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1.
Using mathematical analysis, we examined the three baton exchanges that occur during a 4×100 m relay. Identical representative 100 m running performances were assumed for each of four elite male athletes, and the calculations were made for optimal or near-optimal positions of the baton exchanges and starting positions of the athletes running the second, third and fourth legs as determined by Ward-Smith and Radford (2002). In this paper, we focus on the calculation of the checkmark position and demonstrate the complexity of the baton exchange process. The results of the mathematical analysis show that, for optimal performance, the checkmark should be located differently for each of the three exchanges in a single race, and is further affected by lane draw and free distance (the distance between the runners at the baton exchange). For a representative free distance of 1 m at each exchange, the checkmark distance ranges from a minimum of 11.04 m at the third exchange in Lane 1 to 12.20 m for the first exchange in Lane 8. Failure by teams and their coaches to consider adequately the complexities of the baton exchanges may help explain why 25.5% of teams in recent World Championships were disqualified or did not finish. 相似文献
2.
In this study, we examined aspects of the 4 x 100 m relay that are amenable to mathematical analysis. We looked at factors that affect the time required to complete the relay, focusing on the performance of elite male athletes. Factors over which the individual athletes, and the team coach, can exercise some control are: the starting positions of the runners on legs 2, 3 and 4, the positions at which baton exchanges occur, the free distances at the baton exchanges and the running order of the athletes. The lane draw is shown to have an important influence on the relay time, although it is outside the control of the team coach. Teams drawn in the outside lanes benefit from the inverse relation between bend radius of curvature and running speed. For teams composed of athletes with different times over 100 m, we show that the fastest relay times are achieved with the fastest athlete taking the first leg, with the slowest two runners allocated to the final two legs. 相似文献
3.
In this study, we examined aspects of the 4 2 100 m relay that are amenable to mathematical analysis. We looked at factors that affect the time required to complete the relay, focusing on the performance of elite male athletes. Factors over which the individual athletes, and the team coach, can exercise some control are: the starting positions of the runners on legs 2, 3 and 4, the positions at which baton exchanges occur, the free distances at the baton exchanges and the running order of the athletes. The lane draw is shown to have an important influence on the relay time, although it is outside the control of the team coach. Teams drawn in the outside lanes benefit from the inverse relation between bend radius of curvature and running speed. For teams composed of athletes with different times over 100 m, we show that the fastest relay times are achieved with the fastest athlete taking the first leg, with the slowest two runners allocated to the final two legs. 相似文献
4.
建立4×100 m接力成绩的数学模型,探究4×100 m接力项目成绩的影响因素。以2017年伦敦世界田径锦标赛男子百米前四名的成绩为基础,在各棒运动员运动水平已确定的情况下,影响4×100 m项目的因素包括：跑道位置、第2-4棒的起跑位置、接棒位置、自由距离及起跑顺序。跑道道次对项目成绩有一定影响,对交接棒策略影响较小;自由距离增大可以显著提高项目成绩;各棒起跑位置都尽量靠近起点可提高项目成绩,传接棒位置在接力区的后10 m时项目成绩更好;各棒次的安排要考虑运动员的个人素质。 相似文献
5.
采用文献资料、实验等方法对田径4x100m接力跑技战术训练方法进行理论与实践研究,科学探索接力训练的有效方法,进一步提高训练成绩,为田径运动教学、训练提供理论指导。在实践教学训练中发现:队员在4x100m接力跑中传接棒时机掌握不好,接棒队员难以判断接力区的起动点与传棒队员间的距离,不能正确判定标志线,传接棒时距离太远,传棒队员追不上接棒队员导致接棒队员减速或者停顿下来接棒的现象;相邻队员配合不协调,弯道跑技术掌握不好,影响接力速度。建议日常训练中加强队员弯道跑技术训练,合理搭配接力阵容配备,采用传接棒队员速率测试方法,精确计算接棒队员起动时与传棒队员两者之间的距离,确定标志线和最佳起动时机,提高队员的协调配合,以便获得比赛最佳成绩。 相似文献
6.
