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1.
Antonio Rivero Herraiz 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(13):1788-1809
Sports started to gain relevance in Spain around the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century as a leisure and health option of the upper classes imported from Britain. Its early development was intertwined with the spread of other kinds of physical activities with much more tradition on the continent: gymnastics and physical education. First played by the ruling classes – aristocracy and high bourgeoisie – sports permeated towards petty bourgeoisie and middle classes in urban areas such as Madrid, Barcelona, San Sebastián and Santander. This pattern meant that the expansion of sports was unavoidably tied to the degree of industrialisation and cultural modernisation of the country. Since 1910, and mainly during the 1920s, sport grew in popularity as a spectacle and, toa much lesser degree, as a practice among the Spanish population. 相似文献
2.
Amy Dawn Wells 《Sport in History》2019,39(3):350-367
ABSTRACTThrough his work, Death in the Afternoon (1932), Ernest Hemingway provides access to international cultural heritage that States-side readers might not have otherwise. In crossing inquiries regarding space and sports together, the intimate relationship between the two comes to the forefront, emphasising Hemingway’s passion for both. Readers may ask themselves if Hemingway uses sports to write about Spain, or if he uses Spain to write about sports: the two topics are intrinsically linked, especially in this work of non-fiction dedicated to the sport of bullfighting. In this analysis based on a geocritical approach and literary cartography, I am going to study the relationship between narrative spaces and sports to pinpoint how and to what extent Hemingway exploits Spanish geography and the sport of bullfighting as representative of a system of sportsmanship values. More precisely, this analysis will identify Hemingway’s spatial intertextuality of bullfighting Spain, the multiplicity of geographic scales, and the stratification of sports spaces. By aligning the Spanish ‘art’ with athletics known to the American audience, Hemingway renders the unknown ‘knowable’, without requiring readers to be ‘always looking at map’. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACTIncreased industrial activity during the Victorian period led to the creation of industrial townships such as Crewe, whose growth was stimulated and sustained by the involvement of the London and North Western Railway Company. As in other townships, the paternalism of employers was reflected in company involvement in all aspects of the social, political and economic life of Crewe and the influence that was exerted on the population through the company’s middle-class managers. Men such as manager Francis Webb and company clerk Thomas Abraham had a significant impact on the sporting life of the town, and this paper explores their life courses to chronicle their involvement. These men were not public-school- or university-educated but they shared similar attitudes to sport with their middle-class counterparts in the South, and this paper uses their biographies to suggest that individuals concerned with the organisation of amateur sport across the country adhered to the basics tenets of the amateur ethos. The authors also reinforce the notion that, while the creation of governing bodies was certainly important in structuring late-nineteenth-century sport, the commitment and motivation of the individual was always critical in ensuring that local sport was played ‘in the right way’. 相似文献
4.
Thierry Ozwald 《Sport in History》2019,39(3):334-349
ABSTRACT‘It is a sport’ writes Hemingway on the subject of bullfights in public places, ‘a very wild and primitive sport and, mainly, a true sport of amateurs. I fear however that because of danger of death which it implies, it never has great success among the sporting-men of America and England’ (Death in the afternoon, Gallimard, 1938, p. 27). Hemingway was interested in sport since his young age: athletic, a follower of sports at Oak Park's High School, fascinated by horse racing and later an enthusiast for deep sea fishing, hunting, boxing etc, in other words what we would call today the ‘extreme sports’, he had a passion for bullfighting in Spain, which he tested, although unsuccessfully. In his papers for the Toronto Weekly Star, his novel The Sun also rises published in 1926, and especially in his essay Death in the afternoon, a true treaty of bullfighting, he undertakes a close study of the specific techniques of this very particular sport; yet what interests him most of all is its artistic value. Art or sport? Such is the key question that he poses throughout the pages of this work, which are actually a deep reflection on the origins of the sport and the finality of art; the relations between sport and art are quite complex and, according to him, have to be reconsidered, since writing for him is also linked to moral and physical effort, and is even a kind of ‘intimate bullfighting’. 相似文献
5.
