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Winter sports are played in cold conditions on ice or snow and often at moderate to high altitude. The most important nutritional challenges for winter sport athletes exposed to environmental extremes include increased energy expenditure, accelerated muscle and liver glycogen utilization, exacerbated fluid loss, and increased iron turnover. Winter sports, however, vary greatly regarding their nutritional requirements due to variable physiological and physique characteristics, energy and substrate demands, and environmental training and competition conditions. What most winter sport athletes have in common is a relatively lean physique and high-intensity training periods, thus they require greater energy and nutrient intakes, along with adequate food and fluid before, during, and after training. Event fuelling is most challenging for cross-country skiers competing in long events, ski jumpers aiming to reduce their body weight, and those winter sport athletes incurring repeated qualification rounds and heats. These athletes need to ensure carbohydrate availability throughout competition. Finally, winter sport athletes may benefit from dietary and sport supplements; however, attention should be paid to safety and efficacy if supplementation is considered. 相似文献
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Meyer F O'Connor H Shirreffs SM;International Association of Athletics Federations 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(Z1):S73-S82
Athletics is a popular sport among young people. To maintain health and optimize growth and athletic performance, young athletes need to consume an appropriate diet. Unfortunately, the dietary intake of many young athletes follows population trends rather than public health or sports nutrition recommendations. To optimize performance in some disciplines, young athletes may strive to achieve a lower body weight or body fat content and this may increase their risk for delayed growth and maturation, amenorrhoea, reduced bone density, and eating disorders. Although many of the sports nutrition principles identified for adults are similar to those for young athletes, there are some important differences. These include a higher metabolic cost of locomotion and preferential fat oxidation in young athletes during exercise. Young athletes, particularity children, are at a thermoregulatory disadvantage due to a higher surface area to weight ratio, a slower acclimatization, and lower sweating rate. An appropriate dietary intake rather than use of supplements (except when clinically indicated) is recommended to ensure young athletes participate fully and safely in athletics. 相似文献
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“女运动员三联征”包括了相互联系的三个征象，即进食障碍、闭经和早发骨质疏松。这三种症状在女运动员经常同时出现，尤其易发生在那些从事美学和生理学上依赖低体脂或低体重取得成功的项目的运动员中，是影响女运动员健康和竞技状态的重要因素。女运动员三联征与机体能量不平衡有关。从机体能量平衡调节的角度综述女运动员三联征的发生机制。 相似文献
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我国优秀跆拳道运动员体型的初步研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
名运动员（共５１名）的体型进行研究。结果表明,优秀跆拳道运动员体型具有一定的规律性特征,即体型分布较为集中;男子运动员体型特征为：体型匀称,肌肉、骨骼发达,皮下脂肪含量低,身材高大,其体型三因子均值为２１２４４１３１８;女子运动员体型特征为：体型较匀称,皮下脂肪较发达,肌肉、骨骼发育一般,身材较高,其三因子均值为３．１９２．１７３．０４;男子运动员随级别的升高,体型由外胚叶性中胚叶型向中胚叶型转变;女子运动员随级别的升高,体型由外胚叶型向内胚叶型向转变;女子运动员日常训练中应注意适当减少体脂,增加瘦体重的比例,加强肌力训练。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(1):60-68
AbstractElite gymnastics, and other sports where athletes and coaches are particularly concerned with aesthetic considerations, weight and shape, are fields within which the risk of eating disorders may be unusually high. Adolescent gymnasts, developing their own sense of self, at a time of life where body image concerns are common, often compete at the very top of the sport with a need to maintain a body shape and weight optimal for elite performance. Research into this field should address the range of sociological and ethical aspects of eating disorders in elite sport, their prevalence as well as the ethos of the sport itself. This paper addresses a range of conceptual, ethical and methodological issues relevant to conducting research in this sensitive yet important field. 相似文献
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大学生身体成分特征与运动能力及体质健康关系的研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
