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1.
目的：（1）观察ATGL基因敲除小鼠耐力训练时胰岛素抵抗、工作肌糖转运蛋白及线粒体密度的变化；（2）测定Akt、PKC、PPAR-α蛋白激活及含量，探究其与胰岛素抵抗、工作肌糖转运蛋白及线粒体密度的变化之间的关系。方法：ATGL-/-、ATGL+/-和C57BL/6J小鼠跑台耐力训练训练7天，测定小鼠体重、肌糖原、血糖、血胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗，蛋白印记法测定腓肠肌和比目鱼肌GLUT-4（内外膜）、p-Akt、Akt、p-PKC、PKC含量和PPAR-α水平。结果：（1）运动训练后，腓肠肌和比目鱼肌糖原含量、HOMA-IR指数存在基因类型、运动训练的差异（P<0.05）。运动训练引起血糖和血胰岛素在基因类型的差异（P<0.05）。（2）运动训练后，腓肠肌和比目鱼肌Akt、PKC、磷酸化水平、腓肠肌总Akt、PPAR-α蛋白表达存在基因类型、运动训练的差异（P<0.05）。比目鱼肌总Akt表达、腓肠肌和比目鱼肌总PKC、PPAR-α蛋白运动训练的差异不具有显著性意义（P>0.05）。结论：耐力训练时，ATGL通过上调Akt和PKC促进胰岛素敏感性和改善胰岛素抵抗；ATGL上调PPAR-α起到促进线粒体含量。  相似文献   

2.
PurposeMonoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (MGAT1) is reported to play a key role in the development of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, this study investigated the effect of exercise on suppression of the MGAT1 pathway in NAFLD tissue of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats.MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an HFD containing 45% fat for 6 weeks. Upon confirmation that NAFLD had been induced in the obese animals, they were divided into HFD-fed groups provided with exercise (HFD + EXE) or without exercise (HFD) and a group given dietary adjustment (DA) only, for a further 6 weeks of intervention treatment. The 6-week regular moderate aerobic exercise consisted of an accommodation phase with increasing exercise. Lipid accumulation in the liver tissue was determined by Oil Red O staining. The MGAT1 and liver lipogenic gene mRNA levels were measured by qPCR, and their protein levels by western blot assay.ResultsOil Red O staining showed that NAFLD was successfully induced by HFD-fed. The gene expression of MGAT1 was significantly lower in HFD + EXE than HFD. However, there was no significant difference between HFD + EXE and DA. The protein expression of MGAT1 was significantly lower in HFD + EXE than both HFD and DA. Messenger RNA and protein expression of other lipogenic genes were not different among groups. These data indicate that exercise suppresses MGAT1 pathway regardless of HFD feeding; in part, this effect could be greater than DA.ConclusionOur data suggest that exercise can improve NAFLD, which is probably due to suppression of MGAT1 pathway.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Concurrent training (the combination of endurance exercise to resistance training) is a common practice for athletes looking to maximise strength and endurance. Over 20 years ago, it was first observed that performing endurance exercise after resistance exercise could have detrimental effects on strength gains. At the cellular level, specific protein candidates have been suggested to mediate this training interference; however, at present, the physiological reason(s) behind the concurrent training effect remain largely unknown. Even less is known regarding the optimal nutritional strategies to support concurrent training and whether unique nutritional approaches are needed to support endurance and resistance exercise during concurrent training approaches. In this review, we will discuss the importance of protein supplementation for both endurance and resistance training adaptation and highlight additional nutritional strategies that may support concurrent training. Finally, we will attempt to synergise current understanding of the interaction between physiological responses and nutritional approaches into practical recommendations for concurrent training.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

The present study aimed to establish whether 2 weeks of high-intensity interval training would have a beneficial effect on aerobic fitness, fat oxidation, blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) in healthy adolescent boys. Ten adolescent boys (15.1 ± 0.3 years, 1.3 ± 0.2 years post-estimated peak height velocity) completed six sessions of Wingate-style high-intensity interval training over a 2-week period. The first session consisted of four sprints with training progressed to seven sprints in the final session. High-intensity interval training had a beneficial effect on maximal O2 uptake (mean change, ±90% confidence intervals: 0.19 L · min?1, ±0.19, respectively), on the O2 uptake at the gas exchange threshold (0.09 L · min?1, ±0.13) and on the O2 cost of sub-maximal exercise (–0.04 L · min?1, ±0.04). A beneficial effect on the contribution of lipid (0.06 g · min?1, ±0.06) and carbohydrate (–0.23 g · min?1, ±0.14) oxidation was observed during sub-maximal exercise, but not for the maximal rate of fat oxidation (0.04 g · min?1, ±0.08). Systolic blood pressure (1 mmHg, ±4) and BMI (0.1 kg · m2, ±0.1) were not altered following training. These data demonstrate that meaningful changes in health outcomes are possible in healthy adolescent boys after just six sessions of high-intensity interval training over a 2-week period.  相似文献   

