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1.
Jean Williams 《Sport in History》2015,35(1):81-107
The robust design of the mass-produced British football boot from the late nineteenth century onwards appeared to evolve rather slowly compared with subsequent lightweight, flexible ‘continental’ fabrication. However, with careful reading we can identify considerable overlap and influence between manufacturers, distributors and retailers. Boot and shoe manufacturing was an intensely competitive industry and it was in the interests of entrepreneurs to pioneer advances in order to promote a particular brand. In developing football boots for the mass market this may have included much pseudo-science but even small innovations sought to improve performance and market share. Design ambiguities were also inherent because footwear manufacturers routinely borrowed and appropriated successful design elements for their own products. With more choice and consumer demand, football boots became increasingly less adapted from other outdoor footwear owned by the participant, to specialised models manufactured as part of the flourishing sporting goods industry. The internationalisation of the mass market for football boots is here explored though the distinct but related case studies of two family firms; Manfield from Northamptonshire, England and Adidas from Herzogenaurach, Germany. Arguing that there was much continuity between the designs and manufacturing processes of the two firms, the article explores how the design of the football boot became increasingly influenced by the fashion industry as items of conspicuous consumption. By 1954 the launch of the training shoe saw sportswear become a style trend worn on the street, rather than on the pitch. This in turn, influenced football boot design as both a highly technical item of elite sportswear and an expensive, aspirational essential in an everyday kitbag. 相似文献
2.
服饰是人类特有的劳动成果,它既是物质文明的成果,又具精神文明的内容。运动服饰如同一种语言,也是一种文化,既能反映出运动员的文化素养、审美情趣等个性特征和文化、思维等价值观上的差异,也可反映一个运动项目的特点和要求,体现出该运动的历史文化和社会影响力。网球运动服饰充满了浓郁的文化气息,具有传承性、时代性、个体性、传统型、科技性、时尚性等文化特征,不仅展现了网球运动强对抗、高技巧的特点,而且体现了时代感和艺术力,更富有历史文化的痕迹,引领着运动服饰的时代潮流。 相似文献
3.
Gladys Pak Lei Chong 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(3):242-266
This article is an inquiry of why such significance has been assigned to sports in general and the Olympics in particular in China. It looks at how history and politics intersect with gender. I explain how the historicity of China's traumatic past – how it fell prey to the western imperialists – has allowed the state to draw on the biopolitical discourse that links its subjects’ physical, mental and moral attributes to that of the survival and revival of a Chinese nation. This article examines the ways in which gender ideals/norms were inscribed onto the athletes’ bodies that helped exemplify China's nation-building project and its pursuit of modernity. My analysis focuses on the representation of their bodies, clothes and corporal expression. Three sets of male and female athletes of three different periods were examined: (1) Liu Changchun and Yang Xiuqiong, representing the Republican China; (2) Li Ning and Lang Ping, representing the post-opening up period; (3) Liu Xiang and Guo Jingjing, representing the global China. I argue that manliness and femaleness are cultural as well as political products produced according to the needs of the nation and the state at different historical moments; and both men and women carry their share of national burden. 相似文献
4.
Paul Ashmore 《Soccer & Society》2017,18(1):30-46
This article examines how we might understand what constitutes atmosphere at football games beyond singing, chanting and other explicit choreographies of display. It argues that the focus on singing and chanting that pervades much of the literature on spectator activity at football games stems from a conceptual concern with identity and emotion, and an empirical focus on professional and international football, with its large, segregated crowds and modern facilities. This article moves beyond these by turning empirically to non-league football and conceptually to ‘affective atmospheres’. This provides resources for rethinking atmosphere in the absence of overt emotional display. The article draws on autoethnographic vignettes taken from attendance at non-league football games during the 2012/2013 season to articulate these other atmospheres. It concludes by considering the wider implications of this and the opportunities opened up by a broader understanding of what constitutes atmosphere for those working on football spectator experiences. 相似文献
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Jennifer Curtin 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(18):2123-2134
ABSTRACTThe presence of women in and around rugby union in New Zealand remains on the margins of the histories of the game of rugby and the more social and cultural histories that explore rugby’s impact on the formation of a New Zealand national identity. Yet, as this article demonstrates, women have long since engaged with rugby union in ways that may well have assisted in its ascendancy and ultimate claiming of the title of New Zealand’s national game. Through readings of newspapers, magazines, and club histories covering the period from the 1870s through to the Great War a picture emerges: women from both the middle and lower classes of New Zealand society supported the game of rugby as spectators, supporters, and fans. They did so in a manner that was sometimes acceptable but at other times regarded as distinctly inappropriate. In addition, women’s involvement was informal and localized – most obvious at the community level – and it is this feature that helps to explain women’s virtual invisibility in the histories of rugby union in New Zealand. 相似文献
7.
