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1.
实证分析美国高校科技成果转化路径,并探索美国政府促进美国高校科技成果转化的制度措施及其实施效果,对中国政府加速本国高校科技成果转化,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。文章对美国高校科技成果转化路径进行了实证分析,结果揭示其路径为"大学到政府",而非通常所认为的"大学到产业"。进而总结分析了美国政府促进高校科技成果有效转化的法律制度和政策措施,提出了对中国加速高校科技成果转化具有借鉴意义的具体建议。 相似文献
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This study empirically investigates the impact of foreign country factors like market size, technological strength of industries, and science and engineering (S&E) capability on the conduct of U.S. overseas R&D during the 1991-2002 period. We find that overseas markets primarily predict the entry of U.S. R&D, while the S&E capability of nations is strongly correlated with the post-entry intensity of U.S. foreign subsidiaries’ innovative activity. We also find important inter-industry differences: U.S. electrical, electronics, computer, and telecommunication industries are strongly drawn towards overseas S&E capacity; industries including Machinery, Automobiles, and Transport equipment are primarily attracted by the technological strength of foreign industry; U.S. R&D in Chemicals mostly follows overseas markets. We discuss the implications of our results to the global organization of innovative activity and innovation policy. 相似文献
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当前,积极兴办地方大学科技园,把地方高校的人才和技术优势转化为产业和经济优势,推动高校科技成果转化和高新技术产业化,有着现实的可行性．地方大学科技园在建设过程中,要因地制宜地选择发展模式,结合各自的特点特色,积极探索“以政府主导为核心、以高校共建为基础、以社会协办为依托”的地方大学科技园建设模式． 相似文献
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[目的/意义]面向大国竞争的美国科技情报活动实质上特指特朗普政府发起中美科技战过程中的科技情报运作体系,中国对这一个问题的研究既紧迫又短缺,需要在理论和实践层面深入探索。[方法/过程]该研究采用案例分析和理论总结的方法,探索面向大国竞争的美国科技情报运作规律。[结果/结论]美国科技情报活动意在封锁中国技术输出,在政府层面具有明确的职能分工和全政府投入特征,以及结构化信息采集与分析、跨部门协同作战等特点。 相似文献
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高校科技成果转化的另类思考 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文对近3年国内发表的高校科技成果转化论文的作者单位、登载期刊、研究方式和关注要点进行了回顾总结,讨论了高校科技成果、高校科技成果转化、高校科技成果转化率等术语的概念,进行了中美两国高校科技成果转化的比较研究,并提出了一些与当前流行观点不同的看法。 相似文献
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美国在研究型大学创立国家实验室的启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对美国设在研究型大学中的国家实验室历史发展的分析,提出我国应在研究型大学中建立代表国家最高科技水平、为国家战略目标服务的国家实验室,使之成为国家创新的核心。 相似文献
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In this paper, linkages of S&T activities between industry and science are statistically investigated, based on a firm level dataset from an S&T survey by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of the PRC of about 22,000 manufacturing firms. During the transition period of China's innovation system from 1996 to 2002, firms’ S&T outsourcing activities increased significantly. Econometrics analysis reveals that (1) “absorptive capacity” for S&T outsourcing becomes important over time, (2) innovation system reforms for more market-based competition work for better incentive scheme for innovation though S&T linkage activities and (3) government funding of S&T induces more S&T linkages. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2023,60(2):103255
In-depth exploration of the knowledge linkages between science and technology (S&T) is an essential prerequisite for accurately understanding the S&T innovation laws, promoting the transformation of scientific outcomes, and optimizing S&T innovation policies. A novel deep learning-based methodology is proposed to investigate S&T linkages, where papers and patents are applied to represent science and technology. In order to accurately and comprehensively reveal the linkages between science and technology topics, the proposed framework combines the information of knowledge structure with textual semantics. Furthermore, the exploration analysis is also conducted from the perspective of realizing the optimal matching between science and technology topics, which can realize combinatorial optimization of the S&T knowledge systems. Specifically, science and technology networks are constructed based on Node2Vec and BERT. Then, science and technology topics are identified based on the Fast Unfolding algorithm and Z-Score index. Finally, a science-technology bipartite graph is constructed, the S&T topic linkages identification task is successfully transferred into a bipartite matching problem, and the maximum-weight matching is identified using a Kuhn-Munkres bipartite algorithm. An experiment on natural language processing demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of the proposed methodology. 相似文献
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探索美国大学专利技术的创新培育中心及其形成机理。分析从美国专利商标局官方网站检索到的1980—2016年美国高校专利许可数据的主要流向,将流向集中的目的地视为美国大学专利技术的创新培育中心。研究结果显示:无论在州的层面还是在城市层面,都显示出美国大学专利技术创新培育中心高度积聚于国家政治中心和政府机构的特征;美国政府鼓励和支持大学技术转化的理念与行动、一系列相关制度和措施,是形成美国大学专利技术创新培育中心的关键因素。研究结果对推动我国大学科技成果转化提供决策参考。 相似文献
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The emergence of China as a leading nation in science 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
