Improving the judgment of task difficulties: prospective teachers’ diagnostic competence in the area of functions and graphs     

Andreas Ostermann  Timo Leuders  Matthias Nückles 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2018,21(6):579-605

To teach adaptively, teachers should be able to take the students’ level of knowledge into account. Therefore, a key component of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is the ability to assume the students’ perspectives. However, due to the so-called expert blind spot, teachers tend to misestimate their students’ knowledge, such as when estimating the difficulty of a given task. This empirically well-documented estimation bias is predicted by Nickerson’s anchoring and adjustment model, which generally explains how people take on other people’s perspectives. In this article, we present an intervention study that aims to improve the accuracy of prospective teachers’ judgments of task difficulty in the area of functional thinking. Two types of treatments are derived from Nickerson’s model. In the first condition (PCK group), participants acquire knowledge about task characteristics and students’ misconceptions. The second condition (sensitizing group) serves to control the idea that potential improvements in the PCK group are not merely based on a pure sensitization of the expert’s estimation bias. Accordingly, these participants are only informed about the general tendency of overestimating task difficulties. The results showed that the PCK group improved both in terms of the accuracy of the estimated solution rates and the accuracy of rank order, whereas the sensitizing group only improved in regard to the former. Thus, the study shows that prospective teachers’ diagnostic judgments can be improved by teaching them relevant PCK in a short amount of time.  相似文献   

The risk of delayed school entry in relation to migration background in different institutional settings     

Julia Tuppat  Birgit Becker  Matthias Lange 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2016,19(4):745-764

In Germany, children of immigrants are faced with delayed school entry about twice as often as children of native-born parents because they are more often diagnosed not being ready for school. We investigate these early educational inequalities, focusing on the interplay of individual competencies and the institutional context in terms of the school enrollment procedure. We compare the conventional procedure, where school enrollment is supposed to be bound on school readiness, with reformed procedures where school enrollment is not supposed to be bound on school readiness. Data of school entry examinations from Hesse, Germany from 2008–2012 are analyzed (N = 50,717). The results show that children of immigrants from all origin groups have a substantially higher risk of obtaining a recommendation for delayed school entry than children of native-born parents. However, these ethnic differences are strongly reduced in the reformed procedures as compared to the conventional school enrollment procedure, indicating that these procedures could be an effective measure to reduce ethnic educational inequalities at school start.  相似文献   

中学生数学建模能力水平的实验分析     

徐斌艳  LUDWIG  Matthias 《中学数学月刊》2007,(11):1-2,30

1关于数学建模能力21世纪初启动的各国数学课程改革都将学生数学建模思想的形成以及数学建模能力的培养作为数学教育的重要目标之一.例如颁布于2003年底的德国数学教育标准明确提出,数学建模能力是学生应该发展的六大数学能力之一,也就是说学生要学会用数学方法去理解现实相关的情景,提出解决方案,并认清和判断现实中的数学问题.③我国《普通高中数学课程标准实验》也明确提出,数学课程要求把数学探究、数学建模的思想以不同的形式渗透在各模块和专题内容之中.“标准”强调数学建模是运用数学思想、方法和知识解决实际问题的过程.数学建模是…  相似文献   

Milieuspezifische Bildungsstrategien in Familie und Gleichaltrigengruppe     

Matthias?Grundmann  Olaf?Groh-SambergEmail author  Uwe?H.?Bittlingmayer  Ullrich?Bauer 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2003,6(1):25-45

Zusammenfassung Der Topos Bildungsungleichheit hat in der jüngsten Zeit eine Renaissance erfahren. Wie im Anschluss an den so genannten Sputnik-Schock und die Diskussionen der 1960er-bis 70er-Jahre wird durch den PISA-Schock die Frage nach der Qualit?t von Bildung erneut virulent. Gleichzeitig jedoch scheint die heutige bildungstheoretische Debatte zu eingeengt. Sie reduziert sich auf institutionalisierte schulische Bildung und vernachl?ssigt die zentrale Bedeutung au?erschulischer Bildungsprozesse, die sozialstrukturell variieren. So lassen sich aufgrund der — allerdings trotz sozialwissenschaftlicher Dauerbeobachtungen bis heute leider dünnen — Forschungsbasis deutliche Differenzen in milieuspezifischen Bildungsstrategien von Heranwachsenden und ihren Eltern feststellen. In Familie und Gleichaltrigengruppe herrschen demnach erfahrungsbezogene Bildungsinhalte und Strategien vor, die mit den in der Schule dominierenden Leistungs- und Qualifikationsanforderungen auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise zusammentreffen. Die vorgelegte mesotheoretische Bestimmung von Bildungsstrategien weist auf M?glichkeiten einer differenzierten Analyse von Bildungsprozessen hin, die an die makrostrukturellen Pr?missen des Systems sozialer Ungleichheit ebenso anschlussf?hig ist wie an mikrostrukturelle, lebensweltliche Erfahrungsbezüge der Schülerinnern und Schüler.

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Summary Milieu-specific Educational Strategies in Families and Peer Groups “Educational disadvantage” is experiencing a renaissance as a topic of educational debate. Just as following the so-called Sputnik-Shock and discussions in the ’60s and ’70s, PISA has renewed the debate on the quality of education. At the same time, the perspective of current educational theory seems too narrow. It focuses on institutionalized school education and overlooks the central importance of educational processes outside of the school, which vary according to social structure. Despite continuous observations within this field, scientific research is weaker than might be expected. However, differences in milieu-specific strategies for education are clearly identifiable between young people and their parents. We propose that experience-based educational content and strategies predominate in both families and peer groups, and that these coincide with the achievements- and qualifications-based educational demands within schools in quite different ways. The following meso-theoretic investigation of educational strategies points to the potential of analyses, which can integrate both the macro-structural conditions of systems of inequality and the experiential, micro-structural reference points of pupils.