5.
In recent years, prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has increased. A strategy for prevention and management of obesity is aerobic training (AT) due to its effectiveness to decrease fat mass. AT increases the content of SIRT3, a mitochondrial protein that increases the expression of PGC-1α and NFR1, thereby enhances mitochondrial function and metabolic health. Resistance training (RT) provides metabolic benefits but its effect on SIRT3 content is unknown. To compare the effect of AT and RT on SIRT3, PGC-1α and NRF-1 protein levels in skeletal muscle of sedentary obese adolescents. Twenty-seven sedentary obese male adolescents (age: 16.7?±?0.9 years; BMI: 33.7?±?4.3?kg/m2) completed a 1-month control period prior to randomization to one of two supervised exercise protocols: AT (3 days/week, 40 min/day, 70–80% peak heart rate) or RT (3 days/week, 11 exercises, 2 sets/exercise, 12 repetitions/set) for 12 weeks. Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after 12 weeks to analyse SIRT3, PGC-1α and NRF-1 proteins content. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and anthropometric variables were evaluated before and after training. AT increased SIRT3 content, which was associated with improvements in PGC-1α content and body fat percentage. RT did not affect SIRT3 or PGC-1α. VO2peak increased only in AT. The increase in muscle mitochondrial SIRT3 was observed only following AT. In contrast, RT increased muscle mass without improving SIRT3 in obese male adolescents.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

This study tested the effect of 8-week endurance and resistance training programmes on cardiovascular stress responses, life stress, and coping. Fifty-two untrained but healthy female students were randomised to an 8-week endurance training, an 8-week resistance training, or a wait list control group. Before and after the training intervention, we assessed the groups’ cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max test), self-reported life stress, coping strategies and cardiovascular reactivity to and recovery from a standardised laboratory stressor. Both endurance and resistance training programmes caused physiological adaptation in terms of increased VO2max after the intervention. For stress and coping parameters, participants in the training groups improved cardiovascular recovery from stress and reported having less stress in their everyday life after the intervention than participants in the control group, while the two training groups did not differ from each other. We did not find any significant differences in heart rate reactivity and coping strategies between the study groups. These results partly support that exercise training has stress-reducing benefits regardless of the type of exercise. Both endurance and resistance exercise activities may be effectively used to improve stress regulation competence while having less impact on changing specific coping strategies.  相似文献   

7.
Purpose: Resistance training is often performed in a traditional training style using deliberate relatively longer repetition durations or in an explosive training style using maximal intended velocities and relatively shorter repetition durations. Both improve strength, “power” (impulsivity), and speed. This study compared explosive and traditional training over a 6-week intervention in 30 healthy young adult male recreational soccer players. Method: Full body supervised resistance training was performed 2 times a week using 3 sets of each exercise at 80% of one repetition maximum to momentary failure. Outcomes were Smith machine squat 1 repetition maximum, 10 meter sprint time, and countermovement jump. Results: Both groups significantly improved all outcomes based on 95% confidence intervals not crossing zero. There were no between-group differences for squat 1 RM (TRAD = 6.3[5.1 to 7.6] kg, EXP = 5.2[3.9 to 6.4] kg) or 10 meter sprint (TRAD = ?0.05[?0.07 to ?0.04] s, EXP = ?0.05[?0.06 to ?0.03] s). Explosive group had a significantly greater increase in countermovement jump compared to the traditional group (TRAD = 0.7[0.3 to 1.1] cm, EXP = 1.3[0.9 to 1.7] cm). Conclusion: Both the traditional training and explosive training performed to momentary failure produced significant improvements in strength, speed, and jump performance. Strength gains are similar independent of intended movement speed. However, speed and jump performance changes are marginal with resistance training.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Purpose: Trampoline parks are becoming popular in many countries, providing recreational facilities for children and adults. This study investigated the effects of trampoline training on knee muscles strength and balance in young adults. Methods: Twenty-six participants (14 males, 12 females) were randomized into trampoline training (TT) and resistance training (RT) groups to undergo a 6-week supervised intervention program (2 × 30 min per week). TT group performed basic trampoline exercises while the RT group performed resistance training targeting lower extremities muscles. Peak knee extension and flexion torque, postural sway characteristics, and Y balance test (YBT) performance were evaluated before and after the intervention. A mixed model analysis of variance (group × time) was applied. Results: After training there were significant improvements in knee extension torque (mean differencepost-pre [95% CI], TT: 0.27 [0.00, 0.54] N?m/kg, RT: 0.31 [0.09,0.54] N?m/kg, p = .001), knee flexion torque (TT: 0.25 [0.17,0.33] N?m/kg, RT: 0.21 [0.08,0.34] N?m/kg, p < .001), and dynamic balance (YBT composite scores, mean differencepost-pre [95% CI], TT: 4.9 [?0.3, 10.2]%, RT: 5.2 [2.4,8.0]%, p = .001). No difference between groups was found. Conclusion: Trampoline training can be as effective as resistance training for improving knee muscles strength and dynamic balance in young men and women.  相似文献   

