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1.
ABSTRACTRecently, there has been much controversy over the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) regulations regarding eligibility to compete and natural testosterone levels in female athletes. Much interest lies in the analysis of Caster Semenya's extraordinary performance. The objective of this work were, a) Complete an analysis of Caster Semenya's results during the 800m finals and b) search for existing similar performances by other female athletes. We analysed the results of the finals of all IAAF World Championships and Olympic Games from 1984–2016, including the 800m results of the Diamond Leagues 2016–2018. Exponential curves were fit to the data to characterise and predict performance for each event. Caster Semenya's finishing times before her ineligibility to compete and after the suspension of the IAAF hyperandrogenism regulation were found to be 1.24% and 1.49%, respectively, faster than the characteristic performance of the elite-standard in the women’s 800m final. Other female athletes, with finishing times faster than the ones predicted by the characteristic curves were also discovered. The percentage difference in performance between Caster Semenya and the other participants did not reach 3% in the 800m event. No conclusions can be drawn regarding extraordinary results ever performed during the 100m, 200m or 400m finals. 相似文献
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Jonathan Ospina Betancurt Maria S. Zakynthinaki Maria Jose Martínes-Patiño Carlos Cordente Martinez Carmen Rodríguez Fernández 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(11):1262-1268
The purpose of this study was to assess the veracity of the Court of Arbitration for Sport’s assertion that sex-differences in athletic performance in elite-standard track and field competition is of the order of 10–12%. Exponential curves were fitted to the data of selected track and field events of the finals of all IAAF World Championships and Olympic Games from 1983 to 2016. For each curve, the coefficient of determination R2 was calculated, in combination the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the curve constants. Sex-differences were evaluated via differences in the fitted curves between men and women. Mean performances of winners, as well as overall performance means of all participants, were also analyzed. The calculated sex-difference was 8.2 ± 1.0% – 11.8 ± 2.1% for sprints, 10.3 ± 3.3% – 12.8 ± 4.0% for middle and long-distance events, 9.7 ± 2.9% – 13.1 ± 2.9% for relays and 14.2 ± 2.2% – 25.0 ± 4.4% for jumps. This study therefore confirms that the percentage difference accepted by the CAS is appropriate for elite-standard track and field events. 相似文献
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基于某项生理指标,针对特定女性运动员参赛资格进行限制是当前国际体育界极具争议的议题。尤其是“Dutee Chand案”“Caster Semenya案”的出现,使得以国际田联《雄激素过多症规则》和《性别发展差异运动员规则》(“DSD规则”)为主要代表的、针对特定女性运动员参赛资格限制的规则受到了体育界、医学界、法律界等社会各界的高度关注。运用文献资料、案例分析、比较分析等方法,就特定女性运动员参赛资格限制规则所引发的法律问题:对特定女性参赛资格限制规则的歧视性,特定女性参赛资格限制规则与体育组织的上位规则、国际法、国内法的冲突,以及特定女性参赛资格限制规则的必要性和相称性问题进行了深入分析。研究认为,包括国际田联《雄激素过多症规则》和“DSD规则”在内的专门针对特定女性运动员参赛资格进行限制的规则具有歧视性,并侵犯了特定女性运动员的健康权、隐私权,违反了基本人权保护原则,这些规则带来的限制、歧视以及对人权的侵犯与这些规则预期追求的目标不具有相称性。体育领域产生的公平竞赛权等专有权利不能超越基本人权 相似文献
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Top short track speed skaters and their coaches have suspected that starting positions influence finishing positions, especially in the 500 m racing distance. The objective of this study was to examine systematically the influence of starting position on finishing position in 500 m short track speed skating. The data analysed included results from World Cup 500 m races ranging from the 1999-2000 season through to the end of the 2003-2004 season. All 500 m men's and women's races with four skaters starting and finishing (preliminaries, heats, quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals) were included in the data set. The association between starting position and finishing position was examined using Kendall's tau. Results show that for both sexes, there is a significant positive correlation between starting position and finishing position (P<0.001). This effect is generally more pronounced in semi-finals and finals than it is in preliminaries, heats and quarter-finals. Strategies to counter this inequity are proposed, drawing upon similar experiences in other sports. 相似文献
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Sean Maw Lisa Proctor Jessica Vredenburg Peter Ehlers 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1239-1246
Abstract Top short track speed skaters and their coaches have suspected that starting positions influence finishing positions, especially in the 500 m racing distance. The objective of this study was to examine systematically the influence of starting position on finishing position in 500 m short track speed skating. The data analysed included results from World Cup 500 m races ranging from the 1999 – 2000 season through to the end of the 2003 – 2004 season. All 500 m men's and women's races with four skaters starting and finishing (preliminaries, heats, quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals) were included in the data set. The association between starting position and finishing position was examined using Kendall's tau. Results show that for both sexes, there is a significant positive correlation between starting position and finishing position (P < 0.001). This effect is generally more pronounced in semi-finals and finals than it is in preliminaries, heats and quarter-finals. Strategies to counter this inequity are proposed, drawing upon similar experiences in other sports. 相似文献
6.