Skeletal remains of 35 individuals from the Croatian excavation site Kamen Most – Kaldrma from the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries were analyzed anthropologically. Due to specific skeletal characteristics, eight of them were analyzed in great detail in this study. The results of additional analysis indicated that all bone elements, except pelves, of all eight persons belonged to males. All pelvic girdle have characteristics of female sex and pronounced muscle attachments that are both indicative of horse riding. All eight persons had at least two of six changes on femora indicative of horse riding. Vertebrae of seven persons (one person did not have preserved vertebrae) have Schmorl's nodes. Signs of advanced osteoarthritis were found on all joints in all eight persons. All of them also have visible signs of periostitis especially on lower extremities. Pathological signs of trauma were found in five persons. Two of them had skull fractures and the rest had fractures of extremities which are also characteristic for horse riders. The average age of all eight persons was above 45 years at death. DNA analysis confirmed male sex for seven individuals. The results were additionally confirmed by later archeological findings of tombstones with illustrations of horse riders. 相似文献
8.
The aim of the study is to analyze the careers of women gymnastics directors about the turn of the century in 1900. This is done by means of a collective biographical study of the women’s course at the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics in Stockholm from 1891 to 1893. The study is based above all on unique correspondence between the members of the course, namely a correspondence book circulated among them between 1893 and 1943. This book contained a total of almost 500 letters comprising thousands of handwritten pages with detailed accounts of their professional career and family, as well as life’s positive and negative sides. The study shows that their opportunities of making a career – in Sweden and abroad – in the occupation they had received training in were good. There are several reasons for this success. Swedish gymnastics’ treatment methods were the height of fashion round about the turn of the century in 1900 and there was great demand for their services. They remained faithful to their choice of occupation, even if their career took a back seat for half of them when they married: family life and a professional career could not be combined for them. 相似文献
9.
Jan Andre Lee Ludvigsen 《Soccer & Society》2018,19(7):1058-1071
Following 9/11, the security at sport mega-events (SMEs) has become increasingly central. Yet, this is an area where numerous scholars have called for further academic attention. The FIFA World Cups are commonly seen as the largest SME in the world, and will in 2018, be held in Russia. However, the existing trends of spectator violence and terrorism, in addition to the political situation in Russia, and concerns over a violent, racist, football culture in the host-country, makes the securitization of the 2018 World Cup extraordinary. Here, an analysis of the most prominent security threats ahead of Russia 2018 is provided. Further, it is argued that the extent of these threats – not the mere existence – makes Russia a unique case. Following calls for further academic attention dedicated security and SMEs – Russia should be utilized ‘for all it is worth’ – to gather spectators’ perceptions of SME security. 相似文献
10.
伴随着众多的体育赛事逐步走向市场化,体育观众在体育赛事中的地位越来越重要,如何吸引大量观众到赛场观看比赛成了赛事组织者寻求利润过程中必须解决的一个课题。以体育观众为研究对象,通过运用个人投资理论对观众出席观看比赛的行为进行深入分析,为赛事组织者寻求解决方案提供了理论依据,其独特的研究视角对体育观众的深入研究有一定的启发作用。 相似文献
11.
Susanna Hedenborg 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(4):551-564
The aim of this article is to discuss and problematize research on gender and sports within the equine sector, and to argue for the necessity of a comparative perspective in order to understand the gender order within equestrian sports. The article will focus on two areas within the equine sector: horse racing and Olympic equestrianism. Differences over time as well as between countries and events will be highlighted and discussed. Previous research demonstrates that the equine sector has historically been connected to men and masculinity in large parts of the world, although there are many examples of women working with horses and enjoying equestrian activities during their leisure time. During the twentieth century, horses have become progressively less important for agriculture, forestry, transport, and the army. The societal context is interesting, as sport historians Jennifer Hargreaves and Gertrud Pfister have claimed that a destabilization of the gender order in society at large may open new opportunities for women in sport. It is argued in this article that an analytical framework based on insights from gender studies and a comparative perspective is crucial if the development is to be understood and explained. 相似文献
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文章通过搜集相关的资料,查阅各类文献,对武术套路运动员比赛服装选配方法进行研究,通过对武术套路运动员个人的肤色、体型、气质类型、运动素质、比赛场地等不同因素对比赛服装选配方法的探究,揭示武术套路运动员对比赛服装与选配方法上的独特作用。 相似文献