9.
Aim was to identify critical load (CL) in young and elderly apparently healthy male cohorts. To contrast the metabolic, cardiovascular and perceptual responses on CL according to age. We evaluated 12 young (23 ± 3 years) and 10 elderly (70 ± 2 years) apparently healthy active males, who underwent: (1) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test on a 45° Leg Press; (2) on different days, three high-intensity resistance exercise constant load tests (60%, 75% and 90% 1RM) until fatigue (Tlim). Absolute values of both the CL asymptote and curvature constant (kg) were significantly lower in elderly subjects (P < 0.05). In contrast, elderly subjects demonstrated a significantly higher number of repetitions at CL when compared with young subjects (P < 0.05). As expected, oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) during maximal aerobic exercise testing were significantly reduced in older subjects. However, percent-predicted aerobic capacity were higher in older subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, blood lactate ([La?]) corrected to Tlim and rating of perceived exertion values were greater in younger subjects at all intensities (P < 0.05). These findings, despite reduced force production in older subjects, endurance-related parameters are well preserved according to age-adjusted percent-predicted values in apparently healthy males.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery rate of football skill performance following resistance exercise of moderate or high intensity. Ten elite football players participated in three different trials: control, low-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 8–10 repetitions/set, 65–70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 4–6 repetitions/set, 85–90% 1RM) in a counterbalanced manner. In each experimental condition, participants were evaluated pre, post, and at 24, 48, 72 h post exercise time points. Football skill performance was assessed through the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, long passing, dribbling, shooting and heading. Delayed onset muscle soreness, knee joint range of motion, and muscle strength (1RM) in squat were considered as muscle damage markers. Blood samples analysed for creatine kinase activity, C-reactive protein, and leukocyte count. Passing and shooting performance declined (P < 0.05) post-exercise following resistance exercise. Strength declined post-exercise following high-intensity resistance exercise. Both trials induced only a mild muscle damage and inflammatory response in an intensity-dependent manner. These results indicate that football skill performance is minimally affected by acute resistance exercise independent of intensity suggesting that elite players may be able to participate in a football practice or match after only 24 h following a strength training session.  相似文献   

12.
目的：实证分析老年人生命质量和体育锻炼行为的关系,为促进健康老龄化提供参考。方法：采用简明健康调查问卷（SF-36）和体育锻炼行为问卷对男女配对抽取的200名60岁以上老年人进行调查。结果：不同体育锻炼项目数、锻炼频率、锻炼时间和锻炼行为阶段的生命质量8个子维度得分均值均有显著性差异。结论：老年人生命质量各维度与参加锻炼项目数、锻炼频率、锻炼时间和锻炼坚持均有显著相关,总体来讲老年人参加的锻炼项目数量越多、每周参与体育锻炼的次数越多、在90 min内老年人单次体育锻炼时间越长、坚持有规律的体育锻炼越长,生命质量得分越高。老年人在锻炼频率、锻炼时间和锻炼坚持方面比较好,但参与体育锻炼项目数较少,在锻炼内容的丰富性上有较大欠缺;老年人生命质量较差,需要加强体育锻炼促进生命质量,重点在于增加老年人体育活动的丰富性和促进锻炼坚持性,适当增加锻炼频率、时间。  相似文献   

