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1.
Motivated by recent statistics that show significant growth in labor productivity, this paper seeks to analyze the long-term relationship between domestic R&D, knowledge stock and productivity dynamics. Time series data of the German manufacturing industry is used to estimate a variable cost function with the stock of knowledge being dependent upon current and past R&D spending. The estimates indicate that 50% of the effects of R&D on the knowledge stock appear within 4 years. However, the rate of return on R&D are shown to be drastically declining; recent rates of return on R&D are estimated to have reached an all-time low spanning the last 45 years. Current yields of R&D are only one third compared to the sixties. In conclusion, though the productivity slowdown of the seventies seems to have been overcome, this is not attributed to R&D investments. 相似文献
2.
This study explores the channels through which technological investments affect productivity performance of industrialized economies. Using a Stochastic Frontier Model (SFM) we estimate the productivity effects of R&D and ICT for a large sample of OECD industries between 1973 and 2007, identifying four channels of transmission: input accumulation, technological change, technical efficiency and spillovers. Our results show that ICT has been particularly effective in reducing production inefficiency and in generating inter-industry spillovers, while R&D has raised the rate of technical change and favoured knowledge spillovers within sectors. We also quantify the contribution of technological investments to output and total factor productivity growth documenting that R&D and ICT accounted for almost 95% of productivity growth in the OECD area. 相似文献
3.
能源约束、技术进步与中国经济增长可持续性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过构建最终产品生产部门、研发部门以及能源生产部门的三部门内生增长模型,证明了稳态经济增长路径上的经济增长率等于技术进步增长率和能源增长率的加权和,只要经济发展中有足够的人力资本积累和技术进步,就可以克服能源的短缺,保持经济的可持续最优增长。采用我国2004-2011年30个省市的相关面板数据对上述结论进行了计量回归分析,估计的结果支持了这一结论。研究表明,我国研发资本的产出效率低下,应该更加重视研发资本产出效率的提高,而不是一味地强化研发资本投入量的增加。技术进步和能源消费对我国经济增长的影响系数都为正数,且技术进步的影响系数小于能源对经济增长率的影响系数。这说明目前我国经济增长仍然更多地要依靠能源消费的增长。最后,根据研究结论给出了本文的相关政策建议。 相似文献
4.
采用资本、劳动和资源三投入要素的超越对数生产函数的随机前沿面板模型,考察了1990～2008年中国省域的生产效率和全要素生产率增长率。研究表明:资源的产出弹性为正,并逐年递增;东部地区的生产效率高于中西部地区;人力资本、市场化程度、外资因素和出口对生产效率有正影响,而政府财政支出的影响为负;影响全要素生产率增长率的最主要的因素是技术进步,其次是生产效率变化率。 相似文献
5.
周卫民 《科学学与科学技术管理》2011,32(9)
讨论了非体现型技术进步（Disembodied Technical Progress）在经济增长中的内生性问题。由于管理要素在经济增长中存在增进效率的作用,我们发现,管理要素在技术进步中所实现的部分构成非体现型技术进步的主体部分。基于管理要素的激励功能和配置功能,而将生产投入区分为激励型和配置型两种类型,在此基础上构建引入管理要素的内生增长模型,并分析管理要素在经济增长中的内生特征,从而进一步解释非体现技术进步内生于经济增长的问题。 相似文献
6.
The purpose of this article is to show how costs and benefits of geographical decentralization of R&D can be identified and compared. The benefits for the region that receives R&D activities are studied in section 2. They stem from the short-run multiplier effect, the amelioration of human capital and the possible modernization of the local industrial structure. On the cost side examined in section 3, the observable impacts of the decentralization of R&D concern the loss of returns to scale and urban economies of the production of the R&D output. It is shown, in section 4, that the flows of costs and benefits must be discounted by the social cost of capital. The main conclusion of this article is that the decentralization of R&D in a large, sparsely populated country entails social costs and this would weaken its competitive position in world commerce. On the other hand, the issue of decentralization is more crucial for small countries (in terms of population and economic size) than for large ones, like the U.S., where critical masses of research efforts can be simultaneously attained in many fields and in many places. 相似文献
7.