从运动员选材角度探讨不同项目足弓形态特点及在跳深实验中足弓形态与支撑时间关系,以期为足弓形态应用于田径运动员选材提供科学依据。研究对象：上海市一、二线短跑和中长跑共84名运动员,其中男子短跑运动员34名,女子短跑运动员19名,男子中长跑运动员21名,女子中长跑10名。方法：所有研究对象均进行身高、体重、足弓形态、跳深实验测试,然后分组研究足弓形态与跳深实验中支撑时间关系。结果：男女均表现出足弓低的组支撑时间快于足弓高的组支撑时间;短跑和中长跑项目中男女优秀组的足弓均出现低于一般组的趋势;短跑男子优秀组和一般组的足弓基本都低于中长跑优秀组和一般组的趋势。结论：足弓高低是影响短跑或中长跑运动员支撑时间长短的重要因素,在运动员选材中或对教练员训练中有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
7.
采用文献资料、数理统计等方法对中国运动员在第23-30届共8届奥运会以及2006年以来参加历届世锦赛以及亚运会的成绩进行统计分析。通过对中国田径竞技实力项目的分析,预测在2016年里约热内卢奥运会上中国运动员的竞技实力与成绩。分析表明:当前,中国田径运动项目中男、女中长距离竞走,女子投掷、马拉松跑等为优势项目;男子110m栏竞技实力下降,待新人崛起;女子标枪和男子跳高项目竞技实力逐步显现,为潜优势项目;中国运动员在所有的47个田径比赛项目中,还有男女100m、200m、400m、800m、3 000m障碍跑、4×400m接力跑;男子400m栏、1 500m、5 000m、10 000m、马拉松;女子100m栏,女子跳远,男子投掷类项目没有运动员进入过前8名。2015年北京世锦赛中国男子跳远、标枪、撑杆跳高、100m跑,女子100m栏,男子4×100m等项目实现了历史性突破。探讨田径项目状况可以促进人们对田径竞技运动整体发展状况的了解、清晰田径运动不同分项间存在的异同性,可以为田径运动的综合管理提供思路、为田径运动提供制胜策略及训练理念。 相似文献
8.
中、外优秀男子100m跑运动员成绩差距的比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用文献资料、录像分析、数理统计和逻辑分析的研究方法，通过对中、外优秀男子100m跑运动员成绩差距的比较研究，找出了影响中国优秀男子100m跑运动员成绩落后的原因，并提出了若干改进建议，为中国男子短跑训练提供有益的借鉴。 相似文献
9.
10.
目的：考虑比赛中断因素影响的情况下，探讨我国职业足球运动员比赛结束时段跑动能力是否下降。方法：基于STATS Pro R计算机视频跟踪系统采集的275名职业足球运动员3 438组比赛跑动数据，围绕足球比赛间歇性特征，同时考虑中断时间动态特征和比分差距大小对跑动表现的影响。运用数据级数推断分别界定我国职业足球运动员半场结束时段和比赛结束时段的跑动能力是否下降。研究发现：(1)相较比赛开始阶段，比赛结束时段的中断时间呈现清晰的增加，比分均衡比赛结束时段的中断时间增加更为明显；(2)我国职业足球运动员比赛结束时段总跑动距离呈现清晰的下降(ES=0.31~0.56)，但该下降以中、低速跑动距离为主，所有位置运动员冲刺跑动距离均只出现微小无意义变化(ES=0.14~0.08)；(3)上半场中、低速跑动距离下降程度大于下半场，高强度跑动距离的下降程度小于下半场；(4)比赛结束时段跑动表现变化的位置特征表现为，中后场运动员高强度跑动距离未发生有意义变化，前场运动员高速跑动距离则呈现清晰的减少(ES=0.25~0.37)。结果表明：考虑比赛中断因素影响后，我国职业足球运动员比赛结束时段高强度跑动距离总体未呈现下降趋势；中后场运动员高速跑动距离和冲刺跑动距离均只出现了微小无意义变化，而前场运动员的高速跑动距离则呈现清晰的减少。 相似文献
11.