14.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(1):21-30
Abstract One of the most fundamental skills on the pommel horse is double leg circles (circles). Circles can be performed on all parts of the pommel horse. It was hypothesized that the different sets of physical constraints of the apparatus require a gymnast to adapt circles technique. The purpose of this study was to quantify how gymnasts modify their technique during circles to accommodate different physical obstacles due to different support surfaces and body orientations. To investigate these adaptations, a comparison of the two most common circles on pommel horse – namely, circles in cross support (cross-circles) and circles in side support (side-circles) – was carried out. Seven elite male gymnasts performed three sets of 10 cross-circles and side-circles on a pommel horse. Three-dimensional coordinates were acquired using 12 Qualisys ProReflex motion tracking cameras operating at 120 Hz. Temporal characteristics, the motion of the centre of mass, and the body angles – flexion and lateral flexion – were analysed. We found that cross-circles took less time to complete a single circle (0.92±0.02 vs. 0.95±0.02 s), had a smaller ratio for the rear support phase (0.15±0.02 vs. 0.18±0.03), a narrower supporting-hand distance (0.33±0.03 vs. 0.52±0.00 m), greater flexion of the body over the rear support phase (44±12° vs. 27±8°), and less lateral flexion of the body over the single-hand support phase (entry: 20±5° vs. 35±3°; exit: 26±4° vs. 33±4°) than side-circles. Our results suggest that gymnasts adapt their technique to the physical constraints imposed by the shape of the pommel horse and the location and orientation of the circles. Cross-circles were characterized by a high rear support position with a narrower hand-spacing, which would require excellent shoulder flexibility and strength. Consequently, lack of these traits may explain the need for greater body flexion in cross-circles than in side-circles during rear support. Understanding the technical differences will facilitate an effective transfer of the technical similarities among different types of circles. 相似文献
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lisahunter 《Sport in Society》2018,21(9):1382-1399
Surfing economies, working through material culture in the form of high fashion clothing, surfing monikers or fashion clothing has had scholarly attention in the past. Unlike other sports however, clothing for performance rather than fashion or cultural consumption remains under-researched. With increasing research on the gendered and sexualized nature of surfing alongside an increasing emphasis on female surfing as athletic performance, a paradox seems apparent. In warm-water competition, women deal with tensions associated with appearance, sponsorship driven by sexual objectification and functional surfwear that increases exposed body surface – while men’s clothing epitomizes comfort, protection and ultimately a reduction in exposed body surface. Under the guise of athletic performance and celebrating female gains in the sport, a patriarchal thread seems to tie up a particular sex, gender and sexuality order that is neither new nor productive for high performance or full participation. 相似文献
17.
大运动量条件下的运动服装舒适性研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
采用芯吸、透湿、保水性和散湿干燥实验方法，对大运动量条件下运动服装面料进行研究。结果认为，高导湿化学纤维利于液态水的传递和散湿，适合大运动量条件下人体着装舒适性需求。 相似文献
18.
欧洲球场观众暴力问题的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
球场观众暴力一直伴随着足球。英国不仅是现代足球的鼻祖,而且也是球场观众暴力、足球流氓的传统发源地。1960年以来,球场观众暴力在英国和其它欧洲国家的发展与蔓延,引起了一些学者的关注与研究。首先介绍了欧洲球场观众暴力的简要历史,然后重点通报了英国在球场观众暴力问题研究上所做的工作、主要理论和其它欧洲国家的研究状况。为我国今后在球场观众暴力方面的进一步研究提供参考。 相似文献
19.
影响女性着装风格与促使女性时装演变的因素很多,体育运动的影响作用不容忽视。以女性时装史与体育运动发展之间的关系为切入点,以女性现代时装的历史演变为主线,集中探析20世纪以来女性体育运动的兴起、兴盛对女性时装变化产生的种种影响,揭示体育运动在现代女性时装变迁与发展中的独特作用。 相似文献
20.
Michael S. Brady 《体育哲学杂志》2019,46(2):115-128
ABSTRACTNearly everyone agrees that physical pain is bad. Indeed, if anything merits the status of a platitude in our everyday thinking about value, the idea that pain is bad surely does. Equally, it seems clearly true that emotional suffering – despair, loneliness, grief, disappointment, guilt, shame, lovesickness, and the like – are all bad as well. We are strongly inclined to pity and feel sorry for those who suffer emotionally in these ways; we are motivated, at least some of the time, to do what we can to alleviate their suffering. Given this, it might seem curious that pain and suffering are so integral to sport – whether one is a participant or a spectator. There’s nothing particularly puzzling about pain and suffering that is inadvertently related to sport – as when an athlete injures her hamstring and has to miss her chance at Olympic glory, or when supporters face the misery of getting up at 6am because an away game has been scheduled to start at noon. But there does seem to be something curious about the extent to which pain and suffering are voluntarily embraced by participants and spectators, as the quotation from Nick Hornby aptly illustrates. Why do people willingly engage in something that brings about so much suffering? In this paper, I’ll attempt to answer this question.1 相似文献