]. The findings suggest that there is a greater probability of perceived health problems, such as eye and skin irritation, respiratory problems and skin dryness, in swimming pools treated with chlorine than in swimming pools using other chemical treatment methods. Pools treated with bromine have similar, although slightly better, results. Other factors, such as age, gender, time of day of use (morning and afternoon) and type of user (competitive and recreational), can also affect the probability of suffering health problems. For all of the above, using combined treatment methods as ozone and UV, or salt electrolysis produces a lower probability of perceived health problems and greater satisfaction.  相似文献   

2.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of 8-isoprostane (8-IsoP) in the airways of competitive swimmers at baseline and after a swimming session according to their airway responsiveness. Methods: Twenty-three swimmers and six lifeguards had a baseline spirometry and bronchoprovocative challenges. During a second visit, swimmers performed a usual swimming session while lifeguards stayed in the same pool environment for the same time period. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was measured before and 5 min after the end of the session. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was sampled before and 10 min after the session and EBC 8-IsoP levels were analysed by enzyme immunoassay. Change in EBC 8-IsoP from baseline to post-swimming session was calculated. Results: We observed no relationships between airway hyper-responsiveness and 8-IsoP values before or after swimming in swimmers. The levels of 8-IsoP were significantly higher after the training session (mean value 2.9, s?=?0.5 pg?mL?1) than at baseline (mean value 1.9, s?=?0.4 pg?mL?1) in swimmers only (p?=?.012). EBC 8-IsoP levels after the swimming session significantly correlated with the percent change in FEV1 after swimming. Conclusions: EBC 8-IsoP levels were increased after training in swimmers but not in lifeguards, suggesting that exercise-induced hyperpnoea in a chlorinated pool environment increases airways oxidative stress.  相似文献   

3.
沈伟 《体育科研》2014,(5):64-69
以上海市拥有经营游泳项目行政许可的游泳场所为研究对象,采用问卷调查等方法,调查游泳场所数量、分布、人口与场所比例、类型、活动人数等基本情况;分析游泳场所管理结构和现状;调查游泳场所安全保障状况,结果显示当前各中心城区之间和郊区之间的每万人拥有游泳场所数量相比较存在着较大差距,分布不均衡;大型水上娱乐游泳场所较少;救生员将近缺少3成左右;救生员的休息环境有3成左右感觉较差,救生员有上岗排班制度,但有5成救生员没有执行交接岗制度等问题,并据此提出对策建议。  相似文献   

4.
依据游泳池经营管理中的法律责任因素及经法律认定的事故案例经验,针对游泳池经营过程中的安全管理进行研究。在游泳池开放条件与技术要求、内部管理制度的建立与实施、游泳者游泳、突发事件的处理、水质等方面提出管理的方法和意见,为使游泳池的安全管理实践走向规范化和法制化的轨道提供理论参考。  相似文献   

5.
In the present research, we examined the effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters by (1) comparing the starting and turning velocities with the swimming parameters on the emersion and mid-pool segments and (2) by relating the individual behaviour of swimmers during the start and turns with subsequent behaviour on each swimming lap. One hundred and twelve 100 m performances on the FINA 2013 World Swimming Championships were analysed by an image-processing system (InThePool 2.0®). At the point of the start emersion, the swimming parameters of the 100-m elite swimmers were substantially greater than the mid-pool parameters, except on the breaststroke races. On the other hand, no diminution in the swimming parameters was observed between the turn emersion and the mid-pool swimming, except on the butterfly and backstroke male races. Changes on the surface swimming kinematics were not generally related to the starting or turning parameters, although male swimmers who develop faster starts seem to achieve faster velocities at emersion. Race analysts should be aware of a transfer of momentum when swimmers emerge from underwater with implications on the subsequent swimming kinematics, especially for male swimmers who employ underwater undulatory techniques.  相似文献   