Brianne Lawton 《Sport in Society》2019,22(11):1762-1768
AbstractSince the eighteenth century, the traditional Okinawan art of Shotokan karate has transformed into a global sport. The violent history of Okinawa in the late 1700s led to the art’s initial creation. In its early years, karate was banned by the government and all practice of it had to take place in secret. Karate was practiced just in Okinawa for over a century. The spread of karate into Japan in 1922 initiated its move towards a Western migration. Through a combination of mass media and the experience of spectators and practitioners, karate spread around the globe. In 1970, international karate competitions began to take place. This initiated the popularization of the sport of karate, introducing more changes to the sport based on the preferences of the spectators. The World Karate Federation (WKF) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) together took this art and created an Olympic sport. 相似文献
6.
运用文献资料法、比较法等，对软式排球与室内排球技术特点进行比较与研究。结果表明：软式排球具有质地柔软、球速慢、趣味性高和娱乐性强，运动技术难度低易于掌握、比赛来回球次数多，具有较强的观赏性等特点，适合不同年龄、性别的人参与。 相似文献
7.
职业体育俱乐部发展沿革 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
职业体育俱乐部是我国竞技体育发展中的制度创新 ,是有待进一步认识的新生事物。采用文献资料研究方法 ,回顾业余体育俱乐部、职业体育俱乐部产生与发展的历史过程 ,认为职业体育俱乐部是从业余体育俱乐部演变发展而来的 ,是市场经济条件下竞技体育项目的商品价值不断得以开发利用的产物 ,是与业余体育俱乐部有着本质区别的竞技体育的组织形式。职业体育俱乐部演变发展的历史 ,对完善我国职业体育俱乐部制度有借鉴意义 相似文献
8.
Marcel Spivak 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(2):155-176
Abstract Some ideas, whether right or wrong, seem never to die, whatever might be the general evolution of knowledge, of science, or simply of good common sense. This is exactly the case with physical education or sports. For centuries, and especially since the middle of the nineteenth century, its advocates have fought for recognition of its all‐round virtues, taken as a concept. But to attain a high level of recognition, not only in society but in official government circles, certain conditions were necessary. Education as a whole, around the middle of the nineteenth century, had to be strict and similar to military drill to be considered efficient, although the French middle classes and bourgeoisie had very little taste for the military. Although they admired physical prowess they had a horror of regimentation. But later on, when the Prussians so easily defeated Austria, feelings of doubt in French superiority began to spread, and a handful of theoreticians of physical exercise tried to show that to combat the so‐called degeneration of the race, it was essential to impose a system of education in which physical exercise, coupled with military drill, still had an important place. As scientific arguments they referred to the theories of evolution and its then accepted principle, according to Lamarck, or the transmission of acquired properties and character. Darwin was still unknown in France at that time. These zealous advocates succeeded in convincing the Minister of Public Education, Victor Duruy, to include gymnastics in the normal course of studies in all schools, and by 1869 one can say that a craze for all types of physical exercise and sport had spread into many levels of society. That was the start of a never‐ending movement which has passed through various stages of evolution corresponding to the changes in society itself. It has therefore changed its methods, its ways, its forms, but the overall principle remains the same, in spite of the improved understanding of human physiology for instance. Huge amounts of energy and money were spent on realizing this theory: politicians, educators, the military, religious authorities, men of distinction, all fought for the best possible application of this miraculous principle which was believed to cure all ills in this world. Was it really worthwhile? Was it possible to expect objectively measurable results on a national scale if the social factors — such as standards of living, hygiene, working hours, urban conditions — were not taken into account? The history of this element requires a deep understanding of the evolution of most of the factors which make up real life in a country such as France, which experienced various stages in a industrial revolution as well as many political changes. In spite of this evolution, one must acknowledge that false beliefs survived well into the 1940s, and furthermore, physical exercise, whatever its form, still belongs in many ways to hedonism and is therefore difficult to impose as a universal solution to political problems. As a democracy, France could not accept militarization. 相似文献
9.
Roy McCree 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(4):472-492
The study of the global diffusion of modern sport and the relationship between local and global processes has focused on their divergent, contested and cohesive character. Major criticisms of this study, however, include the lack of empirical and historical research, the neglect of the role of the imperial and other middle classes and a tendency to present globalization as a late-twentieth-century phenomenon driven by Americanization. By way of a regional case study of the Trinidad Amateur Athletic Association during the British colonial period 1945–1952, this paper examines (i) the varying effects of the globalization of sport through the spread of amateurism and professionalization; (ii) the role of the middle classes; (iii) the historical connection and disconnection between global and local processes; and (iv) the horizontal nature of the diffusion process, in order to counter the currently too dominant focus on vertical diffusion between first world and third world countries. 相似文献
10.