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Auf der Suche nach (einem Begriff) der Jugend     

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ronald Hitzler  Dipl.-Päd. Daniela Eichholz  Dipl.-Päd. Matthias Euteneuer  Dr. Arne Niederbacher 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2009,12(1):153-158

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

The benefit of being a big fish in a big pond: Contrast and assimilation effects on academic self-concept     

Franzis Preckel  Matthias Brüll 《Learning and individual differences》2010,20(5):522-531

This study investigates the effects of class-average ability (intelligence) and class type (gifted vs. regular) on Math academic self-concept. The sample comprised 722 fifth-grade students (376 female) in a setting of full-time ability grouping at the top track of the German secondary high school system. Students came from 34 different classes at five schools; nine of these classes were part of a gifted track (n = 179). Academic self-concept and school grades were assessed by a self-report questionnaire, intelligence by a standardized test. Higher class-average ability led to lower academic self-concepts after controlling for the positive influence of individual ability (contrast effect). Class type had a counterbalancing positive effect on self-concept (assimilation effect). For students in gifted classes, both effects were of comparable size. Thus, no evidence for a big-fish-little-pond effect (stronger contrast than assimilation effect) was found. Effects of individual and group level ability were partially mediated by school grades. Implications for educational practice of highly able students are discussed.  相似文献   

Demokratiedidaktik und politische Bildung     

Tilman Grammes  Matthias Busch 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2010,13(2):317-327

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The “big red button” is too late: an alternative model for the ethical evaluation of AI systems     

Thomas?ArnoldEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  Matthias?Scheutz 《Ethics and Information Technology》2018,20(1):59-69

As a way to address both ominous and ordinary threats of artificial intelligence (AI), researchers have started proposing ways to stop an AI system before it has a chance to escape outside control and cause harm. A so-called “big red button” would enable human operators to interrupt or divert a system while preventing the system from learning that such an intervention is a threat. Though an emergency button for AI seems to make intuitive sense, that approach ultimately concentrates on the point when a system has already “gone rogue” and seeks to obstruct interference. A better approach would be to make ongoing self-evaluation and testing an integral part of a system’s operation, diagnose how the system is in error and to prevent chaos and risk before they start. In this paper, we describe the demands that recent big red button proposals have not addressed, and we offer a preliminary model of an approach that could better meet them. We argue for an ethical core (EC) that consists of a scenario-generation mechanism and a simulation environment that are used to test a system’s decisions in simulated worlds, rather than the real world. This EC would be kept opaque to the system itself: through careful design of memory and the character of the scenario, the system’s algorithms would be prevented from learning about its operation and its function, and ultimately its presence. By monitoring and checking for deviant behavior, we conclude, a continual testing approach will be far more effective, responsive, and vigilant toward a system’s learning and action in the world than an emergency button which one might not get to push in time.  相似文献   

“Good,better, creative”: the influence of creativity on goal scoring in elite soccer     

Matthias Kempe  Daniel Memmert 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(21):2419-2423

This study investigated the level of creativity of goals scored in football. Therefore, all goals in the Football FIFA World Cup 2010 and 2014, as well as the Football UEFA Euro 2016 were qualitatively examined. Three Football experts evaluated the last eight actions before each goal using a creativity scale ranging from 0 to 10 (0 = not creative, 10 = highly creative) of all goals scored via open play (311 goals in 153 matches). Level of creativity was revealed using an Analysis of Variance and the frquency of high highly creative goals using a Kruskall- Wallis Test. The results showed that the closer the actions to a goal, the more creative they were evaluated. Teams that advanced to the later rounds of the tournament demonstrated greater creativity than teams that failed to do so. High creativity in the last two actions before the actual shot on goal proved to be the best predictor for game success. In conclusion, this study is the first one to show that creativity seems to be a factor for success in high level football. Thereby it provides an empirical basis for the ongoing debate on the importance of creativity training in football.  相似文献   

Learning opportunities in the outdoor school–empirical findings on outdoor school in Germany from the children’s perspective     

Sarah Sahrakhiz  Matthias D. Witte 《Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning》2018,18(3):214-226

This article examines learning processes and learning opportunities in the outdoor school based on 13 focus-group interviews with children (ages 8–9) at three German elementary schools. For 1 year, cross-curricular teaching had taken place once a week outside the classroom—in natural settings, at cultural sites or on school grounds. The article discusses the learning potential of the outdoor school in terms of activities that the children perceive as dominant, i.e. playing, moving and social cooperation. It will discuss and reflect upon the learning opportunities that arise as well as on the limitations of learning in out-of-school settings and the role of learning in the children’s perception. The study reveals that the outdoor school as a place of teaching, play, exploration and experience offers formal and informal learning opportunities and encourages children to engage among themselves and within their social and inanimate surroundings by challenging them physically, cognitively, perceptually and socially. Learning processes initiated through play, activity and social cooperation are often not perceived by the children as ‘learning’ in the formal sense. Apparently, a significant proportion of the outdoor school’s potential lies in the combination of teacher-structured and informal learning processes that arise spontaneously.  相似文献