6.
福建省大、中、小学生参加游泳活动现状及对策研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
以福建省主要城市游泳场馆和大、中小学学生游泳活动为研究角度，对福建省游泳活动现状进行调查研究，同时，对国外和国内游泳开展较好的省市进行比较研究。结果显示：1．福建省的游泳场馆合计大约在100多个，室内游泳馆较少；2．福建的重点大学和综合性大学都非常重视游泳．有游泳池、开设了游泳课；3．福建中、小学的游泳场馆和游泳教学情况不容乐观，但由于社会上游泳场馆、游泳培训普及和人们对体育重视，主要城市小学生会游泳的比例达46．5％，其中以社会上游泳培训和父母教学为主；而主要城市高三学生会游泳的比例低于小学生，为38．3％，其中以自学最多．达47．5％。  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Throughout adolescence, swimmers begin to carry out demanding endurance and high-intensity training sets, the effect of which on redox status is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 2000-m continuous swimming and 6 × 50-m maximal swimming on the redox status of adolescent swimmers. Fifteen male and 15 female swimmers, aged 14–18 years, provided blood samples before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 24 h after each exercise for the determination of redox status parameters. Oxidative damage was short-lived and manifest as increases in 8-hydroxy-2?-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) 1 h after high-intensity exercise (39%, P < 0.001) and in malondialdehyde immediately after both exercises (65%, P < 0.001). Alterations in antioxidant parameters were sustained during recovery: reduced glutathione decreased 24 h post-exercise (11%, P = 0.001), uric acid increased gradually after high-intensity exercise (29%, P < 0.001) and bilirubin peaked 24 h post-exercise (29%, P < 0.001). Males had higher 8-OHdG (49%, P = 0.001) and uric acid (29%, P < 0.001) concentrations than females. However, females showed higher values of malondialdehyde than males immediately post-exercise (30%, P = 0.039), despite lower pre-exercise values. In conclusion, both endurance and high-intensity exercise perturbed the redox balance without inducing prolonged oxidative damage in trained adolescent male and female swimmers. These swimming training trials were not found to be detrimental to the redox homeostasis of adolescents.  相似文献   

8.
The aim of this study was to propose a new force parameter, associated with swimmers’ technique and performance. Twelve swimmers performed five repetitions of 25 m sprint crawl and a tethered swimming test with maximal effort. The parameters calculated were: the mean swimming velocity for crawl sprint, the mean propulsive force of the tethered swimming test as well as an oscillation parameter calculated from force fluctuation. The oscillation parameter evaluates the force variation around the mean force during the tethered test as a measure of swimming technique. Two parameters showed significant correlations with swimming velocity: the mean force during the tethered swimming (r = 0.85) and the product of the mean force square root and the oscillation (r = 0.86). However, the intercept coefficient was significantly different from zero only for the mean force, suggesting that although the correlation coefficient of the parameters was similar, part of the mean velocity magnitude that was not associated with the mean force was associated with the product of the mean force square root and the oscillation. Thus, force fluctuation during tethered swimming can be used as a quantitative index of swimmers’ technique.  相似文献   

9.
Tethered swimming is a method often used to measure or enhance the physical and technical resources of swimmers. Although it is highlighted that the technique used in tethered swimming is probably different from that used in free conditions, there are few comparative studies on this subject. The current study aims to compare fully tethered and free swimming based on kinematic hand parameters (orientation, velocity and acceleration of the hand, sweepback and angle of attack), which are known to act directly on the generation of propulsive forces. The results show that there are significant differences during the stretch and catch phases but less during the insweep and upsweep phases. Tethered swimming makes it possible to estimate the propelling forces generated by the hand in free swimming at distance and middle-distance paces, but overestimates it at sprint pace. However, in view of the modifications of the kinematic parameters, it should not be used under repeated conditions of use, such as for the development of swimmers’ capacity.  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

Athletes’ energy distribution over a race (e.g. pacing behaviour) varies across different sports. Swimming is a head-to-head sport with unique characteristics, such as propulsion through water, a multitude of swimming stroke types and lane-based racing. The aim of this paper was to review the existing literature on pacing behaviour in swimming. According to PRISMA guidelines, 279 articles were extracted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. After the exclusion process was conducted, 16 studies remained. The findings of these studies indicate that pacing behaviour is influenced by the race distance and stroke type. Pacing behaviours in swimming and time-trial sports share numerous common characteristics. This commonality can most likely be attributed to the lane-based racing set-up. The low efficiency of swimming resulting from propulsion through the water induces a rapid accumulation of blood lactate, prompting a change in swimmers’ biomechanical characteristics, with the goal of minimising changes in velocity throughout the race. Although the literature on youth swimmers is scarce, youth swimmers demonstrate more variable pacing profiles and have more difficulty in selecting the most beneficial energy distribution.  相似文献   