赵燕 《沈阳体育学院学报》2004,23(3):437-439
为探讨现阶段我国大学生身体成分特征与运动能力及体质健康的关系,采用实验研究法,查阅文献资料法,数理统计法等。结果表明,18～23岁男、女大学生随年龄、体重的增长体脂缓慢增长,而去脂体重即瘦体重(LBM)却呈下降趋势。18～23岁各年龄组大学生中,男子18、19岁年龄组的无氧工作能力及18岁年龄组的有氧工作能力明显好于其他各年龄组(P<0 05);女子18、19岁年龄组的无氧及有氧工作能力均明显好于其他各年龄组(P<0 01)。18～23岁各年龄组男、女大学生中,体脂高学生的坐位体前屈、肺活量体重指数、立定跳远、1000m跑(男子)及800m跑(女子)、握力体重指数等5项体质指标与体脂正常学生比较,有显著或非常显著差异(P<0 05或P<0 01)。建议采取适当手段对大学生特别是体脂高的学生进行必要的体质健康干预,以增强其体质健康水平。 相似文献
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文章通过对山西大学、山西财经大学、太原理工大学、中北大学等高校2010年度校运动会上,各个项目前八名男子运动员与在校二级高水平运动员体成分进行比较,旨在找出某些规律性特征,从而为运动员科学选材、有效控制体重提供一定的客观依据。 相似文献
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大学生身体成分特征与运动能力及体质健康的关系 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：19
18～ 2 3岁男、女大学生随年龄、体重的增长体脂缓慢增长 ,而去脂体重即瘦体重 (LBM)却呈下降趋势 ;18～ 2 3岁各年龄组大学生中 ,男生 18、19岁年龄组的无氧工作能力及 18岁年龄组的有氧工作能力明显好于其他各年龄组 (P <0 .0 5) ;女生 18、19岁年龄组的无氧及有氧工作能力均明显好于其他各年龄组 (P <0 .0 1) ;18～ 2 3岁各年龄组男、女大学生中 ,体脂高的学生的坐位体前屈、肺活量体重指数、立定跳远、10 0 0m跑 (男子 )及 80 0m跑 (女子 )、握力体重指数等 5项体质指标与体脂正常学生比较 ,有显著或非常显著差异 (P<0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。建议采取适当手段对大学生特别是体脂高的学生进行必要的体质健康干预 ,以增强其体质健康水平 相似文献
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正确把握运动员心理是竞赛取胜的关键 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
教练员对运动员的调控,不仅表现在身体和技战术方面,还包括心理方面的内容,往往后者对比赛胜负的影响更加明显。本文就如何调控运动员的心理作了一些尝试,并收到实效。 相似文献
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孙鹏 《体育科技文献通报》2009,17(12):34-35
进食障碍（eating disorders,EDS）主要是指以反常的摄食行为和心理紊乱为特征、伴有显著的体重改变和/或生理功能紊乱的一组综合征。其主要的临床类型包括：神经性厌食症、神经性贪食症和非典型性进食障碍。运动员存在的进食障碍多为非典型性进食障碍,且以女性居多,其发病的危险性是非运动员女性的3倍以上。本文就女性运动员与进食障碍的关系,以及其发病原因、治疗、预防加以综述,为教学、科研、运动训练等提供一些参考和意见。 相似文献
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Maughan RJ Depiesse F Geyer H;International Association of Athletics Federations 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(Z1):S103-S113
Many athletes use dietary supplements as part of their regular training or competition routine, including about 85% of elite track and field athletes. Supplements commonly used include vitamins, minerals, protein, creatine, and various "ergogenic" compounds. These supplements are often used without a full understanding or evaluation of the potential benefits and risks associated with their use, and without consultation with a sports nutrition professional. A few supplements may be helpful to athletes in specific circumstances, especially where food intake or food choice is restricted. Vitamin and mineral supplements should be used only when a food-based solution is not available. Sports drinks, energy bars, and protein-carbohydrate shakes may all be useful and convenient at specific times. There are well-documented roles for creatine, caffeine, and alkalinizing agents in enhancing performance in high-intensity exercise, although much of the evidence does not relate to specific athletic events. There are potential costs associated with all dietary supplements, including the risk of a positive doping result as a consequence of the presence of prohibited substances that are not declared on the label. 相似文献
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目的:对篮球、手球、足球运动员的身体成分和肌肉力量进行比较分析,探讨三大球运动员身体素质的特点与差异,为运动训练以及运动员科学选材提供理论参考.方法:研究对象均为篮球、足球、手球二级以上专业运动员,均为男性,身高、体重、年龄和运动年限无明显差异,对研究对象进行体成分和肌肉力量测试及比较分析.结果:篮球组与手球组腹下脂肪比率、基础代谢、肥胖程度、BMI以及细胞液都有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);篮球组与足球组之间下肢和腹下脂肪与体重比存有差异性(P＜0.05),胸下脂肪与体重比存有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);手球运动员与足球运动员之间肥胖程度、BMI、细胞液和基础代谢均有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);在上下肢力量方面篮球运动员与手球和足球运动员存有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论:手球运动员在身高、体重、脂肪比率、BMI、细胞量、蛋白质、无机盐、细胞液方面都明显高于篮球和足球运动员;篮球运动员在力量方面比较占据优势;足球运动员身材相对较小,在体脂比率、BMI以及上下肢力量方面低于篮球和手球运动员. 相似文献
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体重对成年人身体素质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解体重对成年人身体素质的影响,运用比较研究法,通过对杭州地区不同体重级别成年人身体素质的比较分析.结果表明:杭州地区成年人的肥胖检出率较高,身体素质与体重指数(BMI)存在高度相关,身体素质总体水平随体重级别增加而下降,肥胖人群的身体素质总体水平差于体重正常人群,但握力和背力好于体重正常人群. 相似文献
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对我国田径项群类项目优秀男子运动员身体形态的比较研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用测试方法，时我国男子田径项群类项目优秀运动员身体形态进行比较，其中包括对身高、体重、肢体的长度和比例，肢体的围度、宽度以及体脂等身体形态的测试，研究田径不同项目男子运动员(短跑类、跳跃类、投掷类)之间体型的差异。结果表明：短跑类与跳跃类运动员之间体型差异较小，而二者与投掷类运动员之间体型差异较大。 相似文献