China has become the fifth leading nation in terms of its share of the world's scientific publications. The citation rate of papers with a Chinese address for the corresponding author also exhibits exponential growth. More specifically, China has become a major player in critical technologies like nanotechnology. Although it is difficult to delineate nanoscience and nanotechnology, we show that China has recently achieved a position second only to that of the USA. Funding for R&D has been growing exponentially, but since 1997 even more in terms of business expenditure than in terms of government expenditure. It seems that the Chinese government has effectively used the public-sector research potential to boost the knowledge-based economy of the country. Thus, China may be achieving the (“Lisbon”) objectives of the transition to a knowledge-based economy more broadly and rapidly than its western counterparts. Because of the sustained increase in Chinese government funding and the virtually unlimited reservoir of highly skilled human resources, one may expect a continuation of this growth pattern in the near future. 相似文献
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“Scientific and technical human capital” (S&T human capital) has been defined as the sum of researchers’ professional network ties and their technical skills and resources [Int. J. Technol. Manage. 22 (7-8) (2001) 636]. Our study focuses on one particular means by which scientists acquire and deploy S&T human capital, research collaboration. We examine data from 451 scientists and engineers at academic research centers in the United States. The chief focus is on scientists’ collaboration choices and strategies. Since we are particularly interested in S&T human capital, we pay special attention to strategies that involve mentoring graduate students and junior faculty and to collaborating with women. We also examine collaboration “cosmopolitanism,” the extent to which scientists collaborate with those around them (one’s research group, one’s university) as opposed to those more distant in geography or institutional setting (other universities, researchers in industry, researchers in other nations). Our findings indicate that those who pursue a “mentor” collaboration strategy are likely to be tenured; to collaborate with women; and to have a favorable view about industry and research on industrial applications. Regarding the number of reported collaborators, those who have larger grants have more collaborators. With respect to the percentage of female collaborators, we found, not surprisingly, that female scientists have a somewhat higher percentage (36%) of female collaborators, than males have (24%). There are great differences, however, according to rank, with non-tenure track females having 84% of their collaborations with females. Regarding collaboration cosmopolitanism, we find that most researchers are not particularly cosmopolitan in their selection of collaborators—they tend to work with the people in their own work group. More cosmopolitan collaborators tend have large grants. A major policy implication is that there is great variance in the extent to which collaborations seem to enhance or generate S&T human capital. Not all collaborations are equal with respect to their “public goods” implications. 相似文献
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OECD的大多数国家的研究与开发资助经历了"科学政策时代"、"科学和技术政策时代"、"科学、技术和创新政策时代",知识生产(knowledge production)的指导思想也从"国际领先知识"转向"知识创造财富","新的知识生产方式" 是OECD资助的一个必然趋势。它意味着,如果政府仍然用老的政策工具和行政结构来规划和安排科技政策,那么老式的技术政策将会提高政府失灵的风险,政府在制定科技政策时应该通过激励企业对R&D的投入,调整R&D的资助结构和方式。 相似文献
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Longitudinal trends in networks of university-industry-government relations in South Korea: The role of programmatic incentives 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study examines the longitudinal trend of systemness in networked research relations in South Korea using a triple helix (TH) indicator of university-industry-government (UIG) relations. The data were harvested from the Science Citation Index (SCI) and its counterparts in the social sciences (SSCI) and the arts and humanities (A&HCI). The total number of Korean SCI publications has grown rapidly since 1965. However, the TH indicator shows that the network dynamics have varied considerably according to the research policies of the national government. The collaboration patterns, as measured by co-authorship relations in the SCI noticeably increased, with some variation, from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. However, inter-institutional collaboration in the first decade of the 21st century was negatively influenced by the new national science and technology (S&T) research policies that evaluated domestic scientists and research groups based on their international publication numbers rather than on the level of cooperation among academic, private, and public domains. The results reveal that Korea has failed to boost its national research capacity by neglecting the network effects in science, technology, and industry. 相似文献
17.