本文采用文献资料法、数据分析法，对我国中长跑运动员与外国优秀中长跑运动员的800m、10000m分段成绩进行对比分析。结果表明，绝对速度低、速度耐力差是影响我国中长跑成绩提高的主要因素。 相似文献
12.
Computed results from a mathematical model of the bioenergetics of sprinting, which incorporates a threeequation representation of anaerobic metabolism, were compared with measured distance–time data for female athletes from the finals of the 100-m event at the World Championships of 1987. The computed results closely model the performance of the competitors over the course of the entire race. The three main contributions to anaerobic metabolism were investigated and comparisons were made between male and female sprinters. Whereas the time constants for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine utilization for the two sexes were found to be similar, for oxygen-independent glycolysis the time constants of the female athletes were found to be higher. The maximum powers generated by female athletes during ATP conversion and glycolysis were only slightly lower than the figures found for male athletes, but the value for phosphocreatine utilization was substantially lower. The lower value for phosphocreatine utilization might explain the more pronounced fall-off in running speed over the latter stages of a race that female athletes experience in comparison with men. Although anaerobic sources dominate energy provision for both male and female sprinters, the calculations show that the latter make greater use of aerobic energy supplies. 相似文献
13.
The neural activation (iEMG) and selected stride characteristics of six male sprinters were studied for 100-, 200-, 300- and 400-m experimental sprints, which were run according to the velocity in the 400 m. Blood lactate (BLa) was analysed and drop jumps were performed with EMG registration at rest and after each sprint. Running velocity (P less than 0.001) and stride length (P less than 0.05) decreased and contact time increased (P less than 0.01) during the 400-m sprint. The increase in contact time was greatest immediately after runs of 100 and 300 m. The peak BLa increased and the rate of BLa accumulation decreased with running distance (P less than 0.001). The height of rise of the centre of mass in the drop jumps was smaller immediately after the 300 m (P less than 0.05) and the 400 m (P less than 0.01) than at rest, and it correlated negatively with peak BLa (r = -0.77, P less than 0.001). The EMG and EMG:running velocity ratio increased with running distance. It was concluded that force generation of the leg muscles had already begun to decrease during the first quarter of the 400-m sprint. The deteriorating force production was compensated for until about 200-300 m. Thereafter, it was impossible to compensate for fatigue and the speed of running dropped. According to this study, fatigue in the 400-m sprint among trained athletes is mainly due to processes within skeletal muscle rather than the central nervous system. 相似文献
14.
采用文献资料调研、访问调查、数理统计等方法,对1 500 m跑在十项全能中的重要性进行了探讨,针对我国十项全能运动员与世界优秀运动员的差距,提出在狠抓速度、跳跃和投掷的基础上,重点抓好1 500 m跑的训练. 相似文献
15.
摆臂技术,是100m跑重要的专项技术。摆臂在运动员跑动过程中,不仅起到维持身体平衡的作用,而且还有提高跑速的作用。女子短跑运动员因先天生理因素,在上肢力量水平上与男子相差较远,且可训练性低于男子。通过文献资料法、实验、数理统计法、逻辑分析法,对肇庆职业学校田径队100m专项的16名高中女生进行上肢力量训练实验,结果表明高中女子短跑运动员维持其他训练手段不变,在上肢力量加强训练后,能够有效的提高短跑专项成绩。 相似文献
16.
A.J. Ward-Smith 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):701-710
The aims of this study were to examine energy conversion strategies during 100 m sprinting and to determine whether there are opportunities for performance enhancement beyond the usual ‘maximum effort throughout’ strategy. The roles of aerodynamic drag and kinetic energy recovery on the overall whole-body energy balance are discussed. A mathematical model based on sprinting with maximum effort, converting chemical energy as rapidly as possible to mechanical energy, is used to calculate a reference performance. Subsequent calculations show the effect of inserting a period of constant-speed running on overall running time. The paper explores how the timing of entry into the second phase affects the overall running time. Overall, the calculations show that no benefits result from adopting a running strategy involving the insertion of a constant-speed phase; the analysis confirms that the strategy of running with maximum effort is the optimum. For a certain range of conditions, the insertion of a short period of constant-speed running has been shown to have a negligible effect on overall running time. For elite male athletes, the constant-speed phase may be entered between 55 and 60 m from the start line, while for elite female athletes the corresponding values are between 46 and 53 m from the start. 相似文献
17.