13.
目的：针对超重肥胖老年人进行循环训练运动干预设计,探讨循环训练对超重肥胖老年人下肢肌力及平衡能力的影响。方法：以34名老年女性为受试者,分为超重组和对照组,均坚持12周循环训练干预,比较干预前后两组受试者双侧下肢膝踝屈伸等速肌力、静动态平衡能力、计时"起立-行走"时间和Berg平衡量表得分情况。结果：运动干预12周后,两组下肢膝踝屈伸肌标准化峰值力矩、屈伸肌肌力比值和双侧肌力比值、静态与动态平衡能力、Berg平衡量表得分及计时"起立-行走"时间均有显著提高;且超重组的右膝伸肌标准化峰值力矩的提高程度明显高于对照组。结论：循环训练可以显著提高老年人的下肢肌力和平衡能力,且对提高超重肥胖老年人下肢伸肌肌力有更明显的改善效果,是预防老年人跌倒的有效运动方法。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a hard endurance exercise program on the total serum cholesterol levels in young adult men. Four male subjects and four controls were tested for cholesterol prior to any exercise. The subjects participated in a 25-week training period of hard and severe all-out endurance type activities and then were again tested for cholesterol levels. Significances of change in the total serum cholesterol levels before and after exercise were determined, and in all subjects total serum cholesterol levels were significantly reduced.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate- to high-intensity resistance and concurrent training on inflammatory biomarkers and functional capacity in sedentary middle-aged healthy men. Participants were selected on a random basis for resistance training (n = 12), concurrent training (n = 11) and a control group (n = 13). They performed three weekly sessions for 16 weeks (resistance training: 10 exercises with 3 × 8–10 repetition maximum; concurrent training: 6 exercises with 3 × 8–10 repetition maximum, followed by 30 minutes of walking or running at 55–85% [Vdot]O2peak). Maximal strength was tested in bench press and leg press. The peak oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2peak) was measured by an incremental exercise test. Tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein were determined. The upper- and lower-body maximal strength increase for both resistance (+42.52%; +20.9%, respectively) and concurrent training (+28.35%; +21.5%, respectively) groups (P = 0.0001).[Vdot]O2peak increased in concurrent training when comparing pre- and post-training (P = 0.0001; +15.6%). No differences were found in tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 for both groups after the exercise. C-reactive protein increased in resistance training (P = 0.004). These findings demonstrated that 16 weeks of moderate- to high-intensity training could improve functional capacity, but did not decrease inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged men.  相似文献   

16.
目的探究长期运动训练对青年男性淋巴细胞凋亡及线粒体DNA(mtDNA)修复酶(8-氧鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶,OGG1)的影响及可能机制。方法训练组为20名男子足球专业运动员,对照组为20名男子大学生。2组均在功率自行车上完成递增负荷力竭运动。运动前和运动后即刻采集静脉血。流式细胞法检测淋巴细胞凋亡率,比色法检测超氧阴离子和羟自由基含量和Caspase-3,Caspase-9活性,高效液相色谱法检测mtDNA中8-氧鸟嘌呤(8-oxodG)含量,Western-blotting法检测线粒体OGG1蛋白(mtOGG1)表达水平。结果运动前和运动后,训练组与对照组比较,超氧阴离子、羟自由基、Caspase-3,Caspase-9活性、8-oxodG降低,OGG1升高;运动后,训练组与对照组比较,淋巴细胞凋亡率降低。对照组和训练组在运动后与运动前比较,淋巴细胞凋亡率、超氧阴离子、羟自由基、Caspase-3,Caspase-9活性和8-oxodG均升高,但训练组升高幅度低于对照组;运动后对照组OGG1降低,而训练组OGG1升高。结论一次性力竭运动诱导产生高水平ROS,并抑制mtOGG1表达,使mtDNA氧化损伤,促进淋巴细胞凋亡;长期耐力训练可通过抑制ROS生成,并提高mtOGG1表达,抑制运动性淋巴细胞凋亡。  相似文献   