11.
Generally, swimmers pace themselves using their own judgement and the poolside clock during swimming training, fitness testing protocols or scientific investigation. The Aquapacer is a new pacing device that can be used to pace the swimming speed or stroke rate of the swimmer. The aims of this study were to determine if breaststroke swimmers could pace accurately during submaximal swimming using a poolside clock (Study 1) and the Aquapacer (Study 2), at swimming speeds at, just above and just below maximal 200 m time-trial speeds (using the Aquapacer, Study 3) and under three different race pacing conditions (using the Aquapacer, Study 4). Between 8 and 15 male national or club standard 200 m breaststroke swimmers participated in each of the studies. The swimmers in Study 2, despite being less well trained than the swimmers in Study 1 and part of a more heterogeneous group in terms of swimming performance, repeatedly demonstrated less random error in pacing, suggesting that the Aquapacer may be preferable to the poolside clock when swimmers are being required to pace accurately. The Aquapacer also enabled swimmers to pace accurately at race-specific swimming speeds (until fatigue precluded them from holding pace) (Study 3), and through a change in pace at race-specific speeds (Study 4), which suggests that it may be of use in entraining racing strategies.  相似文献   

12.
通过对我国33名优秀男女蹼泳运动员42项身体形态指标的测试,研究制定出我国青少儿蹼泳运动员身体形态主要指标选材预测表和男子体密度推导回归方程,建议蹼泳选材时,注重选拔身体围度大、流线型好,头型为高中头型或高狭头型的运动员从事蹼泳运动。  相似文献   

13.
Generally, swimmers pace themselves using their own judgement and the poolside clock during swimming training, fitness testing protocols or scientific investigation. The Aquapacer? is a new pacing device that can be used to pace the swimming speed or stroke rate of the swimmer. The aims of this study were to determine if breaststroke swimmers could pace accurately during submaximal swimming using a poolside clock (Study 1) and the Aquapacer? (Study 2), at swimming speeds at, just above and just below maximal 200 m time-trial speeds (using the Aquapacer?, Study 3) and under three different race pacing conditions (using the Aquapacer?, Study 4). Between 8 and 15 male national or club standard 200 m breaststroke swimmers participated in each of the studies. The swimmers in Study 2, despite being less well trained than the swimmers in Study 1 and part of a more heterogeneous group in terms of swimming performance, repeatedly demonstrated less random error in pacing, suggesting that the Aquapacer? may be preferable to the poolside clock when swimmers are being required to pace accurately. The Aquapacer? also enabled swimmers to pace accurately at racespecific swimming speeds (until fatigue precluded them from holding pace) (Study 3), and through a change in pace at race-specific speeds (Study 4), which suggests that it may be of use in entraining racing strategies.  相似文献   

14.
经过1年的业余游泳训练后,训练组(n=8)少儿女生的静态肺容量指标:肺活量(VC)、肺总量(TLC)、功能余气量(FRC)较控制组(n=10)显著提高(P<0.05);动态肺活量指标:1s用力呼气量(FEV1.0)、用力呼出50%肺活量时的最大流速(MEF50)较对照组有了非常显著的提高(P<0.01),而控制组无明显变化。训练组女生Raw有降低趋势,而控制组却有升高趋势。结果表明,大运动量的游泳训练能增强静态和动态肺容量,提高大气道和小气道的通气能力,调节气道及肺泡腔的建立。  相似文献   

15.
We investigated coaching points for the technique of the eggbeater kick in synchronized swimming. The movements of the eggbeater kick for six female synchronized swimmers, all the top-ranking members at the Olympics and World Championships, were analyzed by using three-dimensional motion analysis. By comparing the movements of higher eggbeater-skilled swimmers with lower eggbeater-skilled swimmers, the coaching points for techniques of the eggbeater kick in synchronized swimming are clarified as follows. First, to hold the knees as high and as near the water surface as possible and to keep the heels close to the hips. Secondly, to keep the knees as wide as possible. Thirdly, to kick sideways producing lift force, and not to kick downward. Fourthly, to pull up the heels to nearly the water surface at the out-kick, with strong internal rotation of the thighs. Lastly, to move the feet as if treading water, with strong dorsiflexion and plantar flexion and adduction of the foot; that is to move the feet like the motion of the hands when sculling. Moreover, the movements of higher eggbeater-skilled swimmers can be termed 'horizontal kick type' and the movements of lower eggbeater-skilled swimmers can be termed 'vertical kick type'.  相似文献   