Ward-Smith AJ 《Journal of sports sciences》2001,19(9):701-710
The aims of this study were to examine energy conversion strategies during 100 m sprinting and to determine whether there are opportunities for performance enhancement beyond the usual 'maximum effort throughout' strategy. The roles of aerodynamic drag and kinetic energy recovery on the overall whole-body energy balance are discussed. A mathematical model based on sprinting with maximum effort, converting chemical energy as rapidly as possible to mechanical energy, is used to calculate a reference performance. Subsequent calculations show the effect of inserting a period of constant-speed running on overall running time. The paper explores how the timing of entry into the second phase affects the overall running time. Overall, the calculations show that no benefits result from adopting a running strategy involving the insertion of a constant-speed phase; the analysis confirms that the strategy of running with maximum effort is the optimum. For a certain range of conditions, the insertion of a short period of constant-speed running has been shown to have a negligible effect on overall running time. For elite male athletes, the constant-speed phase may be entered between 55 and 60 m from the start line, while for elite female athletes the corresponding values are between 46 and 53 m from the start. 相似文献
18.
Andrew Hext Ben Heller John Kelley Simon Goodwill 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(5):503-510
In short track speed skating, the relay exchange provides an additional strategic component to races by allowing a team to change the skater involved in the pack race. Typically executed every 1½ laps, it is the belief of skaters and coaches that during this period of the race, time can be gained or lost due to the execution of the relay exchange. As such, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of the relay exchange on a team’s progression through a 5000?m relay race. Using data collected from three World Cup relay events during the 2012–2013 season, the time taken to complete the straight for the scenarios with and without the relay exchange were compared at different skating speeds for the corner exit prior to the straight. Overall, the influence of the relay exchange was found to be dependent on this corner exit speed. At slower corner exit speeds (12.01–13.5?m/s), relay exchange straight times were significantly faster than the free skating scenario (P?<?0.01). While at faster corner exit speeds (14.01–15?m/s), straight times were significantly slower (P?<?0.001). The findings of this study suggest that the current norm of executing relay exchanges every 1½ laps may not be optimal. Instead, varying the frequency of relay exchange execution throughout the race could allow: (1) time to be gained relative to other teams; and (2) facilitate other race strategies by providing an improved opportunity to overtake. 相似文献
19.
根据我国田径备战2008年奥运会工作的实际需要,通过课题立项,对男女竞走、男子110米栏、女子中长跑、女子马拉松和女子链球等重点项目提供了长达三年的信息服务,内容包括：田径强国技术训练资料翻译、多文种田径科研文献推介、对手动态情报和档案采集、强国实力分析、奥运成绩预测等。所采集的文献来源时间跨度为四年（2005-2008）,涉及英、俄、德、法、西等文种。本文对该项课题研究成果的内容进行了总结归纳,旨在对2008奥运周期信息服务的工作效果进行评价,为改进和完善田径备战2012年奥运会信息服务工作的内容和效果提供参考。 相似文献
20.
现代男子100米跑速度节奏特征及发展趋势的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
遵循现代短跑理论,运用文献资料、数据统计、对经分析和逻辑分析方法,对９０年代１４名世界优秀选手１００ｍ跑速度节奏进行了研究,表明：起距后加速跑、涂中跑和终点跑合理的时间分配应分别为成绩的３７．６２％、４４．２５％、１８．１３％;“多峰型”速度节奏的技术值得商榷,现代男子１００ｍ跑速度节奏表现为“堤坝型”特征;缩短涂中跑加速距离,提高途中跑最大速度,增加作中跑最大速度的跑进距离,减少终点跑速度降低, 相似文献