Lisa Taylor 《国际体育史杂志》2018,35(14):1490-1506
AbstractThis paper considers the emergence of amateur women’s rowing between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in light of contemporaneous social norms relating to gender and sport. It does not seek to identify a foundational point for women’s rowing, nor does it offer a comprehensive survey of the development of the sport over this period. Instead, it considers women’s rowing in three key contexts: women’s university colleges, at the end of the nineteenth century; the first women-only rowing club on the Thames, established in 1896 by Dr Frederick Furnivall; and the formation of a governing body for the women’s sport in 1923. Analysis of the conditions within the sport in these environments, and their implications, leads to more nuanced consideration of the women’s sport, and of gender as a normative social construct more widely. Discussion focuses on gendered influences on sporting behaviour, manifested in institutional regulation and hegemonic authority, and the intersection of class and gender. 相似文献
11.
12.
县级业余体校办学模式与社会主义市场经济 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
县级业余体校的发展是体育事业发展的重要组成部分。在办学体制、训练机制和选材方式等方面，业余体校走过了一条艰难的探索之路、在社会主义市场经济条件下，业余体校要主动适应、服从并服务于经济建设和全民健身计划战略的实施，才能不断提高办学质量，为经济和社会的发展作出自己应有的贡献。 相似文献
13.
Miklós Hadas 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(4):480-500
This article highlights how athletics emerged in Hungary in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The research is based on empirical historical-sociological work carried out using an inductive logic. It is argued that athleticism, a manifestation of the Victorian ‘games ethic’, was the activity of free gentlemen pursuing competition at their own risk and for their own glory. The freedom of the athlete was manifest in the pursuit of his activity outdoors in free space as against the turner, confined indoors in the closed gymnasium. A gentleman undertaking to express legitimate manliness in the last quarter of the nineteenth century had to differentiate himself not only from emancipatory women but also from the rising middle classes. The main paradox of this sport was that while in terms of its organizational form it attempted to be aristocratic and exclusive, in terms of its spirit (owing to the emphasis on the importance of competitiveness) it was a par excellence product of imperialism and capitalism. This explains why the middle classes appropriated it quickly. 相似文献
14.
This research focuses on the origins of football in Spain and seeks to show how and where it was introduced in the country, to comprehend the historical context, and to understand why it took roots so rapidly despite the rivalry with the well-established tradition of bullfighting. The period of study spans from 1868 (first news piece on football in Spain) to 1903 (celebration of the first football championship in the country). The methodology focused primarily on identifying the primary sources and selecting the secondary sources, followed by the interpretative analysis and the mapping of football associations created in Spain in the sport’s early days. The large urban cities led the process of creating football clubs from 1889: Barcelona (61), Madrid (15), and Bilbao (9) steered the process of legitimization and institutionalization of football in the country. In the last 11 years of the nineteenth century (1889–1899), 29 clubs were created in 12 different cities. In the first four years of the twentieth century (1900–1903), a further 103 clubs mushroomed all over the country. Thus a total of 132 clubs were founded between 1889 and 1903 in Spain, which laid the necessary foundations for the implantation and legitimization of football. 相似文献
15.
Xavier Torrebadella-Flix 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(18):2164-2196
This study tackles the birth and development of the sports press in Spain from 1865 to 1899, linked to the need of a bourgeois society to emulate the English lifestyle, characterised by the sports craze. The sports press in Spain fitted extremely well in the late nineteenth century, encouraged by the Regenerationist movement. This is clear by the growth in number of sports publications, by the promotion of physical culture by Regenerationism and by the use of such publications to spread Regenerationism's approach to sport. Both primary and secondary sources were used in the research process. With regard to primary sources, archives containing specific documentation on the origins and early years of the sports press in Spain were examined. A total of 85 sports publications were counted in 18 different towns, but mostly concentrated in Madrid (28) and Barcelona (24). The most widely represented sports in these were cycling (25) and hunting (18). Among those publications that were not specific to one sport, 13 titles included the English-language term ‘sport’, and only two incorporated the newly coined Spanish word, ‘deporte’. Los Deportes (1897–1910) is the most important publication of this period and the foundation stone of modern sports journalism in Spain. 相似文献
16.
