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1.
Pascal W. M. Van Gerven Fred G. W. C. Paas Jeroen J. G. Van Merriënboer Henk G. Schmidt 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(6):503-521
The purpose of this article is to explore the advantages of instructional formats based on cognitive load theory for elderly learners engaged in the acquisition of complex cognitive skills. A great body of research has demonstrated that cognitive aging is accompanied by a reduction of working - memory capacity, a general slowing of mental processes, and a decline of the ability to repress irrelevant information. The core idea of cognitive load theory is that working - memory capacity is limited and should therefore be managed with great care and discretion. Cognitive load theory claims that this can be achieved by minimizing the level of extraneous cognitive load, which is the portion of load that does not contribute to schema acquisition, and by maximizing the level of germane cognitive load, which directly contributes to the construction of cognitive schemata. Since instructions based on cognitive load theory deal with cognitive limitations, in that they lead to an efficient use of the available resources, it was hypothesized that they are especially effective when elderly people are involved. This idea was analyzed by means of a framework merging cognitive load theory with the aforementioned research findings concerning cognitive aging. It was concluded that cognitive load theory, enabling elderly people to acquire new complex skills, can be regarded as an essential guide for educational gerontology. 相似文献
2.
在语言收听过程中,记忆、尤其是瞬时记忆,是理解的前提。“认知负荷理论”吸收和应用了认知信息加工理论关于注意短时记忆的研究成果,认为学习者的工作记忆容量是有限的,工作记忆的限制性成为了学习的主要障碍;认为通过教学设计尽量减少学习任务中不必要的认知负荷,使工作记忆的容量更多地集中于将要学习的材料中,从而促进学习。文章探讨了在认知负荷理论指导下的英语听力练习材料的设计。 相似文献
3.
According to Cognitive Load Theory, learning material should be designed in a way to decrease unnecessary demands on working memory (WM). However, recent research has shown that additional demands on WM caused by less legible texts lead to better learning outcomes. This so-called disfluency effect can be assumed as a metacognitive regulation process during which learners assign their cognitive resources depending on the perceived difficulty of a cognitive task. Increasing the perceived difficulty associated with a cognitive task stimulates deeper processing and a more analytic and elaborative reasoning. Yet there are studies which could not replicate the disfluency effect indicating that disfluency might be beneficial only for learners with particular learner characteristics. Additional demands on working memory caused by disfluent texts are possibly just usable by learners with a high working memory capacity. Therefore the present study investigated the aptitude-treatment-interaction between working memory capacity and disfluency. Learning outcomes were measured by means of a retention, a comprehension, and a transfer test. Moreover, the three types of cognitive load (intrinsic, extraneous, and germane) were assessed. The results revealed significant aptitude-treatment-interaction effects with respect to retention and comprehension. Working memory capacity had a significant influence only in the disfluency condition: The higher the working memory capacity, the better the retention and comprehension performance in the disfluency condition. No effects were found with respect to transfer or cognitive load. Thus, the role of metacognitive regulation and its possible effects on cognitive load need further investigation. 相似文献
4.
认知心理学视野中的认知负荷理论 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
认知负荷是为完成某项任务而在工作记忆上所进行的心智活动所需的全部心智能量。本文在阐述内在认知负荷、外在认知负荷和有效认知负荷等三类认知负荷性质的基础上,从认知心理学角度对认知负荷理论进行全面阐释,着重论述了工作记忆、图式、专家与新手在问题解决中的差异对认知负荷理论发展的贡献。 相似文献
5.
如何对数学学习困难儿童进行有效干预是很多教育工作者关心的问题。已有研究表明,工作记忆的缺陷是数学学习困难的根本原因。而基于认知负荷理论的教学设计正是针对人的工作记忆容量有限这一特点,利用多媒体来促进意义学习的完成。文章试图以工作记忆为桥梁,结合认知负荷理论,提出几条针对数学学习困难儿童的多媒体教学的干预措施,并指出了将来的研究方向。 相似文献
6.
多媒体学习的认知体系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文对主要的认知体系进行了概述,据此可以形成多媒体教学设计的理论基础.这些认知体系包括对记忆存储、记忆编码以及认知操作的描述.与多媒体学习相关的认知体系有Paivio的双重编码理论、Baddeley的工作记忆模型、Engelkamp的多模块理论、Sweller的认知负荷理论、Mayer的多媒体学习理论以及Nathan的动画理论.本文重点讨论传统研究和教学应用之间的交互作用,教学应用主要涉及如何增加回忆率、减少干扰、降低认知负荷以及加强理解等方面.得出的初步结论是:虽然各自有所侧重,不同的理论之间仍有一些共性;这些模型中缺乏对学习者多元编码整合作用的研究;在心理模拟足够的情况下并不需要动画教学;动作必须有意义才能有效果;多模块教学比单个不同的特定模块更加有效. 相似文献
7.
