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1.
运动焦虑的表现主要体现在训练与比赛过程中,以心理障碍、运动情绪低落、生理指标变化和行为失常等为主要特点。影响运动员运动焦虑的因素是多方面的,主要与个体技能水平、运动经验以及个体对自己运动能力的认知有关系。也有较强的特质相关性。个体、集体运动焦虑水平不同导致唤醒水平的不同,从而对绩效有影响。为克服焦虑对运动成绩的影响,在日常训练中,不仅要从技能上,更需要对运动员的心理进行教育、引导。 相似文献
2.
病毒是侵犯人类最常见的传染病菌，近年来已经证明，训练中的运动员较一般常人更易感染病毒性疾病，造成对运动能力的特殊影响．病毒性感染影响运动能力与运动成绩的重要途径是直接影响骨骼肌，并且体现在运动员发热后骨骼肌力量上的变化上. 相似文献
3.
张万寿 《体育科技文献通报》2008,16(4):21-22
百米跑是以创造最高速度为特征的周期性运动，是典型的向人类生理极限挑战的运动。百米训练方法的选用及其效果直接依赖于身体内的变化，因此，掌握运动中身体变化规律，对于指导运动训练是非常必要的。短跑项目的训练难度较大，运动员既需要有较强的速度能力，又需要有较好的速度耐力才能取得优异成绩。主要从成绩的比较和能量系统的特点，以文献资料法、数理统计法对短跑运动员的速度耐力训练问题进行了讨论和分析，提出了一些主要的训练方法，供短跑运动员在训练中参考。 相似文献
4.
为了检验高中篮球队员的群体凝聚力与他们的客观个人运动成绩之间的关联,对南昌市两所中学男、女篮球队员在赛前和赛后的情况进行调查。结果显示：在赛前,不同性别与个人运动成绩之间存在着显著性差异;正式比赛结束后,测试得出群体凝聚力与个人的运动成绩之间存在高度相关,＂努力＂是其中介因素。因此,学校体育教育应重视群体凝聚力对学生个体成绩的影响。 相似文献
5.
控制呼吸技术在游泳教学中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据学生的运动水平和不同时期的训练需要，围绕呼吸来解决入门，通过控制呼吸来加深训练刺激，能提高有氧和无氧能力，提高运动成绩，有利于技术动作的发展，有利于少年儿童身体形态的健康发展，因此，科学地运用控制呼吸进行游泳的教学训练是提高游泳运动成绩的有效方法。 相似文献
6.
PALIER测试对足球运动员有氧能力评定的可行性研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
PALIER测试中随递增强度的增加，受试获得的最大吸氧量相对值与测试中的强度呈高度相关。表明该测试能够较好地反映运动员的实际运动能力，同时与12min跑成绩的显性相关表明在运动实践中该测试可用于评定和监测个体最大有氧能力。 相似文献
7.
获取最佳运动成绩是运动员训练的最终目标。最佳成绩的取得、提高及维持都需要通过训练过程来实现。训练过程是运动员具有的潜在能力向现实竞技水平转化的时间和空间载体。运动员竞技能力水平的不断发展和训练水平相对滞后这一对矛盾的存在与不断破立,推动着训练过程不断由低级向高级发展。训练过程空间性的特征反映了竞技能力动态平衡的重要性。运动训练中运动员最佳竞技状态的时间越长,最佳运动成绩出现的机率最大。在训练过程中要以最佳成绩为导向,科学规划训练过程。探索最佳成绩出现的特征,推动训练过程发展创造最佳成绩。 相似文献
8.
1．遗传和发育程度与选材
人的身体素质和心理素质基本上是天生的，即和遗传有着直接的关系。德国科学家格拉姆在研究运动能力遗传问题时概括指出：“在运动能力的遗传中，具有卓越优越的运动才能，只要不是极端个体，其中有50％的具有优秀的运动才能，而且还有可能超越亲代个体，亲缘越远，这种可能性就越大”。跆拳道运动属于技能类格斗对抗性项目，以大器晚成为主，大器早成为辅。只有依靠自然增长将自己的运动能力在发育高潮期推向更高点的少年，经过科学训练的诱发与促进，才能充分表现自己的全部优势，最终创造优异的成绩。也就是说选材必须对发育程度进行鉴别， 相似文献
9.
800米跑是当前许多体育院校招生的一项身体耐力素质测试内容，它属于极限下强度项目。运动过程中，主要以无氧代谢供能为主，运动特点是要有长时间保持高速跑的运动持续能力，既需要速度能力又需要速度耐力。而多数体育考生在800米跑的过程中会出现动作技术变形，跑速下降，冲剌无力或根本不具备冲刺能力的现象。导致800米跑成绩差的主要原因是：学生心肺系统功能差，不具备承受后半程高浓度代谢产物血乳酸的能力和调节酸碱值的能力。因此，要提高800米跑的成绩，就要提高机体在酸性环境下的速度和速度耐力， 相似文献
10.