E.J. Malecki 《Research Policy》1980,9(1):2-22
R&D activities in the United States, as in other advanced economies, are geographically concentrated in certain types of locations. This study presents data on the location of four dimensions of R&D in the U.S.: industrial R&D laboratories, scientists and engineers engaged in R&D, scientists and engineers employed by the federal government, and research universities. Industrial R&D is much more concentrated in large urban areas than the other dimensions, and appears to locate more in response to the location of manufacturing activity than to the location of research universities and federal research facilities. The location of R&D employment, which includes government university, and industrial employees, is associated with facilities for all three types of R&D. Because of these factors, R&D in the U.S. is found on a significant per capita basis in 44 of 177 urban areas, most of them in the northeastern portion of the country. When two dimensions, industrial R&D laboratories and R&D employees, are combined as a measure of R&D concentration, the locational pattern is less clustered regionally. Ten urban areas in all regions of the U.S. are identified as important complexes of R&D. Since the location of R&D is a major indicator of comparative advantage for technological activities and the economic potential of urban regions, only a few areas of the U.S. are likely to remain important in the generation of innovations. 相似文献
18.
Literature on the economics of science and technology (S&T) suggests not only that technological innovation demands the expansion of the institutional borders between universities, research institutes, industrial companies and the financial system, but also that science leads as well as follows technology. Medical innovation in particular is very dependent on scientific research, which represents a source of information that impels the productive sector. The latter introduces a series of questions that motivate the researchers in their attempt to understand how the human body reacts to certain products and therapies. This paper analyses the pattern of S&T interaction for both the national system of innovation (NSI) and the health innovation system. The panel data and simultaneous equations models analyze the interaction between S&T. The theory about the existence of a mutual dependence between them has been confirmed, which means that science moves technology and technology also influences scientific development. The estimated models, which use data from scientific papers and patents as proxies of science and technology, represent just the tip of the iceberg called NSI, known as a multifaceted and complex institutional arrangement. 相似文献
19.
We explore how an incumbent firm's internal knowledge and organization structure influences its strategic alliance formation. We propose that the firm's knowledge breadth and the centrality of its R&D organization structure positively influence its absorptive capacity, and consequently, its propensity to form strategic alliances. We also argue that the centrality of the R&D organization structure may be a substitute for the breadth of the knowledge base. We validate our ideas using data on 2647 strategic alliances formed over the period of 1993-2002 by 43 major biopharmaceutical firms in the U.S. and Europe. Our discussion focuses on the application of the knowledge-based view of the firm to strategic alliance research. The implications for public policy in the biopharmaceutical industry are also emphasized. 相似文献
20.
The effect of the triple helix system and habitat on regional entrepreneurship: Empirical evidence from the U.S. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The ‘triple helix’ of the university-industry-government relationship and habitat are accepted as important determinants of innovation and entrepreneurship. However, empirical explorations of the effects of these variables and their interrelationships on regional entrepreneurial activities are highly limited. To fill this gap, we investigate the effect of the triple helix system and habitat on birth and death rates of U.S. firms at the state level. As expected, we find that industrial R&D expenditure plays an important role in promoting regional firm birth. However, university and government R&D also generate a synergistic effect that indirectly influences regional firm birth rates. In addition, we find that the synergy between university and industrial R&D enhances the sustainability of firms, while the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) government and industrial R&D are associated with an increase in firm death. Other factors linked to more favorable conditions for firm formation include higher educational attainment in a region, lower tax rate, and habitat factors affecting quality of life, such as lower housing prices and higher rates of health insurance coverage. In regions with high entrepreneurial activity, we find positive synergistic effects of the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) university and industrial R&D on firm birth rate, suggesting that university R&D plays an important role as an ‘entrepreneurial mediator’ among the three spheres in the triple helix system. In low entrepreneurial regions, the only triple helix system factors significantly influencing firm birth rate were tax rate. This finding suggests that the independent and interdependent components of the triple helix system and habitat are less powerful in low entrepreneurial regions. 相似文献