Cognitive load theory is intended to provide instructional strategies derived from experimental, cognitive load effects. Each
effect is based on our knowledge of human cognitive architecture, primarily the limited capacity and duration of a human working
memory. These limitations are ameliorated by changes in long-term memory associated with learning. Initially, cognitive load
theory's view of human cognitive architecture was assumed to apply to all categories of information. Based on Geary’s (Educational Psychologist 43, 179–195 2008; 2011) evolutionary account of educational psychology, this interpretation of human cognitive architecture requires amendment.
Working memory limitations may be critical only when acquiring novel information based on culturally important knowledge that
we have not specifically evolved to acquire. Cultural knowledge is known as biologically secondary information. Working memory
limitations may have reduced significance when acquiring novel information that the human brain specifically has evolved to
process, known as biologically primary information. If biologically primary information is less affected by working memory
limitations than biologically secondary information, it may be advantageous to use primary information to assist in the acquisition
of secondary information. In this article, we suggest that several cognitive load effects rely on biologically primary knowledge
being used to facilitate the acquisition of biologically secondary knowledge. We indicate how incorporating an evolutionary
view of human cognitive architecture can provide cognitive load researchers with novel perspectives of their findings and
discuss some of the practical implications of this view. 相似文献
8.
Ouhao Chen Juan C. Castro-Alonso Fred Paas John Sweller 《Educational Psychology Review》2018,30(2):483-501
Depletion of limited working memory resources may occur following extensive mental effort resulting in decreased performance compared to conditions requiring less extensive mental effort. This “depletion effect” can be incorporated into cognitive load theory that is concerned with using the properties of human cognitive architecture, especially working memory, when designing instruction. Two experiments were carried out on the spacing effect that occurs when learning that is spaced by temporal gaps between learning episodes is superior to identical, massed learning with no gaps between learning episodes. Using primary school students learning mathematics, it was found that students obtained lower scores on a working memory capacity test (Experiments 1 and 2) and higher ratings of cognitive load (Experiment 2) after massed than after spaced practice. The reduction in working memory capacity may be attributed to working memory resource depletion following the relatively prolonged mental effort associated with massed compared to spaced practice. An expansion of cognitive load theory to incorporate working memory resource depletion along with instructional design implications, including the spacing effect, is discussed. 相似文献
9.
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design 总被引：48，自引：0，他引：48
John Sweller Jeroen J. G. van Merrienboer Fred G. W. C. Paas 《Educational Psychology Review》1998,10(3):251-296
Cognitive load theory has been designed to provide guidelines intended to assist in the presentation of information in a manner that encourages learner activities that optimize intellectual performance. The theory assumes a limited capacity working memory that includes partially independent subcomponents to deal with auditory/verbal material and visual/2- or 3-dimensional information as well as an effectively unlimited long-term memory, holding schemas that vary in their degree of automation. These structures and functions of human cognitive architecture have been used to design a variety of novel instructional procedures based on the assumption that working memory load should be reduced and schema construction encouraged. This paper reviews the theory and the instructional designs generated by it. 相似文献
10.
The contributions to this special issue document some recent advances of cognitive load theory, and are based on contributions
to the Third International Cognitive Load Theory Conference (2009), Heerlen, The Netherlands. The contributions focus on developments
in example-based learning, amongst others on the effects of integrating worked examples in cognitive tutoring systems; specify
the effects of transience on cognitive load and why segmentation may help counteract these effects in terms of the role of
time in working memory load; and discuss the possibilities offered by electroencephalography (EEG) to provide a continuous
and objective measure of cognitive load. This article provides a short introduction to the contributions in this issue. 相似文献
11.
This article reviews contemporary research on multimedia learning that uses cognitive load theory as the major theoretical framework. In particular, we address the extent to which working memory has been conceptualized and measured in this research, what kind of subjective measures of cognitive load have been used and whether such measures are combined with other measures of cognitive load, and how results from subjective measures have been related to learning and achievement. The findings show that most of the reviewed studies did not include any clear conceptualization or measurement of working memory, used only general subjective measures containing one or very few items, and did not report findings consistent with the hypothesized relationship between cognitive load and multimedia learning. The findings are discussed in relation to the broader goal of improving research on cognitive load in the context of multimedia learning. 相似文献
12.
