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骨骼肌是人体重要的内分泌器官,能合成和分泌多种肌肉因子。白介素(interleukin,IL)-15是近年发现的一种新的肌肉因子,不仅作用于骨骼肌自身,促进骨骼肌蛋白的合成、抑制蛋白质的降解,还直接作用于脂肪组织,抑制脂肪的合成,促进脂肪的分解,骨骼肌分泌的IL-15是骨骼肌萎缩、肥胖防治等多种代谢性疾病的新靶点。不同的运动强度、运动方式和运动时间对血浆IL-15水平及骨骼肌IL-15的基因表达、蛋白表达的作用并不一致,就肌肉因子IL-15的生理学作用及运动对1L-15的影响进行综述。 相似文献
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泛素-蛋白酶体系统与运动性骨骼肌重构机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在生物学过程中蛋白起到关键的作用，蛋白的合成和降解之间的平衡调节细胞体内平衡。骨骼肌对外界活动的变化反应具有可塑性，最终可导致组织重构和质量产生实质性的改变。泛素一蛋白酶体系统在生物学过程中作用逐渐受到重视，包括细胞分化、对应激的适应和细胞的死亡。其中泛素连接酶MAFbx／atrogin-1和MuRF1可能在运动性骨骼肌重构机制起着重要的作用。不同的运动刺激诱导骨骼肌细胞和形态的变化可能存在不同。认识运动诱导骨骼肌蛋白降解的相关机制有助于理解运动性骨骼肌的重构机制和制定非常有效的训练计划。 相似文献
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Sarcopenia指随着年龄的增加,机体骨骼肌质量、力量及功能逐渐下降的现象,它的发生增加了老年人的健康维护成本,给家庭及社会带来沉
重经济负担。Sarcopenia的病理生理过程非常复杂,涉及细胞凋亡、氧化应激、蛋白质合成减少、骨骼肌废用、炎症反应、线粒体功能障碍等,并与骨
骼肌质量控制（蛋白质质量控制和肌纤维数目控制）失衡密切相关。AMPK （AMP-activated protein kinase）、Sirt1 （silencing information reg?
ulator1）是机体内重要的能量代谢感受器,可感知体内的能量代谢状态,通过改变下游分子的基因表达或活性调节机体能量代谢过程。AMPK/Sirt1
信号通路通过对细胞自噬、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖与分化、骨骼肌蛋白合成与降解、炎症反应等过程对的调控影响骨骼肌质量与功能,这可能与机体衰
老过程中Sarcopenia的发生、发展及转归密切相关。研究表明,运动可促进骨骼肌蛋白质合成、增加机体的瘦体重,达到预防和治疗Sarcopenia的目
的,但运动所引起的AMPK/Sirt1信号通路及其调控下游细胞事件的适应性改变与Sarcopenia的内在联系尚不明确。本文通过对AMPK/Sirt1信号通
路与骨骼肌蛋白合成、降解和细胞凋亡等信号通路的关系及其运动调控进行综述,以期深入了解运动、AMPK/Sirt1信号通路与Sarcopenia的内在关
系,旨为Sarcopenia的运动防治提供新思路。 相似文献
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骨骼肌组织具有高度的适应性,高原训练可诱导骨骼肌蛋白的大量降解,肌纤维变细,肌肉力量的下降等应激性和适应性变化.因此,在高原训练过程中采取积极的干预措施,对提高高原训练成绩具有十分重要的意义.通过对高原训练过程中进行营养干预对骨骼肌蛋白质合成的影响进行综述,为提高高原训练效果提供一些科学依据. 相似文献
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目的:探讨低氧、运动对骨骼肌蛋白质合成的作用.方法:2月龄雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为对照组、低氧组、运动组、低氧运动组,实验28天后取材测试.结果:(1)运动组AR蛋白表达量、AR活性与骨骼肌总蛋白质含量比对照组显著升高;(2)低氧组骨骼肌睾酮含量、AR蛋白表达量、IGF-1mRNA含量以及肌纤维横截面积较对照组显著降低;AR活性、骨骼肌蛋白质含量较对照组显著升高;(3)低氧运动组AR蛋白表达量、AR活性和骨骼肌总蛋白含量比运动组显著下降.结论:(1)运动后进行低氧暴露比单纯运动更能通过AR含量-AR活性水平抑制蛋白质合成;(2)低氧、运动或低氧运动通过睾酮调节AR数量及活性,最终影响骨骼肌蛋白含量;(3)低氧、运动或低氧运动可通过调节AR转录活性影响IGF-1mRNA表达,最终调节骨骼肌蛋白质合成. 相似文献
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运动能促进身体组织和器官的有利改变,如运动调控骨骼肌的质量和力量变化。一方面,近期研究认为,细胞信号分子对骨骼肌卫星细胞的状态有决定性作用,如激活、增殖、分化、融合等促进骨骼肌重塑过程;另一方面,运动刺激骨骼肌中生长因子合成和分泌的变化,对骨骼肌细胞信号分子的传递与骨骼肌肥大密切相关。目前,国内外鲜有报道从运动和细胞信号分子交互作用探究运动促进骨骼肌肥大的机制。因此,研究试图对运动和多个细胞信号分子的交互作用进行综述,以期为人体复杂系统中骨骼肌肥大机制提供新的研究思路。 相似文献
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针刺和静力牵张对大负荷运动后骨骼肌M线变化影响的免疫电镜研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
用胶体金标记技术定位运动后及运动后经针刺或静力牵张处理的人骨骼肌M蛋白,以探讨超过习惯负荷后骨骼肌收缩结构变化以及针刺和静力牵张对促进其恢复的机制。我们发现:大负荷斜蹲后未经针刺的对照腿股外肌M线的M蛋白标记密度低于针刺腿(P<0.05),而对照腿M线两侧及M线两侧以外的M蛋白标记密度高于针刺腿(P<0.05)。对照实验证明运动腿M线以外增加的标记物为物异性标记。静力牵张组在M线及M线两侧的标记结果与针刺组一致。仅在M线两侧以外区域牵张腿与运动对照腿之间标记密度的差异没有统计学意义。我们还观察到运动后对照腿变化M线体密度达42—48％,而针刺或牵张腿为6—9％。上述结果表明大负荷运动加强了负荷后骨骼肌M蛋白的解聚或降解,从而导致M线结构改变;针刺和静力牵张可显著促进M蛋白的合成或抑制其降解,而使M线结构恢复或稳定。本文还探讨了M线变化与肌粗丝结构变化的关系。 相似文献
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FoxO转录因子与细胞周期停止、细胞凋亡．DNA修复,肌肉萎缩、糖代谢,抗氧化应激和延长寿命等一系列生物过程有密切的关系。在骨骼肌中,FoxO可以正调节脂肪代谢．负调节糖代谢和蛋白质代谢。力量训练可以很好地抑制FoxO的表达,这对于研究力量训练预尊盟内萎I膏的机削有一定的作用。 相似文献
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蛋白质不断进行合成代谢和分解代谢的转换维持了骨骼肌正常功能,激素在这个过程中起重要的调节作用。目前,这一机制还不是很清楚,为了对人类骨骼肌蛋白质代谢的调节的进一步了解,为阐明肌肉萎缩的机制起着非常重要的作用。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):107-121