16.
浅析水中游戏对幼儿游泳初期教学的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
近年来游泳运动飞速发展,出现了竞技游泳运动员出成绩的年龄越来越小的现象。由于开始学习游泳的年龄越来越小,而国内在幼儿游泳研究与国外相比起步较晚,研究内容也较少。本文针对幼儿容易出现恐水怕水心理和注意力不集中这一年龄特点,提出了在幼儿游泳教学初期中应该采用何种有效的辅助手段,摆脱枯燥乏味的学习方法,来加快幼儿对水性的熟悉和对游泳情趣。  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT

This study identified key somatic and demographic characteristics that benefit all swimmers and, at the same time, identified further characteristics that benefit only specific swimming strokes. Three hundred sixty-three competitive-level swimmers (male [n = 202]; female [n = 161]) participated in the study. We adopted a multiplicative, allometric regression model to identify the key characteristics associated with 100 m swimming speeds (controlling for age). The model was refined using backward elimination. Characteristics that benefited some but not all strokes were identified by introducing stroke-by-predictor variable interactions. The regression analysis revealed 7 “common” characteristics that benefited all swimmers suggesting that all swimmers benefit from having less body fat, broad shoulders and hips, a greater arm span (but shorter lower arms) and greater forearm girths with smaller relaxed arm girths. The 4 stroke-specific characteristics reveal that backstroke swimmers benefit from longer backs, a finding that can be likened to boats with longer hulls also travel faster through the water. Other stroke-by-predictor variable interactions (taken together) identified that butterfly swimmers are characterized by greater muscularity in the lower legs. These results highlight the importance of considering somatic and demographic characteristics of young swimmers for talent identification purposes (i.e., to ensure that swimmers realize their most appropriate strokes).  相似文献   

18.
在游泳教学中,如何用量化的指标来科学地评判游泳者的游泳能力一直是游泳学界研究的热点。本文通过检测游泳能力掌握程度的不同对人体水中俯卧滑行能力的影响,讨论不同游泳能力者俯卧滑行能力的差异,反映游泳熟练程度对被动阻力的影响,来检验俯卧滑行能否作为评判游泳能力的强烈因子。选取华南师范大学体育专业38名身体健康的大学生按游泳能力的不同分为三组(平均年龄19岁,身高1.72cm,体重64.23kg)作为实验对象分别测量俯卧滑行的距离。要求实验对象采用双手置于头前蹬边滑行的方式进行测试,以手到池边的距离为测量距离。采用单因素方差分析检验俯卧滑行距离是否存在组间差异。结果表明,游泳能力会影响俯卧滑行距离(被动阻力)。不同水平游泳者其俯卧滑行的距离在统计学中有显著性差异,说明俯卧滑行能力可以作为评判游泳能力的强烈因子。  相似文献   

19.
景晨 《体育科研》2019,(2):68-71
探讨手足相关派生指数与运动等级的相关度，为游泳运动员选材形态指标的精选提供理论依据。方法：对334名上海区级游泳学校、上海高校、上海市队、浙江省队游泳运动员手足表型进行测量统计并计算相应派生指数，对不同等级运动员手足面积表型与运动等级进行相关性分析。结果：男子游泳运动员手足面积表型与运动等级均无直线相关关系（相关系数小于0.3），女子足部派生指标与运动等级亦均无直线相关关系，仅手部面积Ⅰ表型与运动等级存在极显著性低度直线相关（P＜0.01）。结论：手面积Ⅰ表型可入选女子游泳运动员二类选材指标。女子游泳运动员足面积表型和男子游泳员手足面积表型均不具备选材评价指标依据。  相似文献   

20.
以山东省游泳队重点运动员为实验对象,通过模拟高住低练方式训练3周,观察运动员身体成分方面的变化.结论：实验组运动员身体成分中以肌肉、蛋白质、水分丢失明显,而体脂无显著变化.可能的机制是缺氧引起的应激反应使机体的分解作用增强.  相似文献   

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