Lisa Taylor 《Sport in History》2018,38(3):307-330
The formation of the Women’s Amateur Rowing Association (WARA) in 1923 marked the start of a new phase of the sport’s history. Apart from any direct influence it could exercise as a governing body, its foundation suggests a commitment to building the longevity, reach and relevance of women’s rowing. Yet in the context of the renowned conservativism of the Amateur Rowing Association (ARA) which preceded it, and the complex social permissions around women’s sport in the early twentieth century, it also raises important questions about the organisation and status of women’s amateur rowing. This paper aims to extend the understanding of the WARA using prosopographical data and analysis in conjunction with archival material. It challenges the existing depiction of this sporting community and administration as a female reflection of the ARA, aiming to replicate its structures and, in doing so, to bolster its respectability and the legitimacy of its practice among the middle and upper classes. Analysis addresses the intersection of domestic, professional and sporting lives, the role of education in sporting participation and administration, and the influence of class across these issues. The paper also interrogates the use of prosopography as an analytical tool for this type of analysis. 相似文献
17.
论商业化与体育的变化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
林勇虎 《沈阳体育学院学报》2006,25(1):1-3
采用文献资料和逻辑分析法,对商业化影响下的体育所发生的变化做一梳理。结果表明在商业化的驱动下,原本属于游戏的体育在本质、结构、内容和组织等方面都发生了不同程度的变化。业余主义原则逐渐衰退和解体,体育走上了职业化的发展道路;体育规则、运动场环境、体育用品和设备等越来越为经济和媒体的利益服务;体育的取向从强调“美学取向”向“英雄取向”变化,成为大众娱乐的一种形式;媒体、体育和经济系统三者的结合,形成了现代职业体育新的组织体系。 相似文献
18.
中国城市女性体育参与分层现象的质性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
改革开放以来,城市女性对体育以及休闲运动的参与出现了分层现象,如何进行体育运动成为衡量其社会地位和身份的标准之一。本研究以社会分层理论和体育女性主义理论为指导,以质性研究的范式为基础,采用深度访问的研究方法讨论了白领阶层、蓝领阶层和失业群体三个不同群体女性的体育行为及观念。通过比较研究,分析了不同阶层的中国女性的体育经验是如何与她们的经济地位、教育背景、家庭环境以及社会文化意识相互作用、相互牵制并导致体育参与分层现象的。通过研究认为,不同群体妇女参与体育运动的机会和制约不同,她们并不能完全地、平等地获取城市体育发展的成果。一方面,女性参与体育的障碍已经减弱;另一方面,女性参与体育在制度上和文化意识上仍存在一定的限制因素,影响了女性体育参与的深度与广度以及她们对体育参与真正意义和价值的认识。 相似文献
19.
运用文献资料、问卷调查和数理统计等方法。对湘西地区中学生参加课外体育锻炼的认知态度、动机因素、组织形式与内容、场地器材等方面进行全面的调查与分析,探讨了在该地区中学现有条件下,如何培养学生课外体育锻炼兴趣、激发学生动机和开展好课外体育活动的新途径。并提出了具体建议,为该民族地区学校体育活动开展提供参考。 相似文献
20.
Samantha-Jayne Oldfield 《Sport in History》2014,34(2):223-248
In the absence of a national athletic organization, sporting publicans were pivotal in the regulation and promotion of pedestrian events, attracting large crowds through the endorsement of local victuallers who supplied land for competitive races, organized the athletic calendar and posed as referee, time-keeper and prize giver during sporting contests. Pedestrianism provided sporting entertainment during much of the nineteenth century and publicans were quick to recognize the money making potential of such enterprises. By 1850 the drinks trade endorsed many sporting activities, with the entrepreneurial proprietor being fundamental to the survival of sport, especially within the industrial cities. In Manchester sport moved to the rural outskirts and popular Victorian gardens with attached public houses promoted and housed competitive athletic events. Arenas were built next to, and within, the grounds of the rural public houses and hotels. The Royal Oak Park and Copenhagen Grounds were reputable running grounds, being attached to suburban Manchester pubs and hosting the majority of sporting events in the city until the 1880s, when the organization of amateur sport by the professional middle class led to a decline in professional activities. This paper investigates the relationship between pub and athletics within Manchester, considering the role of the publican in the promotion of sporting entertainments through individual case studies. 相似文献