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排序方式: 共有133条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
Jonathan S. Jones Anna-Lynne R. Adlam Abdelmalek Benattayallah Fraser N. Milton 《Child development》2022,93(3):815-830
Working memory training improves children's cognitive performance on untrained tasks; however, little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. This was investigated in 32 typically developing children aged 10–14 years (19 girls and 13 boys) using a randomized controlled design and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (Devon, UK; 2015–2016). Training improved working memory performance and increased intrinsic functional connectivity between the bilateral intraparietal sulci. Furthermore, improvements in working memory were associated with greater recruitment of the left middle frontal gyrus on a complex span task. Repeated engagement of fronto-parietal regions during training may increase their activity and functional connectivity over time, affording greater working memory performance. The plausibility of generalizable cognitive benefits from a neurobiological perspective and implications for neurodevelopmental theory are discussed. 相似文献
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Choi Siu Ming Sum Kim Wai Raymond Leung Fung Lin Elean Wallhead Tristan Morgan Kevin Milton Daniel Ha Sau Ching Amy Sit Hui Ping Cindy 《Higher Education》2021,81(6):1137-1155
Higher Education - Originating from the field of physical education, physical literacy is an individual disposition that accentuates the importance of lifelong physical activity. Sport education is... 相似文献
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In a conditioned suppression paradigm, a partially overlapping compound stimulus signaled occurrences of electric shock. That compound CS consisted of 3 min of continuous illumination of the houselight with three discrete 5-see presentations of a tone superimposed. A .5-sec electric shock was coterminous with each tone presentation. Rats that received this treatment in early conditioning sessions showed considerable recovery from conditioned suppression to the houselight as the experiment progressed. However, the effect was not reversible, and it could not be demonstrated in rats that experienced extensive prior conditioning to the houselight alone. These results are discussed in relation to a hypothesis concerning the modulation of behavioral control exerted by elements of compound stimuli and as they relate to a recent theoretical model for Pavlovian fear conditioning. 相似文献
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Two experiments were performed to explore the mechanisms responsible for the increase in activity that occurs in response to stimuli which have been paired with reinforcement (SR. The first experiment showed a sharp increase in activity to SR-paired stimuli under conditions in which subjects were not required to perform any instrumental response to obtain the SR. This result seemed to rule out reinforcement of instrumental “food getting” behavior as the mechanism responsible for the learned activity increases. A second experiment used an “omission training” procedure to further explore the mechanisms underlying the activity increase. In this experiment, SR was omitted on those trials on which activity increases were present during the stimulus. In this condition, no increases in activity were observed during the stimulus. There was, however, the characteristic increase in activity in a yoked-control group which received the same number and distribution of stimulus-paired SRs. The results of the second experiment open the possibility that increases in activity to SR -paired stimuli could be due to the adventitious reinforcement of motor behavior rather than the Pavlovian conditioning of a motivational state. 相似文献
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Prior work has shown that when the separate correct responses of a conditional discrimination are followed by different reinforcing outcomes, performance is enhanced relative to that obtained under the conventional, single-reinforcer procedure. Four experiments with pigeons yielded the analogous finding when the different outcomes were reinforcement and explicit nonreinforcement. Controls indicated that the results could not be attributed to the effects of intermittent reinforcement, to possible differences in cue duration, or to a variety of potential sources of conditioned reinforcement. An interpretation in terms of expectancy learning is proposed. 相似文献