Appropriate intellectual property protection and economic growth in countries at different levels of development   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yee Kyoung KimKeun Lee  Walter G. Park  Kineung Choo 《Research Policy》2012,41(2):358-375

This paper examines how the role of patents and utility models in innovation and economic growth varies by level of economic development. Using a panel dataset of over 70 countries, we find that patent protection is an important determinant of innovation and that patentable innovations contribute to economic growth in developed countries, but not in developing. Instead, in developing economies, a minor form of intellectual property rights (IPRs) - namely utility models - is conducive to innovation and growth, controlling for other factors. Using Korean firm level data as a case study, we find that utility model innovations contribute to firm performance when firms are technologically lagging and that those minor innovations can be a learning device and thus a stepping stone for developing more patentable inventions later on. Upon reaching higher levels of technological capabilities, firms become more reliant upon patents and less on utility models. Thus the lesson here is that patent protection enhances innovation and economic growth in countries where the capacity to conduct innovative research exists. Where this capacity is weaker, a system that provides incentives to conduct minor, incremental inventions is more conducive to growth. The significance of this paper is to emphasize the importance not just of the strength of IPRs but of the appropriate type of IPRs for economic development.  相似文献   

Congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery in an infant     

Su Ye Sohn  Gi Young Jang  Byung Min Choi 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2010,11(7):539-541

Congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery is a rare occurrence, and surgical revascularizationbypass graft is required. We here report a rare case of congenital coronary anomaly in an infant. A 10-month-old male infant was admitted to the hospital with heart failure symptoms. Echocardiographic examinations revealed mitral valve regurgitation and ischemic changes of the anterolateral papillary muscle and chordae. Coronary angiography showed atresia of the left main coronary artery with a severe hypoplastic left anterior descending artery and a circumflex coronary artery. Unfortunately, sudden cardiac arrest occurred after catheterization and the infant did not recover despite of immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Further studies are needed to find a newer diagnostic method to detect coronary anomaly in an infant, and coronary angiography, if necessary, has to be performed very carefully.  相似文献   

School‐to‐work transition services for students with disabilities in Malaysia: organisations' views on policy and practices     

Melissa Ng Lee Yen Abdullah  See Ching Mey  Tan Kok Eng  Rosly Othman  Ahmad Fairuz Omar 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2013,13(4):259-271

Transition services are required by law for students with disabilities in many developed countries. In Malaysia, however, there is still no specific legislation mandating that school‐to‐work transition planning and services be provided to students with disabilities. This study investigated the state of the transition services provided by educational organisations to students with disabilities in Malaysia. A mixed method research design, which utilises both quantitative and qualitative research techniques, was employed to obtain information from 23 government organisations and NGOs involved in the education and training of students with disabilities. This study found that the organisations surveyed were aware of the lack of transition support and call attention to the importance of instituting a national policy on school‐to‐work transition services and supported employment systems for students with disabilities. The legislative and educational implications for Malaysia are discussed.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis of OECD member countries’ competitive advantage in National Human Resource Development system     

Hunseok Oh  Yeseul Choi  Myungweon Choi 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2013,14(2):189-208

The purpose of this study was to assess, evaluate, and compare the competitive advantages of the human resource development systems of advanced countries. The Global Human Resource Development Index was utilized for this study, since it has been validated through an expert panel’s content review and analytic hierarchy process. Using a sample of 34 OECD member countries, the following conclusions were drawn. First, Switzerland, Sweden, and United States ranked top three in order in National Human Resource Development (NHRD) competitiveness and such Nordic countries as Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland showed outstanding NHRD competitiveness. Second, thirty-four countries differed significantly in key aspects of supply, demand, environment, and supporting systems of NHRD. Strong, intermediate, and weak groups classified based on NHRD competitiveness significantly differed from one another in all factors of the NHRD system. Third, changes in NHRD competitiveness between 2005 and 2011 did not exhibit specific patterns depending on the level of economic development. Fourth, little changes in NHRD system occurred in a short period of time. The most significant positive changes in NHRD competitiveness were identified in only two cases of Luxemburg (△6) and Poland (△6) among 34 countries. Only striking case of decrease in NHRD competitiveness was Israel (▽6). The findings of this research will be able to assist each country in identifying its strengths and weaknesses in the NHRD system.  相似文献   

DISTANCE LEARNING AND COMMUNITY COLLEGES     

Jennifer A. Yee Information Specialist 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2013,37(5):563-567

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Impact of combining data from multiple instruments on performance of patient-based real-time quality control     

Qianqian Zhou  Tze Ping Loh  Tony Badrick  Chun Yee Lim 《Biochemia medica : ?asopis Hrvatskoga dru?tva medicinskih biokemi?ara / HDMB》2021,31(2)