17.
Carbohydrate (CHO) availability during endurance exercise seems to attenuate exercise-induced perturbations of cellular homeostasis and might consequently diminish the stimulus for training adaptation. Therefore, a negative effect of CHO intake on endurance training efficacy seems plausible. This study aimed to test the influence of carbohydrate intake on the efficacy of an endurance training program on previously untrained healthy adults. A randomized cross-over trial (8-week wash-out period) was conducted in 23 men and women with two 8-week training periods (with vs. without intake of 50g glucose before each training bout). Training intervention consisted of 4x45 min running/walking sessions/week at 70% of heart rate reserve. Exhaustive, ramp-shaped exercise tests with gas exchange measurements were conducted before and after each training period. Outcome measures were maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VT). VO2max and VT increased after training regardless of CHO intake (VO2max: Non-CHO 2.6 ± 3.0 ml*min?1*kg?1 p = 0.004; CHO 1.4 ± 2.5 ml*min?1*kg?1 p = 0.049; VT: Non-CHO 4.2 ± 4.2 ml*min?1*kg?1 p < 0.001; CHO 3.0 ± 4.2 ml*min?1*kg?1 p = 0.003). The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference between conditions was between +0.1 and +2.1 ml*min?1*kg?1 for VO2max and between ?1.2 and +3.1 for VT. It is concluded that carbohydrate intake could potentially impair the efficacy of an endurance training program.  相似文献   

18.
目的:探讨8周跑台运动对db/dbT2DM小鼠认知功能的影响及其分子机制。方法:24只8周龄db/dbT2DM小鼠和8只同龄对照m/m小鼠,将db/db小鼠随机分为:模型组(db/db)、运动干预组(db+Exe)、运动联合p38抑制剂组(db+Exe+SB203580)。db+Exe组进行8周跑台训练,db+Exe+SB203580组进行8周跑台运动联合SB203580抑制剂灌胃处理(5mg/kg,3d/W,8W)。每周定时检测小鼠的体重和空腹血糖;干预结束后,取全脑及海马组织,免疫组织化学染色观察海马不同区域的神经元损伤状态;Western Blot检测海马组织中AD样病理、神经炎症、突触可塑性、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α(PGC-1α)/Ⅲ型纤连蛋白组件包含蛋白5(FNDC5)、Akt激酶等蛋白的表达。结果显示:(1)跑台运动可明显改善db/db小鼠的认知功能障碍。(2)减轻db/db小鼠的海马神经元损伤。(3)降低海马内AD样病理、神经炎症蛋白的表达,增加突触蛋白的表达水平。(4)通过p38信号上调PGC-1α/FNDC5的表达。(5)跑台运动可激活Akt激酶,而p38抑制剂可降低跑台运动对Akt激酶的激活作用。结论:8周跑台运动可明显改善db/db小鼠的认知功能障碍,其机制可能是通过p38上调PGC-1α/FNDC5,激活Akt激酶,减弱AD病理进程,降低炎性反应,增加突触可塑性,改善其空间学习记忆能力。  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Abstract

Several nutritional strategies can optimize muscle bulk and strength adaptations and enhance recovery from heavy training sessions. Adequate energy intake to meet the needs of training and carbohydrate intake sufficient to maintain glycogen stores (>7 g carbohydrate·kg?1·day?1 for women; >8 g carbohydrate·kg?1·day?1 for men) are important. Dietary protein intake for top sport athletes should include some foods with high biological value, with a maximum requirement of approximately 1.7 g·kg?1·day?1 being easily met with an energy sufficient diet. The early provision of carbohydrate (>1 g·kg?1) and protein (>10 g) early after an exercise session will enhance protein balance and optimize glycogen repletion. Creatine monohydrate supplementation over several days increases body mass through water retention and can increase high-intensity repetitive ergometer performance. Creatine supplementation can enhance total body and lean fat free mass gains during resistance exercise training; however, strength gains do not appear to be enhanced versus an optimal nutritional strategy (immediate post-exercise protein and carbohydrate). Some studies have suggested that β-OH-methyl butyric acid (β-HMB) can enhance gains made through resistance exercise training; however, it has not been compared “head to head” with optimal nutritional practices. Overall, the most effective way to increase strength and bulk is to perform sport-specific resistance exercise training with the provision of adequate energy, carbohydrate, and protein. Creatine monohydrate and β-HMB supplementation may enhance the strength gains made through training by a small margin but the trade-off is likely to be greater bulk, which may be ergolytic for any athlete participating in a weight-supported activity.  相似文献   

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