传统的学生体育效果评价方法,是以运动项目测验的成绩给学生评分,这种方法只是描述学生的个体水平及其在群体中所处的位置,不能客观地反映学生学习前后的变化,作为体育效果评价不够合理。将学生个体在学习过程中变化程度的指标,纳人体育成绩评定内容,对学生的体育效果评价才能更准确。目标评价方法是基于此目的而提出的一种体育效果评价法。一、目标评价的内容和方法 1.目标评价的指标采用运动能力测定指标和目标等级指标。运动能力指标是运动项目按照考试评分标准所测定的成绩:目标等级指标是以考试评分标准为依 相似文献
11.
为深入了解世界混合泳项目的发展趋势,促进我国混合泳项目的进一步突破,文章运用文献资料法、数理统计法、比较分析法、灰色预测法,对第1至第18届世界游泳锦标赛男女个人混合泳成绩发展态势及变化特征进行分析。运用灰色预测模型对第19届世界游泳锦标赛男女200m及400m个人混合泳项目第1名成绩进行预测。研究结果表明:世界游泳锦标赛男女200m及400m个人混合泳成绩的整体发展平衡且均呈现提高趋势,其中女子200m个人混合泳成绩提高幅度最大,男子400m个人混合泳成绩提高幅度最小;第13届世锦赛后,男女混合泳项目整体成绩均表现出不同幅度的下降;世界游泳锦标赛男女200m及400m个人混合泳成绩的变化趋势不同,其中,男女200m个人混合泳届内竞争逐渐加大,即前8名成绩差距逐渐缩小,男子400m个人混合泳次之,女子则相反;近年来,我国选手在混合泳项目中国际竞争力较强,与世界顶尖运动员差距不断缩小,男子200m个人混合泳为第19届世锦赛重点夺金项目;第19届世界游泳锦赛男女个人混合泳项目第1名成绩的预测值为:男女200m个人混合泳分别为1min 56s17、2min08s30,400m个人混合泳分别为4min08s24、4min29s85。 相似文献
12.
Dr. Katja Ferger 《Sportwissenschaft》2010,40(1):9-18
Sports science is predominantly understood as a theory aimed at practical application where sports performance and how it is influenced by sports training are central. The primary task of sports science is to develop technological regulations and prepare background knowledge for solving application problems in sports training. If one considers a theoretically reasoned training plan from this perspective, it is hardly possible according to the theory of sports science as it stands (Selujanov, 1999). The criticism expressed again and again is primarily orientated towards insufficient explanations and reasons for the selection of a certain training programme or the lack of reasons for selected load intensity and load duration as well as insufficient explanation for the athlete’s performance resulting from it. That means it is not possible to make exact statements about the impact of training over time, the right time for introducing it and the duration of its effect on performance. In the same way the identification of individual process models for training adaptations, i.e. combining training measures and individual performance development, are is an important research goal, both in terms of the theoretical and also the practical aspect of training (Tschiene, 1996; Tschiene, 1997). To be able to answer these questions, there are various ways of proceeding. With the goal of researching in detail basic phenomena of adjustment or effect of change in training adjustment, research in the last few years has been orientated increasingly towards time series analytical processes and antagonistic models. These processes are in a position to present or simulate the performance development of the individual as well as changes in the training. Both time series analytical processes and also antagonistic models (e. g. Performance-Potential-Model; PerPot), by an exact simulation of an individual’s training progress, allow for a prognosis of his performance development. For this both processes need differing inputs which quantify both daily training and also daily performance. The goal of this study is to represent the delayed dynamics of an individual adjustment process through time series analytical processes as well as at the same time to configure it through the PerPot-Model. This approach enables a static validation of the individual effect of the training and allows, in contrast to the classic pre-post measurements, an analysis of the intra-individual relationships and structures or more accurate analyses of the impact of training over time, the right time for introducing it and the duration of its effect on performance (Schmitz, 1989). Moreover, as part of the analysis of the present training and performance data, the prognostic quality of the process is tested and the currently differing parameters for judging the quality of the models and the prognoses associated with them are presented and discussed. 相似文献
13.
Robbie S. Wilson Rob S. James Gwendolyn David Ecki Hermann Oliver J. Morgan Amanda C. Niehaus 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(21):2074-2086
The development of a comprehensive protocol for quantifying soccer-specific skill could markedly improve both talent identification and development. Surprisingly, most protocols for talent identification in soccer still focus on the more generic athletic attributes of team sports, such as speed, strength, agility and endurance, rather than on a player’s technical skills. We used a multivariate methodology borrowed from evolutionary analyses of adaptation to develop our quantitative assessment of individual soccer-specific skill. We tested the performance of 40 individual academy-level players in eight different soccer-specific tasks across an age range of 13–18 years old. We first quantified the repeatability of each skill performance then explored the effects of age on soccer-specific skill, correlations between each of the pairs of skill tasks independent of age, and finally developed an individual metric of overall skill performance that could be easily used by coaches. All of our measured traits were highly repeatable when assessed over a short period and we found that an individual’s overall skill – as well as their performance in their best task – was strongly positively correlated with age. Most importantly, our study established a simple but comprehensive methodology for assessing skill performance in soccer players, thus allowing coaches to rapidly assess the relative abilities of their players, identify promising youths and work on eliminating skill deficits in players. 相似文献
14.