起跑反应时和运动成绩是短跑项目中的重要研究主题。研究以2012—2018年4届世界室内田径锦标赛60m与60m栏项目比赛数据为研究对象,检验了运动员起跑反应时和运动成绩变化的时序特征以及起跑反应时和运动成绩的关系。结果表明,60m与60m栏优秀运动员在比赛的不同阶段在起跑反应时和运动成绩上均表现出了显著差异,半决赛和决赛阶段的起跑反应时和运动成绩显著优于预赛阶段,并且保持时间序列的稳定性。 相似文献
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利用高速录像拍摄法、比较分析法、数理统计法等对参加2004年第七届全国大学生运动会男子800m甲、乙组决赛的运动员途中跑的动学特征进行了分析。结果表明:我国男子大学生运动员800m运动水平的差距主要体现在步长方面,而步长的差距又是由于他们之间的后蹬角度和前摆角度存在着显著性差异所造成的。 相似文献
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为揭示世界优秀女子400米跑运动员速度分配的特征,为提高我国女子400米跑运动成绩和改进训练方法提供科学依据,采用动态分析法、数据统计法、因素分析法对参加第6,7届世界田径锦标赛女子400米决赛运动员的50米分段时间、平均速度进行分析统计。结果表明:应延长400米跑的加速时间;8个50米分段的标准差越小匀速跑的能力越强;最快和最慢50米分段的时间差与运动成绩显著相关(P<0.05)。通过分析第1名的分段时间与2～8名的分段平均时间发现,第1名运动员启动速度较快,第2分段控制速度,第5,6分段速度优势明显。 相似文献
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目的：通过对现场采集的短道速滑500 m项目的优秀运动员运动视频进行处理,获取相关运动学参数,揭示优秀短道速滑运动员滑行运动学参数特征,为运动员科学训练提供依据。方法：通过单台摄像机定点拍摄获取比赛录像,无须在现场放置框架,利用冰面现有文字和线段进行摄像机空间标定,利用SIMImotion解析软件得到运动员滑行轨迹的像坐标,最后通过射影变换原理获取运动员在冰面上的滑行轨迹等运动学指标。结果：数据显示在第三圈男女平均速度都达到最大,男子最大圈平均速度为14.14 m/s,女子为13.07 m/s。男女直道平均速度、弯道平均速度、入弯瞬时速度和出弯瞬时速度都在第5次达到最大值。男子直道最大平均速度为14.13 m/s,女子为13.13 m/s;男子弯道最大平均速度为14.70 m/s,女子为13.51 m/s;男子入弯最大瞬时速度为14.76 m/s,女子为13.66 m/s;男子出弯道最大瞬时速度为14.21 m/s,女子为13.12 m/s。起跑到第8步时,男女瞬时速度分别达到了8.39 m/s和7.63 m/s,男女步长分别达到2.98 m和2.44 m。结论：(1)利用射影变换原理完成运动员比赛滑行路线的标定,为短道速滑研究提供了一种新方法。(2)优秀短道速滑运动员在500 m滑行中弯道速度贡献大于直道,起跑爆发力对抢位战术影响较大,运动员体能情况对最后两圈影响较大。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to analyse qualification patterns in middle distance running and identify whether athletes adopt theoretically optimal tactics, or whether the will to win overrides these. The performances of 295 men and 258 women finalists in the Olympic and IAAF World Championship 800 m and 1500 m events from 1999 to 2017 were analysed across all three rounds of competition. Finishing position, time and ranking amongst all competitors were found for each athlete. Position in the final was correlated with finishing position in the heats and semi-finals (all P < 0.001), but not with finishing times in those rounds. Of the 57 champions, 40 won both their heat and semi-final, even though a lower automatic qualification position would have been sufficient, and only 18 achieved a season’s best time in the final. The will to win amongst the eventual champions (and other medallists) suggests predominantly ego oriented behaviour that is encouraged by a performance climate, and which did not appear to differ between men and women. Coaches and athletes are recommended to note that championship-specific physiological and psychological factors are important to develop in training and prior competition to improve both short- and long-term championship strategies. 相似文献
11.