梅耶的多媒体学习理论是建立在坚实的理论基础和可靠的实证经验基础上的科学体系。多媒体学习的认知理论是理解多媒体学习的关键。双重通道假设、容量有限假设和主动加工假设是梅耶构建多媒体学习认知理论的基石,也是整个多媒体学习科学体系的逻辑起点。这三大假设赖以成立的理论前提正是双重编码理论、工作记忆模型、生成学习理论和认知负荷理论,由此构成了多媒体学习的理论基础。具体而言,双重编码理论和工作记忆模型为多媒体学习的认知理论构建提供了关键概念与元素;生成学习理论则为多媒体学习的认知理论构建提供了基本的解释性框架;多媒体学习的认知理论正是由这些关键概念、元素和解释性框架整合而成;而认知负荷理论则以多媒体学习的认知理论为基础,进而为多媒体教学的系列设计原理提供了关键支撑。 相似文献
13.
Cognitive models of multimedia learning such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer 2009) or the Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller 1999) are based on different cognitive models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley 1986) and long-term memory. The current paper describes a working memory model that has recently gained popularity in basic research: the embedded-processes model (Cowan 1999). The embedded-processes model argues that working memory is not a separate cognitive system but is the activated part of long-term memory. A subset of activated long-term memory is assumed to be particularly highlighted and is termed the “focus of attention.” This model thus integrates working memory, long-term memory, and (voluntary and involuntary) attention, and referring to it within multimedia models provides the opportunity to model all these learning-relevant cognitive processes and systems in a unitary way. We make suggestions for incorporating this model into theories of multimedia learning. On this basis, one cannot only reinterpret crucial phenomena in multimedia learning that are attributed to working memory (the split-attention effect, the modality effect, the coherence effect, the signaling effect, the redundancy effect, and the expertise reversal effect) but also derive new predictions. 相似文献
14.
Slava Kalyuga 《Educational Psychology Review》2011,23(1):1-19
Cognitive load theory has been traditionally described as involving three separate and additive types of load. Germane load
is considered as a learning-relevant load complementing extraneous and intrinsic load. This article argues that, in its traditional
treatment, germane load is essentially indistinguishable from intrinsic load, and therefore this concept may be redundant.
Contrary to extraneous and intrinsic load, germane cognitive load was added to the cognitive load framework based on theoretical
considerations rather than on specific empirical results that could not be explained without this concept. The design of corresponding
learning activities always required methods and techniques external to the theory. The article suggests that the dual intrinsic/extraneous
framework is sufficient and non-redundant and makes boundaries of the theory transparent. The idea of germane load might have
an independent role within this framework if (as recently suggested by John Sweller) it is redefined as referring to the actual
working memory resources devoted to dealing with intrinsic rather than extraneous load. 相似文献
15.
Cognitive Load Theory: New Conceptualizations,Specifications, and Integrated Research Perspectives 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Over the last few years, cognitive load theory has progressed and advanced rapidly. The articles in this special issue, which
document those advances, are based on contributions to the 3rd International Cognitive Load Theory Conference (2009), Heerlen,
The Netherlands. The articles of this special issue on cognitive load theory discuss new conceptualizations of the different
categories of cognitive load, an integrated research perspective of process-oriented and cognitive load approaches to collaborative
learning, an integrated research perspective of cognitive and social–cognitive approaches to example-based learning, and a
specification of the theory focusing on the acquisition of generalized knowledge structures as a means to facilitate flexible
problem-solving skills. This article provides a short introduction to the theory, discusses some of its recent advances, and
provides an overview of the contributions to this issue. 相似文献
16.
Mayer多媒体学习的认知理论模型涉及感觉记忆、工作记忆、长时记忆三大基本部件和五大认知加工过程,但其科学基础仍有待深入考察。认知神经科学对感觉记忆、工作记忆和长时记忆的探索成果为多媒体学习认知理论奠定了更为深层的科学基础。认知神经科学认为,感觉记忆中的视觉记忆和声觉记忆在信息存储量、表征与编码、保持时间等方面存在互补,为多媒体学习认知理论中＂双重通道假设＂提供了更深层次的科学基础。工作记忆是多媒体学习认知加工过程的主要处理单元,认知神经科学基于脑成像技术提出的工作记忆加工成分结构及其功能定位模型和语音短时记忆功能模型,揭示了工作记忆中的信息处理机制,进一步推进了对工作记忆的基础研究。认知神经科学将长时记忆分为陈述性记忆和程序性记忆,长时记忆中信息存储的层次网络模型、激活扩散模型、集理论模型等更深入地推进了多媒体学习认知加工过程的科学基础。德国心理学家Schnotz从描述性表征和描绘性表征两个方面提出了多媒体学习＂图文理解整合模型＂（ITPC）,这一模型揭示了图文理解的过程机制,是当前多媒体学习认知理论模型的最新发展成果。 相似文献
17.