IntroductionIt is unclear what is the best strategy for applying patient-based real-time quality control (PBRTQC) algorithm in the presence of multiple instruments. This simulation study compared the error detection capability of applying PBRTQC algorithms for instruments individually and in combination using serum sodium as an example.Materials and methodsFour sets of random serum sodium measurements were generated with differing means and standard deviations to represent four simulated instruments. Moving median with winsorization was selected as the PBRTQC algorithm. The PBRTQC parameters (block size and control limits) were optimized and applied to the four simulated laboratory data sets individually and in combination.ResultsWhen the PBRTQC algorithm were individually optimized and applied to the data of the individual simulated instruments, it was able to detect bias several folds faster than when they were combined. Similarly, the individually applied algorithms had perfect error detection rates across different magnitudes of bias, whereas the error detection rates of the algorithm applied on the combined data missed smaller biases. The performance of the individually applied PBRTQC algorithm performed more consistently among the simulated instruments compared to when the data were combined.DiscussionWhile combining data from different instruments can increase the data stream and hence, increase the speed of error detection, it may widen the control limits and compromising the probability of error detection. The presence of multiple instruments in the data stream may dilute the effect of the error when it only affects a selected instrument.  相似文献   

Molecular diffusion analysis of dynamic blood flow and plasma separation driven by self-powered microfluidic devices     

Sung Oh Woo  Myungkeun Oh  Kyle Nietfeld  Bailey Boehler  Yongki Choi 《Biomicrofluidics》2021,15(3)

Integration of microfluidic devices with pressure-driven, self-powered fluid flow propulsion methods has provided a very effective solution for on-chip, droplet blood testing applications. However, precise understanding of the physical process governing fluid dynamics in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices remains unclear. Here, we propose a pressure-driven diffusion model using Fick''s law and the ideal gas law, the results of which agree well with the experimental fluid dynamics observed in our vacuum pocket-assisted, self-powered microfluidic devices. Notably, this model enables us to precisely tune the flow rate by adjusting two geometrical parameters of the vacuum pocket. By linking the self-powered fluid flow propulsion method to the sedimentation, we also show that direct plasma separation from a drop of whole blood can be achieved using only a simple construction without the need for external power sources, connectors, or a complex operational procedure. Finally, the potential of the vacuum pocket, along with a removable vacuum battery to be integrated with non-PDMS microfluidic devices to drive and control the fluid flow, is demonstrated.  相似文献   

The perspective of six Malaysian students on playing video games： Beneficial or detrimental？   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Roselan Baki Eow Yee Leng Wan Zah Wan Ali Rosnaini Mahmud Mohd. Sahandri Gani Hamzah 《美中教育评论》2008,5(11):11-21

This study provides a glimpse into understanding the potential benefits as well as harm of playing video games from the perspective of six Malaysian secondary school students, aged 16-17 years old. The rationale of the study is to enable parents, educators, administrators and policy makers to develop a sound understanding on the impact of playing video games before making any judgment on the contemporary youth culture. Thus, further decision on the acceptance of video games as a new innovation in school or at home could be considered. Although this study is not very extensive, the findings suggest that playing video games contributes to cognitive, social, motivational and emotional development. However, potential harms do exist. Parents play an important role in guiding their children either directly or indirectly, as indicated by the respective students. Caution is advised in the interpretation of the study＇s findings as it is solely based on the perspectives of the students, as the first person＇s views. Nevertheless, each student has their very own perspective on the impact of video games on them.  相似文献   

Employees’ perceptions of interpersonal competence: The case of South Korea     

Changdai Kim  Kyung Wha Min  Sook Kyeong Yune  Hanna Choi  Eun Hye Gong 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2008,9(2):221-232

This study examined employees’ perceptions of interpersonal competence at work through the research methodology known as concept mapping. The purpose of this study was to identify the phenomenally derived components of interpersonal competence in work environments and employees’ underlying cognitive structures of interpersonal competence at work. Multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that the participants conceptualized interpersonal competence in the following two dimensions: (i) work-specific domain versus general domain and (ii) unilateral domain versus bilateral domain. In addition, hierarchical clustering on the MDS coordinates produced six clusters: Caring & Considerate, Sociable & Out-going, Kind & Gentle, Reliable & Leadership skills, and Confident & Responsible. Our results were discussed with respect to future research and educational approaches to the issues surrounding interpersonal competencies at work.  相似文献   

Effect of sport education on students’ perceived physical literacy,motivation, and physical activity levels in university required physical education: a cluster-randomized trial     

Choi  Siu Ming  Sum  Kim Wai Raymond  Leung  Fung Lin Elean  Wallhead  Tristan  Morgan  Kevin  Milton  Daniel  Ha  Sau Ching Amy  Sit  Hui Ping Cindy 《Higher Education》2021,81(6):1137-1155

Higher Education - Originating from the field of physical education, physical literacy is an individual disposition that accentuates the importance of lifelong physical activity. Sport education is...  相似文献