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(12):1165-1172
Pacing strategies have been investigated for elite-standard freestyle swimmers, but little is known about pacing in age-group freestyle swimmers. We investigated changes in swimming time across distances in 4,481 women and men swimmers who competed in 100, 200, 400, and 800 m freestyle age groups from 25–29 years to 90–94 years in the FINA World Masters Championships 2014. In 100 to 800 m, there was a small lap×sex interaction (P < 0.001, 0.033 ≤ η2 ≤ 0.045) whereby women had larger lap-to-lap changes in swimming time than men. From 100 to 800 m, there were moderate to large lap×age group interactions (P < 0.001, 0.054 ≤ η2 ≤ 0.235), i.e., pacing patterns differed by age groups. There were small main effects of lap on time in 100, 200, 400 and 800 m freestyle events (P < 0.001, 0.033 ≤ η2 ≤ 0.045). In summary, (i) the largest increase in swimming time occurred during the second lap and a decrease in time occurred during the last lap, except in the 100 m, and (ii) the effect of participants’ sex on lap time indicated larger percentage changes of pacing in women than in men. These findings should help coaches to develop age- and event-tailored pacing strategies. 相似文献
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Kirk J. Cureton Larry D. Hensley Antoinette Tiburzi 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):333-340
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the mean difference in performance between men and women on selected physical performance tests was related to the sex difference in body fatness. Percent total body fat (% fat) estimated from skinfold thickness measures and performances on the modified pull-up, vertical jump, 50-yard dash, and 12-minute-run tests were measured on 55 male and 55 female college students. Males had significantly less fat and performed significantly better than females on each of the performance tests. Mean differences were 8.2% fat, 20.0 modified pull-ups, 20.8 cm on the vertical jump, 1.3 seconds on the 50-yard dash, and 590 m on the 12-minute run. Linear regression equations predicting performance scores from % fat within the groups of men and women indicated that if body fatness in men and women were similar, performance differences would be reduced, on the average, by 7 modified pull-ups, 4 cm on the vertical jump, .5 seconds on the 50–yard dash, and 146 m on the 12-minute run. These expected changes in performance were 36%, 19%, 38%, and 25% of the mean sex difference in performance on the four physical performance tests, respectively. It was concluded that greater body fatness is one characteristic that partly explains why women, on the average, do not perform as well as men on strenuous tasks requiring movement of the body weight. The sex-specific difference in body fatness should be one factor considered in establishing separate occupational and athletic performance expectations for men and women. 相似文献
15.