We analyse the impact of R&D cooperation on firm performance differentiating between four types of R&D partners (competitors, suppliers, customers, and universities and research institutes), and considering two performance measures: labour productivity and productivity in innovative (new to the market) sales. Using data on a large sample of Dutch innovating firms in two waves of the Community Innovation Survey (1996, 1998), we examine the impact of R&D cooperation in 1996 on subsequent productivity growth in 1996–1998. The results confirm a major heterogeneity in the rationales and goals of R&D cooperation. Competitor and supplier cooperation focus on incremental innovations, improving the productivity performance of firms. University cooperation and again competitor cooperation are instrumental in creating innovations generating sales of products that are novel to the market, improving the growth performance of firms. Furthermore, customers and universities are important sources of knowledge for firms pursuing radical innovations, which facilitate growth in innovative sales in the absence of formal R&D cooperation. 相似文献
8.
Werner Bnte 《Research Policy》2004,33(10):1635-1655
This paper investigates the effects of interindustry R&D spillovers from publicly financed business R&D on private R&D efforts and productivity using data of West German manufacturing industries. The results suggest that it is important to distinguish between the effects of spillovers from privately and publicly financed business R&D. In particular, estimation results provide evidence of productivity-enhancing effects of spillovers from privately financed R&D while results are less clear-cut for publicly financed R&D. Moreover, there is some empirical evidence that private R&D efforts of higher-technology industries are stimulated by spillovers from privately financed R&D but not by spillovers from publicly financed R&D. However, public funding of R&D in higher-technology industries seems to induce private R&D investments within these industries. 相似文献
9.
Edward J. Malecki 《Research Policy》1981,10(4):312-334
This paper reviews the literature on the location and regional effects of science and technology (S&T) in the context of developed economies. Two processes associated with the creation of new products, agglomeration and spin-off, act to attract further innovative activity in those regions. Other regions, where R&D and related activities do not take place, are unlikely to be the locations of new-product production, and instead will tend to specialize in the production of standardized products. Both corporate and government R&D rely on pools of technical labor for technological and new-product activities; these pools of mobile workers are most attracted to large urban areas. In only some of these areas, however, does the spin-off process result in the generation of new technology-based firms. The availability of local venture capital appears to be the principal influence on this variation. Government policy regarding science and technology has impacts on regions by contributing to the agglomeration of R&D. Government policy also often fails to recognize that S&T policy and industrial policy have regional effects that may be long-term in nature and most detrimental to those regions whose economies are least competitive. Finally, some priorities for future research on innovation in a regional setting are identified. 相似文献
10.
The R&D effort, even of the largest, most technologically advanced developing countries, and their most sophisticated firms, cannot match that of the major industrial nations or the largest corporations. Our objective in this paper is to analyse innovation, technical change and R&D management in technology-leaders to build a framework for R&D in technology-followers outside of those major nations. This framework emphasises the importance of specific learning mechanisms and puts forward an argument that in-house R&D is indeed required in technology-followers, but a profoundly different type of R&D. R&D units, based in the firm, can become the location for organised learning, the problem-solver of last resort in production, the in-house knowledge store and gatekeeper, and the focus for independent design and product development capacity. 相似文献
11.
本文利用等效益面方法和微观企业数据研究企业的效率问题，推导企业的技术进步贡献率，并选取了纺织业和电子设备制造业为例进行实证研究。结果表明两个行业的企业纯技术效率不高，有相当比例企业的规模效率递减，进而制约企业的综合效率提升。纺织业的技术进步贡献率在行业规模缩减期，在40%的水平上有所上升，在规模扩张期则有所下降；电子设备制造业的技术进步贡献率经历一段30%水平的稳定期后，随着研发投入的增加快速提升；产业集聚未能有效提升企业的技术进步贡献水平，核心因素仍是研发投入。 相似文献
12.
本文在生产理论的基础上,将国家特征作为生产效率的影响因素引入传统的随机生产边界模型,建立了基于柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的二个方程随机生产边界模型,实证检验了我国1997-2010年IT资本对经济增长及生产效率的影响。研究发现:IT资本对我国经济增长和生产效率具有显著的促进作用,从国家层面证明了"生产率悖论"并不是全球化的现象;IT资本弱化了物质资本对于经济增长的贡献,强化了人力资本对于经济增长的贡献;国家特征促进了生产效率的提高,但是并没有促进IT价值;我国经济在发展过程中呈现规模报酬递减。基于实证研究结果,提出了实现我国IT投资价值的相关政策建议。 相似文献
13.