Abstract In recent years, a body of literature examining the response of muscle-protein metabolism to exercise and nutrition has arisen. Developments in methods, especially stable isotopic tracer methodology, have allowed much information to be gathered in vivo in humans. The metabolic mechanism behind increased muscle mass requires that muscle-protein synthesis exceeds breakdown, i.e., net muscle-protein synthesis. Increased net muscle-protein balance may occur due to exercise, but net synthesis may occur only with the addition of nutrients, particularly a source of amino acids. The major impact of increased amino acid availability on net muscle-protein balance is due to stimulation of muscle-protein synthesis and less to inhibition of muscle-protein breakdown. Amino acids seem to stimulate muscle-protein synthesis, not only by mass action, i.e., providing substrate, but also as signals for initiation of protein synthesis. Stimulation of muscle-protein synthesis by amino acid ingestion may be linked to increased intracellular amino acid levels and/or to changing amino acid levels in the blood. Carbohydrate ingestion, most likely through the action of insulin, also may play a role in the response of muscle to exercise and nutrition. There is very little research in humans in vivo on the intracellular signaling that is linked to muscle-protein synthesis. It is clear that intracellular signaling responds to both insulin and amino acids, but the interactions with exercise are not well known; however, the details of the pathways have only just begun to be investigated, especially in humans. Delineation of these pathways is complicated, and there is little doubt that multiple intracellular signaling pathways with several levels of communication are involved in the hypertrophy process in response to nutrition and exercise. A systematic investigation of the relationship of the signaling to insulin and amino acids combined with exercise will provide important information, especially for populations vulnerable to muscle loss. 相似文献
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黄海 《西安体育学院学报》1993,(1)
骨骼肌的发展水平是受收缩蛋白合成与分解的影响,本文以小白鼠为对象研究表明运动刺激能使骨骼肌活性化高的收缩蛋白合成,同时在量上明显增加。肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白的相互收缩反应说明运动刺激可以使骨骼肌对Ca离子感受性生理机能得到明显改善,肌动球蛋白Mg-ATP_(ase°)的活性随Ca离子浓度增加而升高,表明骨骼肌收缩蛋白在质和量的变化,可能是肌动球蛋白Mg-ATP_(ase°)的活性增高而引起。 相似文献
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Matthew S. Brook Daniel J. Wilkinson Kenneth Smith Philip J. Atherton 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(6):633-644
Constituting ～40% of body mass, skeletal muscle has essential locomotory and metabolic functions. As such, an insight into the control of muscle mass is of great importance for maintaining health and quality-of-life into older age, under conditions of cachectic disease and with rehabilitation. In healthy weight-bearing individuals, muscle mass is maintained by the equilibrium between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown; when this balance tips in favour of MPS hypertrophy occurs. Despite considerable research into pharmacological/nutraceutical interventions, resistance exercise training (RE-T) remains the most potent stimulator of MPS and hypertrophy (in the majority of individuals). However, the mechanism(s) and time course of hypertrophic responses to RE-T remain poorly understood. We would suggest that available data are very much in favour of the notion that the majority of hypertrophy occurs in the early phases of RE-T (though still controversial to some) and that, for the most part, continued gains are hard to come by. Whilst the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy represent the culmination of mechanical, auto/paracrine and endocrine events, the measurement of MPS remains a cornerstone for understanding the control of hypertrophy – mainly because it is the underlying driving force behind skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Development of sophisticated isotopic techniques (i.e. deuterium oxide) that lend to longer term insight into the control of hypertrophy by sustained RE-T will be paramount in providing insights into the metabolic and temporal regulation of hypertrophy. Such technologies will have broad application in muscle mass intervention for both athletes and for mitigating disease/age-related cachexia and sarcopenia, alike. 相似文献
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骨骼肌细胞骨架蛋白和小分子热休克蛋白研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
细胞骨架蛋白是骨骼肌细胞具有重要功能的结构。中间丝蛋白desmin和膜骨架蛋白dystrophin是骨骼肌中重要的骨架蛋白 ,是研究运动性骨骼肌细胞微损伤的敏感指标。综述了近年关于骨骼肌细胞骨架蛋白和与细胞骨架蛋白损伤相关联的热休克蛋白的研究。热休克蛋白是有机体内源性保护蛋白 ,在应激条件下 ,这些蛋白合成增多 ,建立了独特的防御系统来维持细胞内蛋白的稳定 ,保证细胞的生存 ;小热休克蛋白对维持骨骼肌细胞骨架结构稳定和帮助其在损伤修复方面起关键作用。 相似文献
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加压运动法是限制静脉血流量,造成肢体远端出现静脉池效应,诱发肌细胞体积增大,以较小的运动强度促进蛋白质合成、刺激肌肉生长和提高肌肉适能的一种新方法,由于其训练方式的安全性及效果的优越性,已经成为国际上人们追捧的训练方法。加压运动是在肢体近端用加压带捆绑,加压后进行低强度、短时间运动,达到增加肌肉力量,改善肌肉功能的目的。这种新方法不仅应用于提高运动员竞赛成绩、预防老年人及术后患者肌肉萎缩、对抗宇航员在轨时失重生理效应导致的骨骼、肌肉等多方面的退行性变化,也为骨性疾病、心脑血管、肥胖、糖尿病和神经肌肉疾病患者提供新的康复治疗手段。本文从加压运动的方法、应用及原理机制,进一步完善加压运动的效果机制,为其推广做好科学基础及理论指导。 相似文献
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AbstractThe recovery from many injuries sustained in athletic training or competition often requires an extensive period of limb immobilisation (muscle disuse). Such periods induce skeletal muscle loss and consequent declines in metabolic health and functional capacity, particularly during the early stages (1–2 weeks) of muscle disuse. The extent of muscle loss during injury strongly influences the level and duration of rehabilitation required. Currently, however, efforts to intervene and attenuate muscle loss during the initial two weeks of injury are minimal. Mechanistically, muscle disuse atrophy is primarily attributed to a decline in basal muscle protein synthesis rate and the development of anabolic resistance to food intake. Dietary protein consumption is of critical importance for stimulating muscle protein synthesis rates throughout the day. Given that the injured athlete greatly reduces physical activity levels, maintaining muscle mass whilst simultaneously avoiding gains in fat mass can become challenging. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that maintaining or increasing daily protein intake by focusing upon the amount, type and timing of dietary protein ingestion throughout the day can restrict the loss of muscle mass and strength during recovery from injury. Moreover, neuromuscular electrical stimulation may be applied to evoke involuntary muscle contractions and support muscle mass maintenance in the injured athlete. Although more applied work is required to translate laboratory findings directly to the injured athlete, current recommendations for practitioners aiming to limit the loss of muscle mass and/or strength following injury in their athletes are outlined herein. 相似文献
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近年来,牛奶逐渐走入我国人民日常生活,同时作为一种新型的运动饮料,尤其是在力量训练和耐力训练恢复中的的作用日益引起人们的兴趣。现有的一些研究表明,牛奶可以作为有效的抗力性运动后饮料,促进机体蛋白质代谢发生有益的快速改变。饮用牛奶可以迅速提高骨骼肌蛋白质合成,改善骨骼肌蛋白质平衡。另外,运动后摄入牛奶与较长时期的抗力训练（至少12周）相结合可导致骨骼肌及瘦体重的更加显著性增长。 相似文献