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The use of dieting, rapid weight loss, and frequent weight fluctuation among athletes competing in weight-class and leanness sports have been considered a problem for years, but the extent of the problem and the health and performance consequences have yet to be fully examined. Most studies examining these issues have had weak methodology. However, results from this review indicate that a high proportion of athletes are using extreme weight-control methods and that the rules of some sports might be associated with the risk of continuous dieting, energy deficit, and/or use of extreme weight-loss methods that can be detrimental to health and performance. Thus, preventive strategies are justified for medical as well as performance reasons. The most urgent needs are: (1) to develop sport-specific educational programmes for athletic trainers, coaches, and athletes; (2) modifications to regulations; and (3) research related to minimum percentage body fat and judging patterns. 相似文献
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Energy balance and body composition in sports and exercise 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Loucks AB 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(1):1-14
Many athletes, especially female athletes and participants in endurance and aesthetic sports and sports with weight classes, are chronically energy deficient. This energy deficiency impairs performance, growth and health. Reproductive disorders in female athletes are caused by low energy availability (defined as dietary energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure), perhaps specifically by low carbohydrate availability, and not by the stress of exercise. These reproductive disorders can be prevented or reversed by dietary supplementation in compensation for exercise energy expenditure without any moderation of the exercise regimen. Energy balance is not the objective of athletic training. To maximize performance, athletes strive to achieve an optimum sport-specific body size, body composition and mix of energy stores. To pursue these objectives, athletes need to manage fat, protein and carbohydrate balances separately, but it is impractical for athletes to monitor these balances directly, and appetite is not a reliable indicator of their energy and macronutrient needs. To guide their progress, athletes need to eat by discipline and to monitor specific, reliable and practical biomarkers of their objectives. Skinfolds and urinary ketones may be the best biomarkers of fat stores and carbohydrate deficiency, respectively. Research is needed to identify and validate these and other markers. 相似文献
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Competitive sport has been under increasing discussion as a possible favourable factor in the development of eating disorders among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sport-specific eating disorders, in line with the concept of anorexia athletica. This prospective field study included one experimental group and two control groups (disease and healthy). Fifty-two pre-professional ballet dancers aged 13-20 years were tested for clinical eating disorders, anorexia athletica criteria, eating disorder related psychopathology and self-concept, and were compared with 52 patients with anorexia nervosa and 44 non-athletic controls of the same age. The study was conducted using semi-structured interviews as well as self-report questionnaires. A clinical eating disorder diagnosis was made in 1.9% of the ballet dancers versus 0% of the high school students; anorexia athletica was diagnosed in 5.8% of the dancers versus 2.3% of the students. Ballet dancers scored lower than patients with anorexia nervosa with regard to eating disorder related psychopathology and higher than the patients with regard to self-concept. We conclude that more sensitive tools to differentiate between sport-specific (eating) patterns, anorexia athletica and clinically relevant eating disorders are needed, especially for aesthetic sports such as ballet. It remains an important goal to identify athletes with symptoms of anorexia athletica irrespective of their physique and/or sport. 相似文献