This paper examines the relationship between the economic growth of European regions and their knowledge and human capital endowments. The share of adult population with tertiary education and the intensity of R&D expenditures in value-added emerge as the most effective factors enhancing the growth of GDP per capita recorded, during 1995–2002, by the regions belonging to twelve countries of the former EU15. However, while the educational variable is effective for the whole regional set, the impact of R&D is significant only for the regions that are above a given threshold of per capita GDP. Moreover, remarkable disparities arise among the regions of different countries. In particular, only within North European countries there is a significant relationship between regional growth and the intensity of R&D and higher education. The policy implications of both findings are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Electricity sector liberalisation has coincided with a significant decline in R&D spending. This paper reviews the industrial organisation literature on R&D and innovation to explore the likely causes of the decline in R&D spending in the electricity sector. Meanwhile, R&D productivity and innovative outputs in utilities and equipment suppliers appear to have improved. However, a lasting decline in R&D expenditure can have a negative long-term effect on technological progress and innovation in the sector. We conclude that the decline in R&D could have been predicted from the literature. We also discuss the need to reorient the post-liberalisation technology policy. 相似文献
15.
This paper analyses the effects of the deregulation policy introduced in India in the mid-1980s on the relationship between technology imports and in-house R&D efforts. Using appropriate statistical techniques, it examines the interactions between policy regime, economic environment and the determinants of inter-industry variation in technology imports in Indian manufacturing. In doing so, it introduces R&D efforts as one of the main determinants. Literature suggests that there is simultaneity in the relationship between technology imports and R&D efforts. To tackle this problem, lagged R&D expenditure intensity is adopted as a proxy for in-house R&D efforts. The empirical results reveal that technology imports were only weakly related with the past in-house R&D efforts in the protective regime. Deregulation promoted complementarity between technology imports and R&D efforts significantly. The results also suggest that after deregulation, the impact of product differentiation, demand conditions and technology-related factors increased significantly in determining the inter-industry patterns of technology imports. Thus, unlike in a regulated regime where technology imports are viewed important for filling gaps in domestic technological capabilities, in a deregulated regime technology upgradation seems to be the major role of technology imports. 相似文献
16.
采用随机前沿生产函数分析方法研究了2000～2007年西部农业生产全要素生产率增长,将全要素生产率增长分解为:技术进步、技术效率的变化、规模经济性和资源配置效率4个部分。结果表明:2000～2007年西部农业生产全要素生产率增长率平均为5.74%,对全要素生产率增长的影响主要是技术进步、资源配置效率和规模效率,技术进步是主要的推动力量,平均占104%,规模效率占8%,技术效率的变化呈缓慢下降趋势,平均占0.87%,资源配置的影响为负,平均占-11.27%。要提高西部农业生产技术效率水平,需要进一步推广农业新品种和新技术,调整资源配置结构。 相似文献
17.
基于1996~2011年省际面板数据随机前沿模型计算结果,运用空间计量、协整回归及因果检验实证分析异质劳动与资本集聚对我国经济发展效率的影响机制。结果发现:资本集聚通过影响生产规模中的要素再配置而与规模效应之间存在此消彼长的替代关系,以调整技术进步速度和方向;生产率的提高不在于技能劳动集聚,而在于技能劳动集聚对技术效率和人力资本的溢出效应;资本集聚与技能劳动集聚的非协调演进导致技术进步与人力资本匹配失当是规模效应提高和生产率增长的最大掣肘因素,宏观上表现为规模经济扩张与规模经济效率下降共存。 相似文献
18.
人力资本与技术溢出:基于进口传导机制的实证研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文研究了以进口贸易为传导机制的国际技术溢出对我国全要素生产率的影响。结果表明，通过进口贸易传导机制，国内研发、贸易伙伴国溢出的研发与我国全要素生产率之间存在着稳定的长期均衡关系；国外研发溢出是与人力资本相结合采促进全要素生产率提高的，人力资本在技术溢出中发挥着关键的作用。 相似文献
19.
R＆D投入、经济增长与科技管理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用修正的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数模型，阐释了全要素生产率增长率是如何受到R＆D投入及其商业化相互作用的控制，并以1980年美国《贝-多尔法案》为例证，分析了政府通过制定科技规划、改变市场条件等科技管理手段提高R＆D收益（产出弹性），对弥补技术市场失灵、推动技术转移和促进经济增长的重要性。 相似文献
20.
本文利用中国省际区域面板数据研究了社会资本对研发效率的影响。首先从构成社会资本的单个要素出发,分别考察了信任、规范、社会网络对研发效率的影响。研究结果表明,"信任"对研发的中间产出效率、"规范"对研发的最终产出效率具有显著的正向影响,而"社会网络"无论对研发的中间产出效率还是对最终产出效率的影响均不显著。随后,通过因子分析将各单个要素凝练成为社会资本变量,并以此探讨了社会资本与研发效率的关系,发现社会资本对研发的中间产出效率和最终产出效率均具有显著的正向作用。 相似文献