采用文献资料法、数理统计法,对第11届全运会游泳比赛最终获得各单项前8名运动员竞技能力的发挥水平进行统计分析。结果显示:在预赛、半决赛及决赛中运动员竞技能力的总体发挥水平呈逐渐递增的态势,预赛为99.52%,半决赛为100.39%,决赛高达101.52%。男女决赛前3名的发挥均明显优于4～8名选手。不同赛次其竞技能力的发挥水平存在显著差异,男女发挥水平均表现为:决赛>半决赛>预赛。在半决赛、决赛中女子的发挥明显优于男子,在预赛中男女发挥无明显性别差异。在预赛、半决赛中速度性短游项目运动员的发挥均优于耐力性中长游项目的发挥,在决赛中无明显项目差异。这与运动员竞技状态、赛次目标、实力隐蔽、体力分配及机能节省化的需要有关。 相似文献
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800m项目是初中生必修项目,也是初中体育教学的重点之一。如何做到快速提高初中生800m成绩是中考体育训练着重关注的问题。本文采用文献资料法,实地调查法,逻辑分析法和经验总结法等方法,从课余体育训练现状提出问题。对初中800m女学生进行了训练和设计,并提出了改进措施。体育老师要充分利用课余时间训练,利用侧重点教学方式,增强田径技能的形成,并且针对初中女生兴趣不高,技能较差的特点,在实际的训练过程中,更多的学生作为主体并进行田径训练,为提高学生的热情度,调动积极性,进一步提高成绩。 相似文献
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为了进一步认识三级跳远技术特征和优秀男女运动员在三级跳远项目上的技术差异,文章分析统计第十二届世锦赛三级跳远有关技术参数,研究结果表明,优秀女子运动员损失距离小于优秀男子运动员,女三级跳远成绩为男子的84%左右,而女子助跑最后一步质心速度为男子的89%,步长也为89%,说明优秀女子运动员三级跳远在成绩方面有潜力达到优秀男子运动员的89%。 相似文献
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Brian Hanley 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(12):1402-1406
The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare pacing profiles of senior men and women competing in the 2017 World Cross Country Championships. Finishing and split times were collated for 118 men and 81 women competing over the newly introduced race distance of 10 km (five laps of approximately 2 km). Athletes were grouped according to finishing time, and changes in pace measured using lap times, except between Laps 1 and 2 because of a shorter first lap (times relative to the winner were used instead). Within both men’s and women’s races, groups slowed during the early stages, but then either sped up or maintained pace during the last lap. There were few differences between groups with regard to overall pacing profiles, or between sexes. The men’s fast finish contrasted with slower finishes found in previous editions (over 12 km), and the degree to which women were slower than men (approximately 12%) was very similar to track racing and showed the decision to equalise the distances run by both sexes was sound. As in other distance events, athletes are recommended to try to achieve an even pace throughout, an approach that proved beneficial to both gold medallists. 相似文献
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本文收集了2018全年属于田径奥运会项目的各项排名世界前20的信息数据,客观描述当前世界田径整体格局的演变。并根据中国田径在2018年的表现,以及我国田径进入各项排名世界前20的人数情况,分析当前中国田径的发展现状,预测中国田径在2020年东京奥运会的成绩。研究方法采用的是文献资料法、数理统计法和逻辑归纳法。研究结论主要为:1.中国短跑未来应该在百米项目上重点突破,并力求整体水平的提高。男子100m和女子4x100m接力有望进入奥运前8,男子4x100m接力有望冲击奥运奖牌,其他项目争取全面参赛。2.跳跃项目发展良好,男子跳远具备世界前列水平且整体实力比较雄厚,有望力争奥运奖牌。男子跳高、男子撑杆跳高和男子三级跳远具备冲击奥运前8的实力。3.女子铅球有望冲击奥运金牌,书写奇迹。女子链球、女子标枪和女子铁饼有望争夺奥运奖牌。4.女子20公里竞走力争奥运卫冕并争取多人拿到奖牌,男子竞走实力下滑严重,在男子20公里和男子50公里竞走上要以争夺奖牌为目标。5.预测我国田径在2020年东京奥运会上奖牌数在7枚左右,金牌数在2枚上下。 相似文献
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以北京奥运周期三次世界大赛男子双杠决赛运动员成套动作为研究对象,对世界双杠比赛特点进行研究.结果表明:成套动作的平均A分从39届世锦赛的6.427分迅速升至北京奥运会的6.888分,最高达到7.1分,选手之间的差距越来越小,继续提高动作难度的空间较小;成套动作的结构仍以支撑摆动组为主,悬垂大摆和短半径回环动作迅速增长,两组接近占总数的1/2;挂臂摆动组动作数量逐渐减少,下法类型有多元化发展的趋势;今后应在既定动作难度基础上,努力提高完成动作的质量. 相似文献