蒋炳宪 《体育科技文献通报》2008,16(8):25-27
通过录像观察、数理统计和文献资料的方法对我国男子体操队在第40届世界体操锦标赛男子团体决赛、个人全能决赛、个人单项决赛三种比赛的情况进行了分析点评。结果表明：我国团体和个人全能优势明显，有实力，但个人全能后备力量不足，单项决赛成绩喜忧参半。应继续扩大我队的优势，克服存在的问题，力争明年北京奥运会在团体、个人全能比赛中再创佳绩，并且在单项上有新的突破。 相似文献
15.
创业者在个体社会网络互动中动员网络资源,以缓解企业组织创建早期面临的资源约束问题,是当前创业环境下我国个体创业类体育新创企业保持存续与实现成长的有效路径,也是体育创业理论研究需要关注的一个现实性问题。新经济社会学“嵌入性”理论视域下,从个体社会网络的结构维度入手,在实证研究验证了社会网络资源在创业者社会网络结构与体育新创企业绩效间存在中介作用的基础上,进一步从网络结构性的视角指出了这一传导机制存在的行业性特征:1)社会网络资源在创业者社会网络规模、网顶、异质性与体育新创企业绩效间的传导路径更为清晰;2)社会网络资源在创业者社会网络结构与体育新创企业非财务绩效间的中介作用更为显著;3)体育创业者高密度、强关系的社会网络结构更利于直接网络资源获取,高异质性的网络结构更利于间接网络资源获取;4)高密度、强关系的社会网络结构性特征有可能限制体育创业者获取网络“中介利益”的能力。 相似文献
16.
高校集体运动项目教练员的情感投入 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李中辉 《体育科技文献通报》2008,16(3):47-47,61
情感投入作为一种特殊的训练手段，是培养运动员的集体荣誉感，提高运动队的凝聚力，创造最佳训练效果的有效途径，也是影响一个队伍能否取得良好成绩的因素之一。就此针对高校集体运动项目教练员在不同情况下如何正确恰当的进行情感投入，提出了一些个人体会和意见，以期能为同行们作理论参考。 相似文献
17.
周兰芝 《体育科技文献通报》2008,16(6):38-40
通过文献资料法、录像观察法和专家访谈法等研究方法，本文对第39届和第40届世界体操锦标赛男子体操比赛团体、全能和单项前8名运动员的比赛成绩、动作难度和完成情况进行了统计与分析。结果表明：规则对竞技体操运动发展具有导向性；稳定性是团体决赛制胜的首要因素，世界男子体操的格局趋于多极化；全能比赛呈现出强项突出，单项均衡发展的特点；单项比赛的竞争呈现出垄断性的发展趋势。要求在动作难度和编排上不断创新。 相似文献
18.
Camille Thomas Gilbert Fellingham Pat Vehrs 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(2):108-121
The purposes of this study were to develop a notational system to evaluate passing, dribbling, first touch, and individual defensive skills as they relate to success during women's soccer games and to develop a statistical model to weigh the importance of each skill on creating scoring opportunities. Sequences of skills in ten games of a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I intercollegiate women's soccer team were coded using well defined performance scores and outcomes. The notational analysis system was highly reliable as demonstrated by Spearman's rank correlations (>.98) between the first and second notation of three games for all four skills. The importance scores calculated from a Bayesian model demonstrated that dribbling (.0127) was the most important skill on creating scoring opportunities, followed by first touch (.0079), passing (.0075), and individual defense (.0050). The notational system developed from this study provides coaches with reliable and objective information to improve practice planning and optimize performance. 相似文献
19.
通过现场观察、调查访问和文献资料等方法,对全国第10届运动会男子体操全能、单项前8名运动员的比赛成绩、动作难度及完成情况进行了统计分析和研究.结果表明:在各项目高起评分下的成功率将成为比赛的关键,全能比赛在6个项目均衡发展的前提下要求突出更多强项:单项比赛更加突出了"特长性".十运会也涌现出了一批具有潜力的体操新秀,为备战北京奥运会提供了人选思路. 相似文献
20.
Abstract Using a two-study approach, we examined a methodology for objectively depicting team performance and form in a professional rugby union side. Study 1 developed standardized indicators to examine a team's performance in a single match relative to their previous matches over a domestic season via a performance report and form chart. This resulted in standardized performance indicators that provided instant and coherent feedback on the team's performance relative to previous standards. Study 2 then utilized this methodology to compare a match between two professional sides, played the following season, to assess the extent to which the performance by one team affected that of the other. Comparison of the two teams' performances, for the match they played against each other, identified a drop in relative performance (against previous standards) for both teams on the same performance indicators. This appeared to be due to the match being a close, hard-fought contest particularly in the tackle and around the gain-line. The findings of the two studies suggest an accurate and viable methodology for depicting team performance that is superior to the global measures previously adopted. Presenting teams' current standardized performances (i.e. form) on a single visual scale also has utility for coaches within an applied setting. Future research should further investigate the effect of one team's performance on another through both individual and team outcomes. 相似文献