A Reconsideration of Cognitive Load Theory 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
Cognitive load theory has been very influential in educational psychology during the last decade in providing guidelines for
instructional design. Whereas numerous empirical studies have used it as a theoretical framework, a closer analysis reveals
some fundamental conceptual problems within the theory. Various generalizations of empirical findings become questionable
because the theory allows different and contradicting possibilities to explain some empirical results. The article investigates
these theoretical problems by analyzing the conceptual distinctions between different kinds of cognitive load. It emphasizes
that reduction of cognitive load can sometimes impair learning rather than enhancing it. Cognitive load theory is reconsidered
both from the perspective of Vygotski’s concept of the zone of proximal development and from the perspective of research on
implicit learning. Task performance and learning are considered as related, but nevertheless fundamentally different processes.
Conclusions are drawn for the further development of the theory as well as for empirical research and instructional practice.
相似文献
| Wolfgang SchnotzEmail: |
18.
多媒体学习理论是一个贯通了学习理论与教学理论的科学体系。作为学习理论的多媒体学习认知理论基于双重编码理论、工作记忆模型以及生成加工理论,解释了学习者通过加工语词与画面所呈现的材料来建构知识的学习机制,属于解释性理论;作为教学理论的多媒体教学设计理论发展出一系列教学设计应遵循的原则,为教育实践提供了具有处方性意义的行动指南,属于处方性理论。解释性的学习理论为处方性的教学理论提供了扎实可靠的科学基础。在多媒体学习研究从学习理论向教学理论转化的过程中,多媒体教学设计理论是实现跃迁的关键环节,而认知负荷理论则是理论跃迁成功的关键变量。基于认知负荷理论,梅耶提出多媒体学习认知负荷三元模型,包括必要认知加工、外来认知加工和生成性认知加工。围绕这三类认知加工,梅耶及其同事进行了大量的实验研究,最终确定了12项与多媒体学习认知理论及其前提假设保持高度逻辑一贯性的多媒体教学设计原则。这些原则都是经得起实践检验的,但教学设计人员在应用的过程中,应明确各项原则的问题情境、适用范围等边际条件。 相似文献
19.
Alexander Skulmowski 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2023,17(3):165-169
Cognitive load measurement is an important aspect of educational research. Current cognitive load surveys differentiate between intrinsic cognitive load (resulting from the complexity of learning materials) and their extraneous cognitive load (which is increased by a demanding design). In two studies, order effects of cognitive load subscales are demonstrated. Asking learners regarding their intrinsic load first increases their responses concerning this type of load, with little effect on extraneous load ratings. This effect can be replicated even when extraneous load is intentionally induced. This finding has important implications for cognitive load research, as the order of surveys appears to bias cognitive load ratings. As most cognitive load research is conducted to find ways of reducing extraneous load, it may be reasonable to carefully consider whether and when intrinsic load items are included in studies. Generally, the results show that study participants seem to emphasize certain demands, similar to a dialogue. 相似文献
20.
Working memory capacity and reading skill moderate the effectiveness of strategy training in learning from hypertext 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Johannes Naumann Tobias Richter Ursula Christmann Norbert Groeben 《Learning and individual differences》2008,18(2):197-213
Cognitive and metacognitive strategies are particularly important for learning with hypertext. The effectiveness of strategy training, however, depends on available working memory resources. Thus, especially learners high on working memory capacity can profit from strategy training, while learners low on working memory capacity might easily be overtaxed. In addition, efficient basic reading comprehension processes are important for strategy training to be successful: When both the newly acquired strategies and poorly routinized basic reading comprehension processes compete for working memory resources, navigation within the hypertext and learning might deteriorate rather than improve. In an experiment, 64 undergraduates learned with a comprehensive expository hypertext after receiving either a cognitive or a metacognitive or no strategy training. In line with the predictions, learners high on working memory capacity or reading skill could profit from learning strategy training in terms of learning outcomes and the quality of their navigational behavior. Learners low on working memory capacity or reading skill, in contrast, performed worse in both training conditions compared to the control condition. The improvement in learning outcomes for skilled learners as well as the impairment in learning outcomes for unskilled learners could be shown to be indirect effects mediated by the quality of navigational behavior. 相似文献